Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT).

1. Dr. Jawahar Thakur
Ph.D (CS), M.Tech (CSE), B.Tech(CSE)
Professor, Department of Computer Science
Himachal Pradesh Univeristy, H.P – India.
Dr. Pawan Thakur
Ph.D. (CSE),M.Phil. (CS),M.C.A.,
H.O.D, Associate Professor,
School of Computer Science & Engineering
Govt. P.G. College Dharamshala, H.P – India.
Ms. Susheela Pathania
MCA, UGC-NET, SET
Assistant Professor,
School of Computer Science & Engineering
Govt. P.G. College Dharamshala, H.P – India.

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3. The Internet of Things is about extending the power of the internet beyond computers and
smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes and environments. The future of
IoT has the potential to be limitless. The internet of things is growing fast and now a day’s
people’s daily needs going to depend on the internet. It’s not just connecting computers
and smartphones anymore but also it is a network of physical objects or things that are
embedded with sensors, software and other technologies for the purpose of connecting
and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet making human life
easy.IoT is about connecting machines and making use of the data generated from those
machines. AI is about simulating intelligent behaviour in machines of all kinds. Machine
Learning is a type of Artificial Intelligence that helps computers to learn without programming
them. The computers are programmed in a way to focuses on data they receive from the
device and learn with the received data to understand the customer’s preference and adjust
it accordingly. IoT allows data flow between the device and AI can help to manage this
data without any human errors. Also, AI is considered the key propellant to the growth of
the IoT revolution.Each chapter of this book contains student learning activities to give the
readers a chance to enhance the learning process. This book on IoT has been written for
the undergraduate students of B.E. (CS/IT), B. Tech., postgraduate students of M.C.A., M.E.,
M. Tech. and similar courses of various technical universities of India. This book contains
12 chapters, which are organized into following major parts:
Chapter 1is dedicated to introduction, history of IoT, characteristics, basic devices and
requirements to establish IoT products and applications of IoT.
Chapter 2 describes various architecture and functional block of IoT, IoT protocols which
include Physical and Data Link Level Protocols, Networking, Transport Layer, Application
Level and Messaging Protocols.
Chapter 3 explains physical and logical design of IoT, IoT design tools, physical design of
IoT and other communication models.
Chapter 4 introduces the subject matter of basics of Arduino, its types and their main
components, installation of Arduino IDE which is most essential for development of IoTs.
Chapter 5 presents basic of C language using Arduino IDE,innovation of Arduino and the
use of C programming on the Arduino board, microcontroller programming has become

4. easy and fun. It also focuses on the features, application and basics of C language which
will make you aware about C.
Chapter 6and 7explained various conditional & looping statements and functions in C.
Chapter 8and 9 builds on our previous discussions and presents the topics ofsensors, its
types basic terms and practicals related to the sensors, interfacing comprises of hardware
and software, simply to use an LED as the output device, LED should be connected to
microcontroller port and the MC has to be programmed inside. We use sensors to collect
data.
Chapter 10 is dedicated to artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning. Now
a day’s artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning are playing very important
role in making IoT smart. Artificial intelligence provides systems the ability to automatically
learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
Chapter 11 presents Machine learning and its techniques. Machine learning focuses on the
development of computer programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves.
Chapter 12 closed our discussion with understanding Excel for Analysing Data, Stream Data
from Arduino into Excel and excel data logger using Arduino and Dht22 Sensor.
This book aims to change the game by simplifying and imparting IoT and Machine learning
foundations, technologies and programming skills using basics of C Language using Arduino
IDE, practical using Arduino interfacing sensors and understanding excel for analyzing
data to readers so that even average programmers and software engineers are able to
understand IoT applications easily. Finally, the authors will be pleased to receive any
comments, constructive criticism as suggestions made by teachers and students for any
improvement needed for the book.
Dr. Jawahar Thakur
Dr. Pawan Thakur
Ms. Susheela Pathania

5. We have to start by thanking almighty for his blessings that this book has been completed
in time. We helped by our parents, teachers, colleagues and students too many names
but are very special who have assisted our thinking by for this new edition by providing
challenging comments and questions.So many people have helped us out that it is
unfortunately no longer feasible to list all their names but we are always thankful to them.
This image notwithstanding, we have tried to pack into this first edition as many fascinating
new topics likeintroduction to internet of things (IoT), applications IoT characteristics of IoT,
IoT architecture and protocols, physical design/local design of IoT, understanding basics
of Arduino IDE, installation and understanding basics of Arduino IDE, basic of C language
using Arduino IDE, loops and control statement practical, arrays and function, practical
using Arduino-interfacing sensors.
We have also received extraordinary help form AICTE New Delhi, HPTU Hamirpur, NIT
Hamirpur, IIT Mandi, RGPV Bhopal, MANIT, NITTTR Bhopal, Panjab University Chandigarh,
NIFT Kannur Kerala, Teaching, Non-Teaching staff and students of B.Tech(CSE) and MCA
Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla,Principal cum Director and other officers/ employees of
Govt. P.G. College, Dharamshala, H.P. Our special thanks are due to all the faculty members
and non-teaching staff of School of Computer Science & Engineering, Department of B.Tech
(CSE) and MCA, Govt. P.G. College, Dharamshala. We also thank students of B.Tech (CSE)
and MCA department in batches 2015 to 2020 have given us numerous ideas. Finally,we
would like to thanks to Satya Prakashan for bringing out this book in such a nice form.
Thank you so much everyone!!!!!!
Dr. Jawahar Thakur
Dr. Pawan Thakur
Ms. Susheela Pathania

6. 1. Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)...... 1-1 — 1-26
1.1. Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)..........................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Definition of IoT .............................................................................................1-2
1.1.2. History of IoT .................................................................................................1-4
1.2 Characteristics of IoT.....................................................................................................1-4
1.2.1 Some other Features ......................................................................................1-6
1.2.2. Challenges of IoT ...........................................................................................1-7
1.2.3. Advantages of IoT ........................................................................................1-10
1.2.4. Disadvantages of IoT ....................................................................................1-10
1.2.5. How IoT Works? ...........................................................................................1-11
1.3. Applications of IoT .....................................................................................................1-12
1.3.1. IoT Smart Home Applications ........................................................................1-12
1.3.2. IoT Wearable Applications .............................................................................1-13
1.3.3. IoT Smart City Applications ...........................................................................1-14
1.3.4. IoT Smart Grids Applications .........................................................................1-15
1.3.5. IoT Industrial Internet Applications ................................................................1-15
1.3.6. IoT Connected Health (Digital Health) Applications ........................................1-15
1.3.7. IoT Connected Health (Digital Health) Applications .........................................1-16
1.3.8. IoT Smart Retail Applications ........................................................................1-17
1.3.9. IoT Energy Applications ...............................................................................1-18
1.3.10. IoT Transportation Application .......................................................................1-18
1.3.11. IoT — Education Applications ........................................................................1-19
1.3.12. IoT – Government Applications ......................................................................1-20
1.3.13. IoT Smart Agriculture Applications .................................................................1-20
l Points To Remember ..................................................................................................1-21
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................1-21
l Exercise ....................................................................................................................1-24
l Multiple Choice Questions ..........................................................................................1-24
l Fill in the Blanks ........................................................................................................1-25
l Unsolved Questions ...................................................................................................1-26

7. 2 ...Contents
2. IoT Architecture and Protocols.................... 2-1 — 2-18
2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................2-1
2.2. Functional Blocks of IoT ...............................................................................................2-1
2.3. IoT Architecture............................................................................................................2-3
2.4. IoT Protocol .................................................................................................................2-6
l Points to Remember....................................................................................................2-13
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................2-14
l Exercise ....................................................................................................................2-16
l Multiple Choice Questions ..........................................................................................2-16
l Fill in the Blanks ........................................................................................................2-17
l Unsolved Questions ...................................................................................................2-18
3. Physical Design/Logical Design of IoT.......... 3-1 — 3-24
3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................3-1
3.1.1. What is IoT Design ? ......................................................................................3-2
3.1.2. Industry 4.0 Design Principles .........................................................................3-2
3.1.3. IoT Design Tools ............................................................................................3-3
3.2. Physical Design of IoT...................................................................................................3-4
3.3. Logical Design of IoT.....................................................................................................3-8
3.3.1. IoT Functional Blocks .....................................................................................3-9
3.3.2. Communication Models ...................................................................................3-9
3.3.3. IoT Communication Models .............................................................................3-9
3.3.4. IoT Communication APIs ...............................................................................3-17
l Point to Remember ....................................................................................................3-18
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................3-20
l Exercise ....................................................................................................................3-21
l Multiple Choice Questions ..........................................................................................3-21
l Fill in the Blanks .......................................................................................................3-22
l Unsolved Questions ...................................................................................................3-23
4. Understanding Basics of Arduino IDE.......... 4-1 — 4-32
4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................4-1
4.2. Arduino ......................................................................................................................4-2
4.2.1. Features of Arduino ........................................................................................4-2
4.2.2. Types of Arduino ............................................................................................4-3
4.2.3. Exploring Arduino Uno ....................................................................................4-7
4.3. Installation and Understanding Basics of Arduino IDE....................................................4-11
4.3.1. File Menu .....................................................................................................4-13
4.3.2. Edit Menu ....................................................................................................4-14
4.3.3. Sketch Menu ................................................................................................4-15
4.3.4. Tools Menu ..................................................................................................4-16
4.4. Structure of Arduino Program ......................................................................................4-17
4.5. First Program..............................................................................................................4-20
4.5.1. Collecting and Showing Data through Serial Port ............................................4-22
l Points to Remember ..................................................................................................4-25
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................4-27
l Exercise ....................................................................................................................4-29

8. 3 ...Contents
l Multiple Choice Questions ..........................................................................................4-29
l Fill in the Blanks ........................................................................................................4-30
l Unsolved Questions ...................................................................................................4-31
5. Basics of C Language using Arduino IDE...... 5-1 — 5-28
5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................5-1
5.1.1. Features of C Language....................................................................................5-1
5.1.2. Applications of C ............................................................................................5-2
5.2. Character Set................................................................................................................5-3
5.3. Token...........................................................................................................................5-3
5.3.1. Keywords .......................................................................................................5-3
5.3.2. Identifiers ......................................................................................................5-3
5.3.3. Variables ........................................................................................................5-4
5.3.4. Constant ........................................................................................................5-7
5.3.5. Separators .....................................................................................................5-7
5.3.6. Operators ......................................................................................................5-7
5.4. Data Types...................................................................................................................5-8
5.4.1. Primitive Data Type ........................................................................................5-8
5.4.2. Non-Primitive Data Type ...............................................................................5-13
5.5. Operators in C ...........................................................................................................5-14
5.6. Precedence and Associativity .......................................................................................5-19
5.7. Type Conversion .........................................................................................................5-20
l Points to Remember ..................................................................................................5-20
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................5-21
l Exercise ....................................................................................................................5-23
l Multiple Choice Questions ..........................................................................................5-23
l Fill in the Blanks ........................................................................................................5-26
l Unsolved Questions ...................................................................................................5-27
6. Loops and Control Statement....................... 6-1 — 6-24
6.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................6-1
6.2. Control Structures ........................................................................................................6-1
6.2.1. Sequence Structure ........................................................................................6-3
6.2.2. Selection Structure .........................................................................................6-3
6.2.3. Iteration Statements or Looping Statements ...................................................6-13
6.2.4. Difference between Loop Statement and Loop Function ..................................6-20
l Point to Remember ................................................................................................... 6-20
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................6-20
l Exercise ....................................................................................................................6-21
l Multiple Choice Questions............................................................................................6-21
l Fill in the Blanks ........................................................................................................6-23
l Unsolved Questions ...................................................................................................6-24
7. Function in C using Arduino........................ 7-1 — 7-20
7.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................7-1
7.2. Function ......................................................................................................................7-1
7.3. Predefine or Built in Function ........................................................................................7-2

9. 4 ...Contents
7.4. User Defined Function...................................................................................................7-8
7.4.1. Types of Functions .......................................................................................7-10
l Points to Remember ..................................................................................................7-15
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................7-16
l Exercise ....................................................................................................................7-16
l Multiple Choice Questions ..........................................................................................7-16
l Fill in the Blanks ........................................................................................................7-17
l Unsolved Questions ...................................................................................................7-18
8. Practical Using Arduino-
Interfacing Sensors — Part-I....................... 8-1 — 8-24
8.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................8-1
8.2. Interfacing Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Blinking Led.......................................................8-1
8.2.1. Practical - To Turn On or Turn Off the LED ........................................................8-2
8.2.2. Practical to Blink a LED ...................................................................................8-3
8.3. Interfacing Button and Led-Led Blinking When Button is Pressed......................................8-5
8.4. Interfacing Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and Led, Displaying Automatic Night Lamp..8-11
8.5. Interfacing Temperature Sensor (LM35) and/or Humidity Sensor (e.g. DHT11)................8-16
8.5.1. Interfacing Temperature Sensor (LM35) .........................................................8-16
8.5.2. Interfacing Temperature & Humidity Sensor (e.g. DHT11) ...............................8-18
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................8-23
9. Practical Using Arduino-
Interfacing Sensors — Part-II...................... 9-1 — 9-20
9.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................9-1
9.2. Interfacing Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Display Data Generated by Sensor on LCD ...........9-1
9.3. Interfacing Air Quality Sensor-Pollution (e.g. MQ135) Display Data on LCD, Switch on LED
when Data Sensed is Higher than Specified Value ...........................................................9-5
9.3.1. Components Required ....................................................................................9-5
9.3.2. Circuit Connections .........................................................................................9-8
9.4. Interfacing Bluetooth Module (e.g. HC05)- Receiving Data from Mobile Phone on Arduino
and Display on LCD ....................................................................................................9-13
9.5. Interfacing Relay Module to Demonstrate Bluetooth Based Home Automation Application
(Using Bluetooth And Relay)........................................................................................9-15
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions .............................................................................9-19
10. Introduction To Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning, Deep Learning .............10-1 — 10-28
10.1. Introduction................................................................................................................10-1
10.2. Artificial Intelligence (AI).............................................................................................10-1
10.2.1. History of Artificial Intelligence........................................................................10-3
10.2.2. Types of Artificial Intelligence..........................................................................10-4
10.2.3. Application of AI............................................................................................10-5
10.3. Machine Learning (ML)................................................................................................10-7
10.3.1. Application of Machine Learning......................................................................10-8

10. 10.4. Deep Learning (DL)................................................................................................... 10-11
10.4.1. Why Deep Learning ................................................................................... 10-12
10.4.2. Application of Deep Learning ...................................................................... 10-13
10.4.3. Deep Learning versus Machine Learning ..................................................... 10-13
10.4.4. Neural Networks versus Deep Learning Comparison Table............................... 10-14
10.4.5. Comparison between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and
Deep Learning ........................................................................................... 10-15
10.5. Role of AI in Iot........................................................................................................ 10-15
10.6. AI Applications in Iot................................................................................................. 10-16
10.7. Managing and Analyzing Data Generated by Iot Devices Big Data................................. 10-17
10.7.1. Role of Big Data in IoT................................................................................. 10-18
10.7.2. Managing and Analyzing Data Generated By IoT Devices Big Data
using Hadoop.............................................................................................. 10-19
10.7.3. Hadoop File System (HDFS) Managing BigData.............................................. 10-20
10.7.4. MapReduce Analyze the BigData................................................................... 10-21
l Point to Remember................................................................................................... 10-24
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions ........................................................................... 10-25
l Exercise .................................................................................................................. 10-27
l Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................... 10-27
l Fill in the Blanks........................................................................................................ 10-28
l Unsolved Question.................................................................................................... 10-28
11. Machine Learning (ML) Techniques........... 11-1 — 11-20
11.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................11-1
11.2. Machine Learning (ML) Techniques...............................................................................11-3
11.3. Supervised Learning ...................................................................................................11-3
11.3.1. Types of Supervised Learning ........................................................................11-5
11.4. Unsupervised Learning ...............................................................................................11-5
11.5. Types of Unsupervised Learning...................................................................................11-7
11.6. Semi-Supervised Learning ...........................................................................................11-7
11.6.1. Semi Supervised Learning in the Real World ...................................................11-9
11.7. Reinforcement Learning...............................................................................................11-9
11.7.1. Difference between Reinforcement Learning and Supervised Learning ............ 11-12
11.7.2. Types of Reinforcement .............................................................................. 11-12
11.8. Numerical Based on Machine Learning Techniques ...................................................... 11-13
l Points to Remember.................................................................................................. 11-15
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions ........................................................................... 11-16
l Exercise .................................................................................................................. 11-18
l Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................................................ 11-18
l Fill in the Blanks ...................................................................................................... 11-19
l Unsolved Question ................................................................................................... 11-20
12. Understanding Excel for Analysing Data.... 12-1—12-14
12.1. Inroduction ................................................................................................................12-1
12.2. Stream Data from Arduino into Excel............................................................................12-2
5 ...Contents

11. 6 ...Contents
12.3. Excel Data Logger Using Arduino And Dht22 Sensor......................................................12-7
l Points to Remember ................................................................................................ 12-10
l Interview and Viva Voce Questions ........................................................................... 12-10
l Exercise .................................................................................................................. 12-12
l Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................................................ 12-12
l Fill in the Blanks ...................................................................................................... 12-13

12. FOR HARYANA
1.9 Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this course, the students will be able to:
u Understand the concepts of Internet of Things
u Build small IoT applications
u Understand and analysing sensor generated data using analytic techniques in Excel
DETAILED CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) (8 Hrs)
n Applications, architecture, protocols
n Characteristics of IoT
n Physical Design/Logical Design of IoT
n Functional blocks of IoT, Communication Models.
2. Basics of C language using Arduino IDE (14 Hrs)
n Understating basics of Arduino IDE
n Variables, datatype, loops, control statement, function
3. Practical using Arduino-Interfacing Sensors (28 Hrs)
(i) Interfacing Light Emitting Diode(LED)- Blinking LED
(ii) Interfacing Button and LED – LED blinking when button is pressed

13. (iii) Interfacing Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and LED, displaying automatic night
lamp
(iv) Interfacing Temperature Sensor(LM35) and/or humidity sensor (e.g. DHT11)
(v) Interfacing Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) – display data generated by sensor on
LCD
(vi) Interfacing Air Quality Sensor-pollution (e.g. MQ135) - display data on LCD ,
switch on LED when
data sensed is higher than specified value.
(vii) Interfacing Bluetooth module (e.g. HC05)- receiving data from mobile phone
on Arduino and display on LCD
(viii) Interfacing Relay module to demonstrate Bluetooth based home automation
application. (using Bluetooth and relay).
4. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML),
Deep Learning (DL) (20 Hrs)
n Role of AI in IoT and its applications
n Managing and Analysing data generated by IoT devices – Big Data
n Machine learning (ML) Techniques e.g. classification, linear regression, etc.
n Numerical based on above techniques.
n Understanding excel for analysing data
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY
Since this subject is practical oriented, the teacher should demonstrate functioning
of various sensors and demonstrate building of IoT applications. Solution to various
regression and classification problems should also be built.
FOR HPTU
MCA- 404(A)Internet of Things (IoT)
MCA HPTU Hamirpur
Course Type: Elective
Objective: In this course student will explore various components of Internet of things
such as Sensors, internetworking and cyber space. In the end they will also be able to
design and implement IoT circuits and solutions.
UNIT-I
Introduction to IoT: Architectural Overview, Design principles and needed capabilities,
(ii)

14. IoT Applications, Sensing, Actuation, Basics of Networking, M2M and IoT Technology
Fundamentals- Devices and gateways, Data management, Business processes in IoT,
Everything as a Service (XaaS), Role of Cloud in IoT, Security aspects in IoT.
(10-L,3-T=13)
UNIT-II
Elements of IoT : Hardware Components- Computing (Arduino, Raspberry Pi),
Communication, Sensing, Actuation, I/O interfaces.Software Components- Programming
API’s (using Python/Node.js/Arduino) for Communication Protocols-MQTT, ZigBee,
Bluetooth, CoAP, UDP, TCP.
(10-L,3-T=13)
UNIT-III
IoT Application Development: Solution framework for IoT applications- Implementation
of Device integration, Data acquisition and integration, Device data storage- Unstructured
data storage on cloud/local server, Authentication, authorization of devices.
(10-L,3-T=13)
UNIT-IV
IoT Case Studies: IoT case studies and mini projects based on Industrial automation,
Transportation, Agriculture, Healthcare, Home Automation
(10-L,3-T=13)