IOT Unit-1 (Introduction to IOT) by Durgacharan

V R Siddhartha Engineering College
Autonomous and Affiliated to JNTUK,
Kakinada
Department of Information Technology
INTERNET
OF THINGS
UNIT-1
-K.DURGACHARAN

Autonomous and Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada
 Chapter 1 Introduction to Internet of Things
 1.1 Introduction (Definition & Characteristics of IoT)
 1.2 Physical Design of IoT (Things in IoT, IoT Protocols)
 1.3 Logical Design of IoT (IoT Functional Blocks, IoT Communication Models, IoT Communication APIs)
 1.4 IoT Enabling Technologies ( Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics,
Communication Protocols, Embedded Systems)
 1.5 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates ( IoT Level - 1 - 6)
 Chapter 2 Domain Specific IOTs
 2.1 Home Automation (Smart Lighting, Smart Appliances, Intrusion Detection, Smoke / Gas Detectors,
 2.2 Cities (Smart Parking, Smart Lighting, Smart Roads, Structural Health Monitoring, Surveillance, Emergency
Response)
 Chapter 3 IoT and M2M
 3.1 Introduction
 3.2 M2M
 3.3 Difference between IoT and M2M
 3.4 SDN and NFV for IoT (Software Defined Networking, Network Function Virtualization)
6/4/2019IOT by K.Durgacharan
2

Chapter 1
(Introduction to Internet of Things)
 1. Introduction (Definition & Characteristics of IoT)
 2. Physical Design of IoT (Things in IoT, IoT Protocols)
 3. Logical Design of IoT ( IoT Functional Blocks, IoT Communication
Models, IoT Communication APIs)
 4. IoT Enabling Technologies (Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud
Computing, Big Data Analytics, Communication Protocols, Embedded
Systems)
 5. IoT Levels & Deployment Templates ( IoT Level - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6)
3

1. Introduction
 In 2008 the number of things connected to the Internet was greater than
the people living on Earth.
 Within 2020 the number of things connected to the Internet will be about
50 billion.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices,
vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity — that enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.
4

Internet Revolution
5

Impact of the Internet
 Education
 Business
 Communications
 Entertainment
 Medical/Health
6

Internet Usage and Population
Statistics
7

Connected World
6/4/2019
8
IOT by K.Durgacharan

History of IoT
 The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999,
through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-analysis
publications.
 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a prerequisite for the
IoT at that point. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with
identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them. Besides using
RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies
as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes, bluetooth, and digital
watermarking.
9

Working nature of IOT
 Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel technology; instead,
several complementary technical developments provide capabilities that
taken together help to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical
world. These capabilities include:
 Communication and cooperation
 Addressability
 Identification
 Sensing
 Actuation
 Embedded information processing
 Localization
 User interfaces
10

Typical Views of the Internet of
Things
6/4/2019
11
IOT by K.Durgacharan

Where is IoT?
It’s everywhere!
12

13

14
RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech
To identify
and track
the data of
things
To collect and
process the
data to
detect the
changes in
the physical
status of
things
To enhance the
power of the
network by
devolving
processing
capabilities to
different part of
the network.
To make the
smaller and
smaller things
have the
ability to
connect and
interact.
How IoT Works?

IoT as a Network of Networks:
15
 These networks
connected with
added security,
analytics, and
management
capabilities. This
will allow IoT to
become even more
powerful in what it
can help people
achieve.

Knowledge Management –
Turning Data into Wisdom
 The more data that
is created, the better
understanding and
wisdom people can
obtain.
16

The Future of IoT
 "The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning with IoT."
17

Various Names, One Concept
 M2M (Machine to Machine)
 “Internet of Everything” (Cisco Systems)
 “World Size Web” (Bruce Schneier)
 “Skynet” (Terminator movie)
18

M2M
19

Father of the Internet of Things
 In 1999, Kevin Ashton wrote ‘Internet of Things’ as a
title on a PowerPoint presentation and unwittingly
coined a buzzword. Working at Procter and
Gamble, he had come up with the idea of attaching
RFID chips to consumer goods to automatically
track stock levels in stores.
20
Kevin Ashton

Technology roadmap of IoT
21

IOT may define like
The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between
objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances.
---------Wikipedia
Internet of Things refers to the concept that the Internet is no longer just a global network for
people to communicate with one another using computers, but it is also a platform for devices
to communicate electronically with the world around them.”
---------Center for Data and Innovation
The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research
disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects.
--------- IoT 2008
“Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent
interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”.
--------- IoT in
2020
22

1.1 Definition of IOT
 A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities
based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual things have identities, physical attributes, and virtual
personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated
into information network, often communicate data associated with users
and their environments.
Or
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices,
vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity — that enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.
23

1.2 Characteristics of IoT
According to Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti the characteristics of IOT are
 Dynamic & Self adapting
 Self-configuring
 Interoperable communication protocols
 Unique Identity
 Integrated into Information network
24

 Dynamic & Self adapting
 Adapt to changing context and
take actions based on
operating conditions, user
context and sensed
environment.
Example:
automatic adjustment of surveillance
image quality based on motion
detection
25

 Self adapting : to configure themselves (with respect to the IoT
infrastructure), setup the network, upgrade, etc. with minimal user
intervention
Example of such capability on mobile phones
26

 Interoperable communication protocols : to communication with
other IoT devices and with the IoT infrastructure
 Unique Identity : each IoT device has a unique identity and a
unique identifier(e.g., IP address or URI), allowing:
 Query the device
 Monitor the state of the device
 Control and configure them remotely
27

 Integrated into Information network : in order to communicate and
exchange data with other devices and systems
 Dynamic discovery of other devices
 Capability of describing itself and understanding others
 Capability to interact with others
28

1.2 Physical Design of IOT
 Things in IOT
 IOT Protocols
 Link Layer
 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 WIFI, 802.16 WiMAX, 802.15.4 LR WPAN, 2G/3G/4G
 Network / Internet Layer
 IPV4, IPV6, 6LoWPAN(IPV6 over Low power WPAN)
 Transport Layer
 TCP, UDP
 Application Layer
 HTTP, COAP, Web Socket, MQTT, XMPP, DDS, AMQP
29

Things in IOT
 Things in IOT
The Internet of things (stylized Internet of
Things or IoT) is the internetworking of physical
devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected
devices" and "smart devices"), buildings and other
items—embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that
enable these objects to collect and exchange data.
IOT devices can be varied types for instance they
are wearable sensors, smart watches, LED lights,
automobiles and industrial machines
30

IOT Protocols
 Link Layer
 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 WIFI, 802.16 WiMAX, 802.15.4 LR WPAN, 2G/3G/4G
 Network / Internet Layer
 IPV4, IPV6, 6LoWPAN(IPV6 over Low power WPAN)
 Transport Layer
 TCP, UDP
 Application Layer
 HTTP, COAP, Web Socket, MQTT, XMPP, DDS, AMQP
31

Link Layer
Link layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the
network's physical layer or medium e.g.,. Copper wire, coaxial cable or a radio
wave
 802.3 Ethernet
 802.11 WIFI
 802.16 WiMAX
 802.15.4 LR WPAN(Low rate Wireless Personal Area Network)
 2G/3G/4G Mobile Communication
32

802.3 Ethernet
33

802.11 WIFI
34

802.16 WiMAX
35

802.15.4 LR WPAN (Low rate
Wireless Personal Area Network)
36

2G/3G/4G Mobile Communication
37

Network / Internet Layer
It is responsible for sending of ip datagrams from the source network to
destination network
 IPV4
 32-Bit address scheme that allows total of 232 or 4294967296 address
 IPV6
 128-Bit address scheme that allows total of 2128 or 3.4*1038 address
 6LoWPAN(IPV6 over Low power WPAN)
 2.4 GHz frequency range and provides data transfer rates of 250 Kb/s.
38

Transport Layer
 It provides a end-to end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network. Majorly Handshake/Acknowledgement connections
 TCP
 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it
complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly
referred to as TCP/IP.
 UDP
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative communications protocol to
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used primarily for establishing low-latency and
loss tolerating connections between applications on the Internet.
39

TCP vs UDP
40

Application Layer
 HTTP (Hyper Text transfer protocol)
 COAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
 Web Socket (Allows Full duplex communication )
 MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport )
 XMPP (Extensible Messaging Presence Protocol)
 DDS (Data Distribution Service)
 AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)
41

Application Layer
 HTTP (Hyper Text transfer protocol)
 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application
protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia
information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data
communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is
structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between
nodes containing text.
42

Application Layer
 COAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
 The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a
specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained
nodes and constrained networks in the Internet of Things.
 The protocol is designed for machine-to-machine (M2M)
applications such as smart energy and building
automation.”
43

Application Layer
 Web Socket (Allows Full duplex communication )
 Web Socket is a computer communications protocol,
providing full-duplex communication channels over a single
TCP connection. The Web Socket protocol was
standardized by the IETF as RFC 6455 in 2011, and the Web
Socket API in Web IDL is being standardized by the W3C.
44

Application Layer
 MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport )
 MQTT. MQTT (MQ Telemetry Transport) is an ISO standard
(ISO/IEC PRF 20922) publish-subscribe-based "lightweight"
messaging protocol for use on top of the TCP/IP protocol.
It is designed for connections with remote locations where
a "small code footprint" is required or the network
bandwidth is limited.
45

Application Layer
 XMPP (Extensible Messaging Presence Protocol)
 It enables the near-real-time exchange of structured yet
extensible data between any two or more network entities.
Originally named Jabber the protocol was developed by
the Jabber open-source community in 1999 for near real-
time instant messaging (IM), presence information, and
contact list maintenance. Designed to be extensible, the
protocol has been used also for publish-subscribe systems,
signaling for VoIP, video, file transfer, gaming, the Internet of
Things (IoT) applications such as the smart grid, and social
networking services.
46

Application Layer
 DDS (Data Distribution Service)
 The Data Distribution Service for real-time systems (DDS) is
an Object Management Group (OMG) machine-to-machine
(sometimes called middleware) standard that aims to
enable scalable, real-time, dependable, high-performance
and interoperable data exchanges using a publish–
subscribe pattern. DDS addresses the needs of applications
like financial trading, air-traffic control, smart grid
management, and other big data applications. The
standard is used in applications such as smartphone
operating systems, transportation systems and vehicles,
software-defined radio, and by healthcare providers. DDS
was promoted for use in the Internet of things.
47

Application Layer
 AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)
 The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an
open standard application layer protocol for message-
oriented middleware. The defining features of AMQP are
message orientation, queuing, routing (including point-to-
point and publish-and-subscribe), reliability and security.
48

1.3 Logical Design of IOT
 It is an abstract representation of the entities and
process without going into the low level specifics of the
implementation.
49

 IOT functional blocks
 Devices, Communication , Services , Management, Security,
Application
 IOT Communication Models
 Request Response, Publish Subscribe, Push-Pull, Exclusive
Pair
 IOT communication APIs
 REST- BASED communication APIs, Client server , Stateless,
cache able, Layered system, Uniform Interface, Code on
demand
50

 IOT functional blocks
 Devices
 Communication
 Services
 Management
 Security
 Application
51

 IOT Communication Models
 Request Response
 Publish Subscribe
 Push-Pull
 Exclusive Pair
52

 Request Response
 Request Response is a communication model in which the
client sends requests to the server responds to the
requests. When the server receives a request, it decides
how to respond, fetches the Data, retrieves resource
representations, prepares the response and then the
response to the client. Request Responses model is a
stateless communication model and each request response
pair is independent of others.
53

 IOT communication APIs
 REST- BASED communication APIs
 Client server
 Stateless
 cache able
 Layered system
 Uniform Interface
 Code on demand
54

1.4 IOT Enabling Technologies
 IOT Enabling Technologies
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data Analytics
 Communication Protocols
 Embedded Systems)
55

 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Weather monitoring Systems using WSNs
 Indoor air quality monitoring using WSNs
 Soil moisture monitoring Systems using WSNs
 Surveillance systems using WSNs
 Smart grids using WSNs
56

 Cloud Computing
 IAAS - Infrastructure as a Service
 PAAS - Platform as a service
 SAAS - Software as a service
57

 Big Data Analytics
 Volume : The quantity of generated and stored data. The size
of the data determines the value and potential insight- and
whether it can actually be considered big data or not.
 Variety : The type and nature of the data. This helps people
who analyze it to effectively use the resulting insight.
 Velocity : In this context, the speed at which the data is
generated and processed to meet the demands and challenges
that lie in the path of growth and development.
 Variability : Inconsistency of the data set can hamper processes
to handle and manage it.
 Veracity : The quality of captured data can vary greatly,
affecting accurate analysis.
58

 Communication Protocols
 Data formats for data exchange
 Address formats for data exchange
 Address mapping
 Routing
 Detection of transmission errors
 Acknowledgements
 Loss of information
 Direction of information flow
 Sequence control
 Flow control
59

 Embedded Systems
 An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated
function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with
real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a
complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
60

1.5 IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates
 IOT Levels & Deployment Templates
 Device
 Resource
 Controller Service
 Database
 Web Service
 Analysis Component
 Application
61

1.5 IoT Levels & Deployment
Templates
 IOT Levels & Deployment Templates
 IOT Level – 1
 IOT Level – 2
 IOT Level – 3
 IOT Level – 4
 IOT Level – 5
 IOT Level - 6
62

IoT Level-1
63

IoT Level-2
64

IoT Level-3
65

IoT Level-4
66

IoT Level-5
67

IoT Level-6
68

IoT levels Summary
Feature Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6
Cloud Storage - YES YES YES YES YES
Cloud Analysis - - YES YES YES YES
Ext Observers - - - YES YES YES
Coordinator - - - - YES YES
Controller - - - - - YES
69

Chapter 2
(Domain Specific IoT’s)
 1. Home Automation (Smart Lighting, Smart Appliances, Intrusion
Detection, Smoke / Gas Detectors)
 2. Cities (Smart Parking, Smart Lighting, Smart Roads, Structural Health
Monitoring, Surveillance, Emergency Response)
70

Home Automation
 1. Home Automation (Smart Lighting, Smart Appliances, Intrusion
Detection, Smoke / Gas Detectors)
 2. Cities (Smart Parking, Smart Lighting, Smart Roads, Structural Health
Monitoring, Surveillance, Emergency Response)
71

Smart Lighting
72

Smart Lighting
73

Smart Appliances
74

Smart Appliances
75

Smart Cities
76

Smart cities- Smart Parking
77

Smart Appliances
78

Chapter 3
(IoT and M2M)
 M2M (Machine to Machine )
 Difference between IoT and M2M
 SDN and NFV for IoT (Software Defined Networking, Network Function
Virtualization)
79

Machine to Machine
 Machine to machine refers to direct communication between
devices using any communications channel, including wired and
wireless.
 Machine to machine communication can include industrial
instrumentation, enabling a sensor or meter to communicate the
data it records (such as temperature, inventory level, etc.) to
application software that can use it (for example, adjusting an
industrial process based on temperature or placing orders to
replenish inventory).
 Such communication was originally accomplished by having a
remote network of machines relay information back to a central
hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like
a personal computer.
80

Difference between IoT and M2M
81
M2M IOT
M2M is a telecom term. Like all
businesses where telcos live, it's
network focused -
cellular/satellite/public network
focused to be precise. With M2M all
that really matters is how many
devices you connect to these coin
operated networks. The whole
ecosystem is built around that -
suppliers, customers, media, all of it.
IoT is a catch all term that is not
centered on those telco networks at
all. It focuses on connecting devices
and applications to each other
(autonomous data, device/app
generated events, personal devices
interacting server/cloud processing
same), rather than people to people
(social, communications apps). It of
course assumes there's connectivity
available (that's the "I" in IoT).

Difference between IoT and M2M
 Communication protocols
 Machines in M2M vs things in iot
 Hardware vs software emphasis
 Data collection & analysis
 Applications
82

Software Defined Networking
It is a n/w architecture that separates the control plane
from the data plane and centralizes the n/w controller
 Complex Network Devices
 Management Overhead
 Limited Scalability
 Major Key elements are
o Centralized N/W Controller
o Programmable Open APIs
o Standard Communication Interface
83

Software Defined Networking
84

Network Function Virtualization
It is a technology that leverages virtualization to consolidate the
heterogeneous n/w devices onto industry standard high volume
servers switches and storage.
 Virtualized Network Function
 NFV Infrastructure
 NFV Management and Orchestration
85

SDN vs NFV
86

Summary of UNIT-1
87
 Introduction to Internet of Things
 Domain Specific IOT’s
 IoT and M2M

IOT Unit-1 (Introduction to IOT) by Durgacharan

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