System Software ( Os )

System Software ( Os )
System software (systems software) is computer software designed to operate and control the
computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. System software can
be separated into two different categories, operating systems and utility software. The operating
system (OS) is the best–known example of system software. The OS manages all the other programs
in a computer.
An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially
loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The
other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use
of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program
interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user
interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).
The operating system 's most important job is managing the CPU: If there are multiple programs
that must execute, then it is a disaster if one program uses the processor and "loops". The OS must
ensure that all programs have fair use of the processor 's time so that all programs make progress at
execution.
The CPU executes each process a bit at a time. The CPU 's clock times the execution of a process,
and when a time limit is reached, then the clock signals the CPU that it is time to switch to another
process. The CPU executes just one
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Computer
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND COMPONENTS
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND COMPONENTS
Computer Basics Equipment (Hardware) COMPUTER | A machine that processes information and
performs computations. | Tower or
Desktop | The "box" or case that holds the parts that make up a computer: CPU, hard disk drive,
floppy drive, memory chips, power supply, interface cards, etc. Click here to learn more. | | CPU |
Central Processing Unit, or "brains" of the computer | Monitor | An output display device (looks
similar to a TV) in a computer system. You see information on the monitor's screen. | | Screen | The
viewing area on a monitor or the information or image displayed. | | | | Disk Drive | A device that
reads data from (input) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The printer on the left is an INK JET PRINTER, and the other is a LASER PRINTER. | . | . | Hub | | |
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Hubs are devices that have many ports into which network cables are plugged. A hub takes the
signal from each computer and sends it to all of the other computers through the network. Hubs
come in different sizes and colors. The hub must be plugged in and turned on for the network to
work – be sure you see green lights | Modem | A device that allows computers to communicate with
each other over telephone lines (Internet). At school we do not use modems, we have a direct
connection to the Internet called a T–1 line. | Keyboard | Input device – choose letters, symbols, and
actions by pressing keys
| Key | Any of the buttons on a keyboard that the user presses to input data (information) or to type
commands | Escape | Usually pressed while you are working in a software application to stop the
current activity, back out of a menu (or screen), or return to a previous screen. | Enter | Used to move
the cursor to the beginning of a new line. It may also be called the return key. In some applications,
pressing Enter tells the computer to stop waiting for more input and begin processing. Notice the
arrow symbol on the Enter key; it is sometimes used in instructions and means to press the enter
key. | Backspace | Moves the

Arm Processor Project Report Using Rfid
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Under considerations to regional surroundings, laws and
regulations, communication efficiency, interference and transmission cost, this study proposes a
wireless ARM–based automatic meter reading and control system (WAMRCS). The WAMRCS uses
sampling circuits and A/D convertor to transfer analog signal of voltage and current into digital data.
The digital data then send to embedded system to compute power parameters. This embedded
system will send power parameters to regional monitoring and control center of utility company via
wireless module connected with it. This WAMRCS applied on distribution automation can save
personnel expense of hiring reading–meter workers and can be free from human involvement; more
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CHAPTER 4 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER 4.1 FEATURES: ➢ Compatible with MCS–51
Products ➢ 4 Kbytes of In–System Reprogrammable Flash Memory. Endurance 1,000 Write/Erase
Cycles ➢ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ➢ Three–Level Program Memory Lock ➢ 128 x
8–Bit Internal RAM ➢ 32 Programmable I/O Lines ➢ Two 16–Bit Timer/Counters ➢ Six Interrupt
Sources ➢ Programmable Serial Channel ➢ Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes 4.2
DESCRIPTION: The AT89C51 is a low–power, high–performance CMOS 8–bit microcomputer
with 4 Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel's high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry standard MCS–51 instruction set and pin out. The on–chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in–system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8–bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16–bit timer/counters, five

Unmanned Railway Gate
INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM 2.1 Definitions 2. Examples Of Embedded
Systems 3. Microprocessor and Microcontroller 4. Microprocessor verses Microcontroller 3.
BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1.1 Block Diagram Description 3.1.2 555 Timers 3.1.3 Infrared Sensor 3.1.4
Microcontroller (89S52) 3.1.5 Power Supply 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4.1.1 555 Timers 4.1.2
Infrared Emitted Diode(TSAL 6200) 4.1.3 IR Receiver(TSOP) 4. DTMF generator
5. COMPONENTS & THEIR 5.1.1Microcontroller 5.1.2 Description Of 8952 Microcontroller 5.1.3
Features Of Microcontroller 5.1.4 Block Diagram Of Microcontroller 5.1.5 Pin Configurations 5.1.6
The project is simple to implement and subject to further improvement.
[pic]
[pic]
2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
2.1 DEFINITIONS: Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software, it is also named
as "Firm ware". An embedded system is a special purpose computer system, which is completely
encapsulated by the device it controls. It is a computer–controlled system. An embedded system is a
specialized system that is a part of a larger system or machine. As a part of a larger system it largely
determines its functionality. Embedded systems are electronic devices that incorporate
microprocessors with in their implementations. The main purpose of the microprocessors are
simplify the system design and improve flexibility. In the embedded systems, the software is often
stored in a read only memory (RAM) chip. Embedded systems provide several major functions
including monitoring of the analog environment by reading data from sensors and controlling
actuators.
2.2 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: Embedded systems are found in wide range of
application areas. Originally they were used only for expensive industrial control applications, but
as technology brought down the cost of dedicated processors, they began to appear in moderately
expensive applications such as automobiles, communication and office equipments and television
Today's embedded systems are so inexpensive that they

Nt1110 Memory Lab Report
In computer organization and architecture, memory is the most important part of a computer. Every
computer must have its own memory. Memory represents two stable or semi–stable states that are
representing 1 and 0. It is capable of being written to at least once and read multiple times. In this
lab, we will learn briefly on two parts of memory only, which are RAM and ROM. As we know that
a memory can either be non–volatile (as seen in a read–only memory) or volatile (used in random
access memory).
There are several types of semiconductor memory, such as Random Access Memory (RAM), Read
Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory (EPROM), Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)
and Flash Memory. There are many types of RAM, such as Static RAM (SRAM), Dynamic RAM
(DRAM), Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and Double–Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM). In
order to catch up with the increasing speed of processors, the RAM is needed to be ... Show more
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ROM is a form of semiconductor that can be written to. It was used to store the programs called
firmware that a computer executes when switched on. ROM is still used in systems with constant
functionalities. PROM is similar to ROM but allows the users to write their own programs and data.
However, it needs a special PROM writing equipment. For EPROM, we can erase the data of the
chips and rewrite with new information. It is normally used to store the boot program of a computer
(firmware), which is known as Basic I/O System (BIOS). EEPROM supports updates to individual
bytes whereas EPROM updates the whole memory. FLASH memory is a cheaper type of EEPROM
where updates can only be carried out on the blocks of memory but not on individual bytes. It is
found in USB sticks, flash cards and typically range from 1 GB to 32

Radar Is An Electromagnetic System For Detection And...
Chapter–1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 RADAR: Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of reflecting
objects such as aircraft, ships, space craft, vehicles, people, and the natural environment. It operates
by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object, or target. The
reflected energy that is returned to the radar not only indicates the presence of a target, but by
comparing the received echo signal that was transmitted, its location can be determined along with
the target–related information. In RADAR the transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal that is
radiated into space by an antenna. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1.2 ESM Systems:
Sanket is an Electronic Support Measures (ESM) system is used to intercepts, analyses and
identifies radar signals operating in the frequency range and displays the radar parameters along
with Direction of arrival on the display. The information displayed includes Frequency, Pulse Width,
Pulse Repetition Frequency, Direction of Arrival, Antenna Scan Period, Amplitude etc, The system
is configured to suit the different Indian Ships. The main function of Sanket system is to measure
bearing accuracy with the highest accuracy which is very critical. The system uses amplitude
comparison technique to measure bearing accuracy at any frequency in the operating frequency
range. DF receiver subsystem is used to measure bearing of the received signal.
The DF measurement is based on amplitude comparison technique. The intercepted pulse amplitude
is compared among the adjacent DF channels after the channel mismatch is computed and corrected
and the DOA is computed. The technique essentially consists of finding the first and second
maximums over the channels and the ratio of these two provides the required DF value. The pattern
difference between the two adjacent channels is computed at the bore–sight and the crossover angles
from which the DOA values are computed. The antenna pattern and channel matching is key
parameters for calculating the final DOA. The DF accuracy depends on the channel mismatch and
antenna patterns.
The channel mismatch can be reduced

Sample Resume : Food Spoilage Detector
Food Spoilage Detector Ayush Varshney, Harshit Singhal, Ameer Faisal1 av.rockon7@gmail.com,
singhal592@gmail.com, ameerfaisal12@gmail.com Krishna Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad I. INTRODUCTION Microbial spoilage is a major problem in
bakery products since it can induce nutritional losses, off–flavours, and formation of mycotoxins or
potentially allergenic spores we have to store food (like fruits, vegetables etc.) in cold storage for
future use. If suitable environment (proper temperature, humidity etc) is not maintained in the
storage area, after some time due to growth of micro–organisms, chemical reactions and various
other factors, food get spoiled. Due to the presence of enzymes in food and growth of bacteria, some
chemical changes occur in food. Due to these chemical changes, some gases produce like Carbon
dioxide (CO2), Ammonia (NH3), Methane (CH4), Hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As the time passes, the
decomposition goes ahead and the concentration of these gases increases in the storage environment.
By using different gas sensors, detection of concentration of these gases in air can be done. By
monitoring the concentration of these gases, we can estimate the quality of food kept in store. This
detector detects the amount of some specific gases present in the air of storage area in which food is
stored and alarms us about the changes in the ratios of these gases. II. LITERATURE REVIEW As
time passes during the storage of food, due to the

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Power factor monitor & control 63. PROCURE SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE USING CAN
PROTOCOL 64. TCP/IP BASED STUDENT ATTENDANCE LOGGING SYSTEM 65. SECURE
SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE 66. CARGO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 67. Temperature
Data Logger 68. SMS Enabled Industrial Networking 69. Digital Anemometer 70. Mobile car
Security System 71. ETHERNET BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM 72. Electricity theft
Identification using RF Modems 73. Security Integrated System Based On WAP For Remote
Monitoring and Control of Industrial Process 74. Railway Gate Management using GPS and GSM
75. Priority for Emergency Vehicles in Traffic Signals 76. WIRELESS SENSORY BASED

ENERGY CONSERVATION SYSTEM 77. Programmable Hopper Controller 78. TCP/IP BASED
ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICITY BOARD 79. Wireless Temperature
Monitoring and Controlling Using Embedded System 80. GPS GSM based patient monitoring 81.
Security System for Remote Access using Telephone Line 82. I2C EPROM Programmers 83.
Multi>channel Temperature Monitor & controller 84. RF Based Embedded Virtual Highway Patrol
85. Mail Transfer System 86. Lift control System 87. Tyre pressure monitoring system 88.
WIRELESS SECURE POLLING SYSTEM USING GPRS 89. Accident identification system 90.
Pc to Microcontroller communication Through USART. 91. Wireless Water Level Controller 92.
Traffic Priority for Ambulance 93. Telephone interface security system 94. VOICE BASED AUTO
RECEPTIONIST FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Antidumping And Countervailing Measures Written By R.k. Gupta
In the book Antidumping and Countervailing measures written by R.K. Gupta , the author discusses
with the salient features of GATT, details of all antidumping cases investigated in India and
procedure followed by India's major trading partners namely the United States and the European
Community.
Sоme оf the excellent bооks, prоviding a richer histоry with regard to antidumping and
countervailing are International Trade & Buisness Law & Policy written by Gabriel Moens and
Peter Gillies(1998), Antidumping and Countervailing Action: Limits imposed by Economic and
Legal Theory written by Philip Bentley, Aubrey Silberston(2007), Antidumping and Countervailing
Handbook 14th Edition(2015).
The Antidumping and Countervailing duties have also been ... Show more content on
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This has in this manner been corrected and added to in each consequent GATT round. The present
code was generously updated as a component of the Uruguay Round which was finished up in 1994
and is as of now the subject of arrangements inside the system of the Doha Round. Individuals from
the WTO are allowed to present their own particular laws for battling dumping and these laws must
fit in with the WTO Code for hostile to dumping. Ought to this not be the situation, another part
state may bring an objection before the WTO, getting under way a mediation procedure inside the
WTOIn the 1960s, as a component of the Kennedy Round of multilateral exchange transactions, an
Anti–Dumping Code was consented to represent the utilization of against dumping strategy. This
has consequently been altered and added to in each resulting GATT round. The present code was
considerably updated as a feature of the Uruguay Round which was closed in 1994 and is as of now
the subject of arrangements inside the structure of the Doha Round. Individuals from the WTO are
allowed to present their own laws for fighting dumping and these laws must comply with the WTO
Code for hostile to dumping. Ought to this not be the situation, another part state may bring a
grumbling before the WTO, getting under way an arbitration procedure inside the WTO.
Economic research on against dumping has taken after various ways. In the first place, some
research has

Informatics In Pain Management Essay
Use of Informatics in Pain Management
Name of the Student
Institutional Affiliation
Use of Informatics in Pain Management Pain Management is a specialty in modern medicine, which
focuses on treating all categories of pain such as spinal, neuropathic, sickle cell, and
musculoskeletal pain disorders. According to Johnson, Collett, and Castro–Lopes (2013) pain
management cases constitute about a third of PCPs (Primary Care Physicians) appointments.
However, only sixty–percent or less of patients treated for chronic pain in routine practice setting
achieves adequate pain relief. Some of the issues attributed to low success rate in chronic pain
management can be associated with information management. In that regard, the process ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Aiyegbusi et al. (2017), a sickle cell crisis is associated with episodes acute pain,
which is the leading cause of hospitalization for the victims of the disease. A single hospitalization,
for a sickle cell crisis case, may last from two weeks to over a month; hence, a patient encounters an
immense challenge of keeping a job. In addition, Careful medication is required to treat sickle cell
pain due to the frequent need to change drugs and the addictive nature of some substances used to
reduce pain. Therefore, managing such a condition in the current pain management environment can
be highly tasking to physicians and patients.
Methodology
A qualitative method was used to conduct the study on informatics due to the need of secondary data
about the topic. The approach was considered the best for that research due to time constraints and
the existence and easy accessibility of immense information on the study topic. Therefore, the study
began with an online search of secondary materials in digital libraries using a set of key words and
phrases. Some of the key words and phrases used include 'Informatics in healthcare', 'informatics in
pain management', 'pain management', 'sickle cell pain management', 'Informatics', EPRON,
advantages of Using EPRON in medical practice, and 'challenges in sickle cell management',.
Digital libraries considered include google scholar,

Essential Parts of Computer and How It Works
Contents II. Introduction 2 III. Computers 2 A. CPU 2 B. Memory storage 3 1. Primary storage 3 2.
Secondary storage 4 C. Peripherals 8 1. Ink–jets (bubble–jets) printers 8 2. Laserjet printers 9 IV.
Connecting To Internet 10 V. Conclusion 12 VI. Reference List 13
*
Introduction
Nowadays, running business in 20th century means that you got to be clever about technology.
When companies are striving for higher achievements and more–efficient workability, innovation is
what everyone craving for. That's the spot where technology shoots.
Computer is one essential breed of our modern technology. However, while the majority of people
know how to use computer, they don't know how the machine works; the technical stuff. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cache
Cache located between CPU and RAM. It is a high–speed memory that accelerates CPU to
exchange information from RAM (Shelly, et al, 2008). Cache works in a frequently accessible files
and programs in the computer so it can be processed in shorter time. For example, a secretary's
computer which used for typing a lot will have its word–processing program opened faster than the
other staffs' computer.
Secondary storage * Stokes (2008) states that secondary storage is used for saving files and
information in the matter of capacity. When programs are installed into the computer or files are
inserted, secondary memory is the place where all the stuffs are put into. It gives information about
how much computer can store data in its system. Files, programs, and other stuffs that put in
secondary storage are saved permanently in the system. So, when the computer is off, the stuffs will
stay at the same state and condition without having any lost parts.
Picture 2.1 Secondary storage works like cloth drawers for computers. As long as there is a space, it
is fine to put more things. Image source: http://corriehaffly.wordpress.com
There are various forms of secondary storage. Some attached in CPU and some is separated from
computer. These are the kinds of it.
Hard Disk
Picture 2.2 Physical appearance of a hard disk. Image source:

The Founding Of The Information Age
One of the most important people in the founding of the Information Age would probably be Gordon
Moore. From his work at Shockley Semiconductor to his founding of Intel, Moore has probably
done more for the Information Age than anyone else: his contributions include mass–producing the
transistor, making integrated circuits viable, and founding Intel to create these ICs. Throughout it all,
he maintained an optimism and can–do attitude that allowed him to shape our world into what it is
today.
While he was a child, Moore liked math and chemistry, but while he was in high school he was
preoccupied with sports more than studies. Moore graduated from Sequoia High School and spent
two years at San Jose State college. After that, he transferred ... Show more content on
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He became convinced that transistors would have a place in the electronics market, but his
accomplishments led him to frequently disagree with Shockley. Moore and seven other of his
colleagues became tired of Shockley's management style, so they left Shockley Semiconductor and
formed their own enterprise known as Fairchild Camera and Instrument. For this reason, the
founders of Fairchild became known as the "Traitorous Eight" (Thackray and Brock 22).
When the Traitorous Eight needed to choose a location for the Fairchild offices in 1957, they picked
an area in California that would later become known as Silicon Valley ("Gordon E. Moore",
Business Leader Profiles for Students). Moore was given the option to choose his position at the
new company; while most of his colleagues opted for management jobs, he chose to work as the
head of research and development ("Gordon E. Moore", Business Leader Profiles for Students). At
this job, he used his experience in chemistry to form critical junctions on transistor prototypes
during his time at Fairchild Semiconductor (Thackray and Brock 177). When asked about his
research with junctions during his time at Fairchild, Moore recalled "Until that time nobody had any
idea at all one metal could be used to make contact with [two transistor terminals]. I remember
struggling with all kinds of metals to try to do this, and one day [Robert Noyce] said, 'Why don 't
you try aluminum?' From everything we knew, aluminum

Nt1310 Unit 5 Components
Question 1
The five components found inside a system unit are as follows:
Hard drive
Definition– is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information.
Function– responsible for storing all documents and data, including files, the operating system and
more.
Central Processing Unit
Definition– piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program.
Function– performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/ output operations.
Power Supply
Definition– computers need power to function.
Function– is to convert the outlet voltage to voltages that are used by components in the computer.
Fan
Definition– a large fan is often placed on top of the Central Processing Unit.
Function– it avoids overheating. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some operating systems for desktop computers and mobile/ handheld devices include:
Desktop computers Mobile/ handheld devices
Microsoft Windows
Apple Mac OS X
Linux
Google Android
Windows Phone
Apple iOS
Question 3
Wired network uses cables to connect devices to the internet, however, wireless network uses radio
waves to devices to connect internet. The major differences between wired network and wireless
network are as follows:
The media and devices involved in setting up such networks:
Wireless setup Wired setup Question 4
A computer without a memory is of no use since memory plans an important role in saving and
retrieving data. There are two types of memory: Primary memory– is internal memory of the
computer. It provides main working space to the computer.

Random Access Memory (RAM) – the storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is
temporary. It disappears from the RAM as soon as the power to the computer is

Energy Crises in Pakistan
Energy crises is one of the major issues in our country pakistan. According to a survey 8% of the
total revenue generated by a telecom company is lost due to outage of power supplied to BTS.
Although the BTS has back up systems installed which are uninterrupted power supply and
generator. When the main power supply of the BTS fails, it shifts to UPS, if the failure presists for
longer time the BTS shifts to generator. With all the equipments installed to avoid power failure the
BTS power outage is very high. When the BTS power dies out that particular cell is out of the global
communication network. In urban areas this phase is for a short period of time but in rural far off
areas this problem is for long time unless someone comes to fix it. On observing, the power outage
occurs due to lack of power monitoring systems. The system demands for a continuous monitoring
of the power of the BTS so that when any one of the source dies out the service providers should fix
it as soon as possible. In urban areas the revneue generated is very high and a particular company
can afford alot of man power to monitor the BTS continuously but in rural areas the revenue
generated is low and continuous monitoring by man power isnt possile all of the time. This project
BTS power monitoring and alarm system based on GSM module is an attempt to minimize the
issues permanently with least man power for monitoring the BTS. This system collects the signals
from the power sources, step down the

Advantage And Objectives Of Arduino
1.1 Introduction
In this fast growing society, people are constantly in a rush and go about their daily life activities
under a lot of pressure and stress. As a result, unpleasant situation happened due to careless intention
parents who leave their children in an enclosed vehicle for long periods of time. This forgetfulness
attitude would bring harmful and dangerous to their children due to lack of oxygen supply to the
brain. Some of the children would become unconscious and would eventually die if not getting
attention by anyone. Besides, society problem getting serious as days pass by especially car theft
crime increasing every year. Thus, regards to the incidents happened, safety device for guarantee
people's safety shall come with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be programmed with the instructions to interact with diversify forms of input and output.
Besides, it also can develop stand–alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on the
computer such as Flash, Processing and MaxMSP [1]. Arduino has its own programming software
which is Arduino software. This software is published as open–source tool, a lot of coding examples
provided in the software for the convenience of the beginners. Arduino language is created based on
C++ programming language, which is easier compared to others. Figure 2.2: Arduino products [2] In
order to bring more convenience for all users, Aduino and several third party companies developed
numerous types of modules with additional functions that can be attached to the main board. There
are several modules such as a GSM module, LCD display and USB port.
2.1.2 Microchip PIC
Microchip developed many types of electronic devices, the most popular is PIC. It initially referred
to Peripheral Interface Controller. A standard PIC consists of Input/Output, Timing, CPU, Interrupt
Circuitry, and memory where this entire element was connected through system bus. PIC conducts
the logical data to process the input signal and produce the output signal. PIC 18 is the most popular
and common among all the PIC

Professional Engineer Summary Statement Competency
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Summary Statement Competency ElementA brief summary of how
you have applied the elementParagraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressedPE1
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE PE1.1 Comprehensive, theory–based understanding of the
underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the
engineering discipline I selected the project as this allows me to experiment and upgrade my
knowledge in the field of my interest. My studies in the days prior to commencing the project helped
me in gaining this project. My experience during this project was described in this career episode,
"AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE". During my term in the organization as an Engineering
student, I was responsible to control the vehicle by sensing the obstacles that come across using the
IR Sensors. In this report I have mentioned each and every measure and details about my experience
though out the project. The project "FPGA implementation of programmable Digital frequency
synthesizer for digital Communication applications" was done as part of my Bachelor's education. I
selected the project as this allows me to experiment and upgrade my knowledge in the field of my
interest. My studies in the days prior to commencing the project helped me in gaining this project. I
attended basic classes about VHDL Tool and learnt

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a single–chip microcomputer that contains all the components such as the CPU,
RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers.
Unlike a general purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a micro controller
is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular system. Micro controllers are sometimes
called embedded microcontrollers, which just means that they are part of an embedded system. A
microprocessor is a general–purpose digital computer with central processing unit (CPU), which
contains arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a program counter (PC), a stack pointer (SP), some
working registers, a clock timing circuit, and interrupts circuits.
The main disadvantage of microprocessor is that it has no on–chip memory. So we are going for
micro controller since it has on–board programmable ROM and I/O that can be programmed for ...
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The series of diodes used is IN4007.
ii) Filters:
The output of a rectifier contain d.c component as well as a.c component. Filters are used to
minimize the undesirable a.c., i.e. ripple leaving only the d.c.an inexpensive filter for light load in
the capacitor filter, which is connected directly across the load for high pass filter resistance should
be connected in parallel with capacitor and output is taken across capacitor. When low pass filter is
required output is taken across the resistance.
iii)Voltage regulators:
In an unregulated power supply, the output voltage changes whenever. The input voltage or load
changes. A voltage regulator is an electronic component that provides a stable d.c voltage
independent of the load current, temperature and a.c. line voltage variations. Component series used
as voltage regulator is 78xx and 79xx. Since it is required to connect capacitor before the voltage
regulator in order to block a.c current totally. For 12v output, operating range of capacitor should
around of 25v, which is quite sufficient to drive

Speed Control Of Dc Motor
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER USING ELECTRONIC
LOCK
D.Sudhakar Rao1,K.Mayur2, Anoop K.J3
1, 2B.E(EEE), Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai.
3Assistant Professor, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai.
ABSTRACT:
In this paper we want to operate the dc motor by electronic lock based by using pic microcontroller
(PIC16K877A) Microcontroller. The speed of the Dc motor is controlled by PIC microcontroller.
Authorized persons are allowed to lock and unlock the system. Giving protection to the DC motor
by setting password .For each password we can vary the speed. DC Motors can be used in various
applications and can be used as various sizes and rates as per our applications. In this project we
have control the actual speed of dc motor as per ours requirement. The modelling and simulation of
this project is done through MP–LAB software.
KEY WORDS:
DC Motor, PIC Microcontroller, motor driver Circuit, MP lab software
INTRODUCTION:
In this project firstly it is giving the supply to PIC16F8774 microcontroller. Then controller
generates the pulse generally 5VDC.The generated pulse is nothing but PWM signal, which is given
to the driver circuit. The function of this driver circuit is to generate 12V DC pulse. These
applications may demand high–speed control accuracy and good dynamic responses.
DC motors are suitable for belt–driven applications and the applications where great amount of
torque is required. In Train

Syste Heart Rate
IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTERNAL PACEMAKER FOR ELDERLY AND HEART PATIENTS
USING PIC
P.Vignesh1, M.Karkodan2, B.Lakshadeep3, M.MadhanKumar4
1Assistant Professor/ECE, 2, 3, 4 UG Students/ECE
SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL
Abstract–An increase in world population along with a significant aging portion is forcing rapid
rises in healthcare costs. The healthcare system is going through a transformation in which
continuous monitoring of inhabitants is possible even without hospitalization. Now we are using
advanced sensing systems to monitor the heart patients and provide first–aid to them in case of
emergency. We now demonstrate the real time application in heart rate beat analysing by heart rate
monitor and ensure proper working of heart. This paper reviews the latest ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Normally heart beat is measured in beats per minute "bpm". Heart beat is the number of contractions
(heart beats) of heart in one minute.
Heart beat varies for everyone as listed follows :
Childhood : 120 bpm
` Adult male: 70 bpm
Adult female: 75 bpm
But the reference range is between 60 bpm (bradycardia) – 100 bpm (tachycardia) for aged people.
Pulse rate is the direct way to measure heart rate, but it can vary when some heart beats do not have
much cardiac output. At that time heart rate may be higher than the pulse rate.
3. PACEMAKER
An external pacemaker that has a pulse generator to generate an extrinsic electrical impulse, causing
the heart muscle to depolarise and then contract ; its rate is preset regardless of the heart's intrinsic
activity. It can be temporary or implanted
An artificial pacemaker located outside the body, the primary types are transcutaneous and
transvenous.
V.CONCLUSION
The progress in science & technology is a non–stop process. New things and new technology are
being invented. As the technology grows day by day, we can imagine about the future in which thing
we may occupy every

Nt1110 Hard Drive
Hard Drive: A Hard Drive is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving data from the
drive. It is also a permanent device. Hard drive is considered as internal storage. Hard drive is
electromagnetic device.
If power of the computer turned off suddenly, the stored data will be saved.
If the hard drive moved to another computer then also the data will not be erased.
RAM: Random Access Memory is a memory that can be accessed randomly. It is used for accessing
the current requests from operating system and application programs so that they can reach the
processor easily and quickly.
RAM is faster to read and write compared to another storage device.
RAM does not save the data if the computer is turned off
RAM will be accessed only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also known as Graphic card. Video Card is a printed circuit board and it contains processing
unit and memory. The processing unit is GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) It is mainly used for
playing 3D games and movies.
Network Card: Network Interface Card is a n electronic device which connects network to the
computer using LAN. It is also known as Ethernet Card. and uses RJ–45 connector. It is mostly
build in motherboard.
CPU: Central Processing Unit process the basic instructions from the computer. Processor is heart of
the computer because it tells the computer what to do and when to do. The priority of the
instructions is given by the processor to computer.
CD–ROM: Compact disk read only memory contains audio or data which is read only memory. It
stores 650 MB of data.
DVD–ROM:Digital Versatile disk read only memory is used for storing large software applications.
It permanently stores the data which is not erased or over written. It stores more than 4GB of data.
Cache: Cache is a software or hardware component that stores the requests from the processor
which are accessed quickly. It accesses RAM. The cache memory is directly integrated with CPU; it
provides the instructions to the processor. It reduces

Fabrication Of Pcb And Pcb
FABRICATION OF PCB The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) provides the electrical interconnections
between various components and as well provides mechanical support to the components. The
components are soldered to the PCB. The quality of the soldering directly affects the reliability of
the circuit. The procedure for fabricating the PCB for any general project is described below. 7.1
PCB MAKING Making of PCBs is as much as an art as a technique. The making of PCB essentially
involves two steps. Preparing the PCB drawing Fabricating the PCB itself from the drawing. 7.2
PCB DRAWING Making of PCB drawing involves some preliminary considerations such as
placement of components, locating holes, deciding the diameters of various holes, the optimum area
that each component should occupy, the shape and size of pads for the components, track size and
spacing, full space utilization and prevention of overcrowding of components at a particular area etc.
There is no other way to arrive the conclusion than by trial and error. With these details the sketch of
the PCB is made. 7.3 PCB FABRICATION The fabrication of the PCB starts with transferring the
PCB drawing onto a copper clad sheet. For small number of PCBs, a direct photographic transfer of
the PCB drawing from a negative image of the drawing to a photo sensitized copper clad sheet is
carried out. The copper from the unexposed area is latter etched away. For large quantity production,
screen printing method is

Electronic Voting Machine Using 8051 Microcontroller
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
By: G.CHAKRADHAR REDDY (07241A0263) R S R GAUTAM (07241A0268) P. KIRAN
KUMAR REDDY (07241A0274) B. NAGA TULASI RAM (07241A0280)
1
List of Contents
Abstract 1. Background 2. Microcontroller 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History 2.3 Definition of a
Microcontroller 2.4 Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors 2.5 Memory Unit 2.6 Central Processing
Unit 2.7 Bus 2.8 Input Output Unit 2.9 Serial Communication 2.10 Timer Unit 2.11 Watch Dog 2.12
Analog to Digital Converter 3. Introduction to 16X2 LCD Display 3.1 Pin description 3.2 DDRAM
– Display Data RAM 3.3 BF – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What forms the basis of such vast and complex system of governance? One needs not to be an
Einstein to guess the answer. It is fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections. Indian
constitution provide every adult above the age of 18 years irrespective of his/her religion, region,
caste, creed, color, economic status, education and sex the essential right to vote and elect her/his
candidate to represent her/him. Hence voting can be termed as backbone of not just democracy in
India but all around the world. Voting can be done in various ways. In early Roman Empire voting
used to be done by raising hands in favor or against. In board rooms voting is done in similar way,
some write their vote down, some choose to speak, some choose to cast vote using latest technology.
Voting Techniques In India all earlier elections be it state elections or centre elections a voter used to
cast his/her vote to his/her favorite candidate by putting the stamp against his/her name and then
folding the ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot box. This is a long,
time–consuming process and very much prone to errors. This method wanted voters to be skilled
voters to know how to put a stamp, and methodical folding of ballot paper. Millions of paper would
be printed and heavy ballot boxes would be loaded and unloaded to and from ballot office to polling
station. All this continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting

A Management System For The Warehouses And Stores
1 Abstract
This project proposes a complete asset management system for the warehouses and stores to
efficiently record, manage and track the products kept in the store. This unified solution can help the
company record appropriate need, security, and statistical data, which can be used to create more
efficient asset management protocols. This system employs multiple technologies: An RFID reader,
RS–232 communication, UART, LCD Interface, a microcontroller, EPROM, and GSM
communication; all of these technologies are described in details. When the RFID tag is in the range
of reader, asset data is read by the RFID reader and transmitted to the microcontroller via RS–232
communication. The microcontroller takes this data and asks to store ... Show more content on
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2 Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my supervisor for this project Dr. Anastasios Chassiakos, who directed me
through this project from the start. My father, Awad AL Neyadi, the head engineering department in
the government of Abu Dhabi, proofread my thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my friends for
their help and support.
3 Introduction
3.1 Problem Statement
The warehouses and stores with enormous amount of packages and product management has a need
of an autonomous system that tracks and manages the inventory of the asset present in the store
along with providing security of theft and stealing. Imagine someone whose primary job function is
to ensure the products from a store successfully make their ways out to the respective consumers.
Part of this involves keeping accurate records that verify the products when they are brought to the
store or when they are taken out. The difficulty for an individual to follow every package and record
the relevant data. That person cannot possibly track each individual product manually, as they may
not be able to remember and memorize huge amount of assets kept in the store. It's a tedious job to
make inventory on paper for huge amount of assets present in the store also the probability of error
increases a lot. To better illustrate the magnitude of this

Essay on Intel's Strategy for the 1990s
Case II–13: Intel Corporation – Strategy for the 1990s Is Intel still a technology leader? How well
do the three corporate macro strategies outlined in the case serve to guide Intel through the 1990s?
INTEL'S STRATEGY Intel's strategy in 1990 is to be the architectural leader in microprocessors, a
proprietary, high profit margin business. This implies an emphasis on design skills and the ability to
implement design architectures. They also want to continue as the leader in transistor density. This
implies the continued importance of process technology skills associated with "line width
reduction". Intel wants to be a world class manufacturer. This is particularly important because their
corporate strategy is to be the sole ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his view, high volume semiconductor manufacturers learn more quickly than low volume
producers. Part of this learning capability is due to the close linkages they have with equipment
vendors. The implication of Parker's view is that Intel is now a technology follower because of
relatively weak linkages with equipment supplier. To improve Intel's technology leadership, they
must improve these linkages. Barrett believes that Intel is a technology leader and that
manufacturing improvements have accelerated since the exit from the DRAM business. He
attributes this to improved engineering techniques, not advances in process equipment. He agrees
with Chou that high volume manufacturing is not critical to success. This view is somewhat
contradicted by selectively staying in the EPROM business – a high volume, commodity business.
Upon further examination, however, his belief is that EPROMS are not critical because they provide
advantages for learning, but because they provide a critical link between Intel and its competitive
environment. Staying in a commodity business allows Intel to learn how to lower unit costs and to
use this knowledge across all of its products. These three senior managers have different views of
Intel's position and the changing nature of the industry. Parker's view suggests that a volume product
such as

Big Firms And Small Firms
Progressively, to an increasing extent, professionals in the financial world are beginning to recruit
smaller firms as opposed to the conventional recruitment of large firm with monetary benefits, tax
deductions and other motivations (Gort et al, 1982). This approach has two features: Firstly,
developing and supporting entrepreneurs and small businesses, secondly, expanding/ improving
infrastructure and to recruit a highly experienced and educated workforce (Gruber, 1995). These
efforts depend on improving the quality of life in the community and generating an attractive
business climate. Studies from economic development strategies aimed at attracting large firms are
likely to be successful only at high cost (Grabowski, 1968). The idea is not primarily for new
businesses to create jobs on a small scale but to enhance maximum growth in such businesses
through creation of ideas that may enable them grow into larger firms thus, creating more jobs on a
larger scale and leading in the industrial world (Grabowski, 1968). This essay is going to compare
big firms and small firms in terms of their innovation; the comparison will be based on their
economies of scale, scope and spillovers, research and development. Whether or not large firms are
more innovative than the small firms is debatable. A firm's innovative efficiency is affected by its
size, large or small. Large firms are sometimes more efficient because they possess economies of
scale. Economies of scale is an increase

Isaac Asimov's Three Laws Of Robotics
1.1 Introduction to Robotics
Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation
of robot s. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence,
mechatronics, nanotechnology, and bioengineering.
Science–fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use the term
robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. In the story, Asimov suggested three principles to
guide the behavior of robots and smart machines. Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics, as they are
called, have survived to the present:
1. Robots must never harm human beings.
2. Robots must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1.
3. Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules.
Robot is defined as a mechanical design that is capable of performing human tasks or behaving in a
human–like manner. Building a robot requires expertise and complex programming. It's about
building systems and putting together motors, flame sensors and wires, among other important
components. A fire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further it can also change the direction and angle of its motor pump through servo motors and it will
also have a wireless camera through which All the process can be monitored on the system/laptop
through wireless camera which is placed at the robot and living person (moving object) can be
detected and monitored on the system/laptop. So, that if a person is alive in the effective area rescue
team can be sent there. It can be done by using embedded technology microcontroller and wireless
communication is done by Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) technology. So, basically it is
rescue robot which can extinguish fire manually operated through cell phone (DTMF) and display
signal for rescue operation through image

Pepsi Feasibility Study
________________ ____________
(Head of the department, ECE) (Assistant Professor)
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement made
it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our project, which is result of studied blend
of both research and knowledge.
We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Assistant Professor K.SRINIVAS RAO,
Department of ECE, our project guide, for his constant support, encouragement and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
ABSTRACT
This project deals with the calculation of the energy meter billing with prepaid facility by using
Smartcard based on the load consumption with GSM communication . The microcontroller
calculates the rupees that will be consumed by the loads as per the amount inserted in prepaid
recharge card ,which acts as input and displays it on the 16X2 LCD interfaced with the
microcontroller. This project thesis is also covers the recharge option on every insert of card in smart
module and the power is continued to process. This project is powered by an on–board power supply
takes the ac power and converts it into dc power that is fed to on–board devices and integrated
circuits.
2. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
What is Embedded system?
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional
mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system is a
microcontroller–based, software driven, reliable, real–time control system, autonomous, or human
or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold
into a competitive and cost conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software
system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High–end embedded &
lower end embedded systems. High–end embedded system –

Big Firms And Small Firms
Progressively, to an increasing extent, professionals in the financial world are beginning to recruit
smaller firms as opposed to the conventional recruitment of large firm with monetary benefits, tax
deductions and other motivations (Gort et al, 1982). This approach has two features: Firstly,
developing and supporting entrepreneurs and small businesses, secondly, expanding/ improving
infrastructure and to recruit a highly experienced and educated workforce (Gruber, 1995). These
efforts depend on improving the quality of life in the community and generating an attractive
business climate. Studies from economic development strategies aimed at attracting large firms are
likely to be successful only at high cost (Grabowski, 1968). The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Large firms enjoy cost advantage under economies of scale; here they are able to reduce their
average cost (AC) per unit as they increase total output. This basically means there is an increase in
the cost of production for the large firm and an increase in output, promoting growth. As a result of
cost advantage the large firms also enjoy managerial economies (Besanko et al, 2013). Under
managerial economies, the firms can afford to hire specialists in different departments such as:
human resource, marketing and finance within the firm. Additionally, large firms may benefit from
market power, since they will have more control over their suppliers and customers. It is mostly
assumed that economies of scale cannot be applied to small businesses since they are less likely to
be involved in mass production. Certain studies show that it can be applied to small businesses in
some cases. Small firms could benefit from economies of scale through buying of services. For
instance, if a small firm hires an accountant to go through its account, the accountant uses only a
small portion of his/her time and the firm pays only a small part of his or her time (Begg et al,
2013). On the other hand, large businesses suffer from diseconomies of scale. These are
inadequacies that occur as a result of a firm operating on a large scale. In large businesses, the
workers may feel unappreciated as individuals. This could make

Fpgas Advantages And Disadvantages
I. INTRODUCTION With the advent of modern controls theory and in the semiconductor
technology, the use of high sophisticated technologies, advance digital controllers and embedded
systems which include microprocessors, DSPs (digital signal processors), ASICs (application–
specific integrated circuits), and FPGAs (field–programmable gate arrays).in the area of AC power
control have become global challenges nowadays[1]. Recently FPGAs have become a good
alternative answer and have been generally accepted as a tool for the controller`s platform in high
performance embedded control system[2]. This device completely give inventors the ad–liberty to
use their design customs adapted to their area of applications, by allowing both hardware and
software to be customized at very low cost[3], it has a key impact on hardware or software co–
design and they are used as devices for rapid pro–to typing, and for final products[4]. This find
application in sophisticated motor drive systems, such as fully integrated controllers, sensor less
control, sensor less control with an extended Kalman filter algorithms, and adaptive fuzzy based
controller[5]. Also in some application like Intelligent maximum power point trackers for
photovoltaic applications, Realization of active power filter based on indirect ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, these devices belong to the so called semi–custom Application Specific Integer Circuits
(ASICs). The latter low cost devices consist of predesigned (by the manufacturer) elementary cells
and interconnections that can be programmed and interconnected by the user. This has the credit to
allow rapid–prototyping solutions and make the design process more flexible and cheaper. This is
not the case for full–custom ASICs, which are manufactured for a specific application and cannot be
user

Driverless Car
Accident Detection System and Vehicle Overtaking System Using Wireless Technology
By
Sub n jadav
[Type the author name] |
Accident Detection System and Vehicle Overtaking System Using Wireless Technology
* Introduction:– Accidents are one of the most dreaded situations in one`s life, on an average atleast
one vehicular accident occur everyday around the world. It has also been observed that the most
number of people die as they do not get to the hospital in time after such road accidents in highways
or remote locations such as rural villages. This causes unintended loss of life. Therefore to overcome
such haphazard's we propose to development a wireless system which will reduce this problem ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then communication module which was until in standby reception mode will transmit this
information by the microcontroller to the other device present in that area. On receiving the data by
the second circuit, which is on standby reception mode, it will process the signal information and
display the information on the LCD display and if necessary even sound a buzzer.
Similarly, when the user gives the signal for overtaking, the microcontroller will give a signal to
cc2500 stating the information source and data. This will then be relayed to the module in the
proceeding vehicle. As in above, the forward vehicle will get this information and display the
number of the preceding vehicle which sent the data and alert the vehicle that the vehicle wants to
overtake it.
* Component Details : – The list of components used in this project is given as follows: – 1) Micro
controller 2) Communication module 3) LCD display 4) Switches 5) 7805 regulator 6) Resistors and
capacitors.
Of all the components listed above, microcontroller card or IC is the heart of the circuit and its cost
is high as well. The costliest part of this circuit is the communication module on which this
particular project is to be implemented.
* Advantages and Disadvantages

Ambulance System Design Essay
Table of Contents 1.Introduction 2. Literature survey 3.Formation of the Problem 4.System
specification 5.Design of solution 6.Implementation 7.Results and Discussions 8.System testing
9.Conclusion and future scope 10.References INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE FOR CITY
TRAFFIC AND GSM TO SENT THE STATUS OF THE PATIENT TO THE HOSPITAL
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this project is develop an intelligent ambulance which will reach the
hospitals without any problem in heavy traffics. INTRODUCTION: This particular project is
designed for the cities with heavy traffic. Eg: In Bangalore the roads are full jammed every time.
Most of the time the traffic will at least for 100meters .In this distance the traffics police can¶t hear
the siren form the ambulance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing
on the memory chip is also called the µfirmware¶. The embedded system architecture can be
represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig. The operating system runs above the
hardware, and the application software runs above the operating system. The same architecture is
applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However, there are significant
differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system. For small
appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating
system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications involving
complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to
integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on
to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue
to run for a long time you don¶t need to reload new software. 2.2 Characteristics 1. Embedded
systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general–purpose computer for
multiple tasks. Some also have real–time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such
as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system
hardware to be simplified to reduce

Executive Summary
Professional Report Michael Jameson Kaplan University October 16, 2015 EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY System software (systems software) is computer software designed to operate and
control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. System
software can be separated into two different categories, operating systems and utility software. The
operating system (OS) is the best–known example of system software. The OS manages all the other
programs in a computer. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF
CONTENTS 1. OPERATING SYSTEMS 1.1 HOW DOES THE OS MANAGE THE
PROCESSOR? 1.2 WHAT ACTIVITIES ARE COORDINATED BY THE OS? 1.3 HOW DOES
THE OS MANAGE THE COMPUTER'S MEMORY? 1.4 WHAT IS VIRTUAL MEMORY AND
HOW DOES IT WORK? 1.5 HOW DOES THE OS MANAGE PERIPHERAL DEVICES? 1.5.1
WHAT ARE DEVICE DRIVERS? 1.5.2 WHAT IS PNP? 2. WHAT IS THE BIOS 2.1 WHAT
DOES THE BIOS DO? 2.2 WHAT IS POST? 2.2.1 WHAT ARE BEEP CODES? 2.3 WHAT IS
THE KERNEL? 3. WHAT ARE THREE DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS? 3.1
MICROSOFT WINDOWS 8.1 3.2 APPLE OS X YOSEMITE 3.3 LINUX OS 4.
RECOMMENDATION 1. OPERATING SYSTEMS An operating system (sometimes abbreviated
as "OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program,
manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or
application programs. The

Microcontroller Based Dc Motor Conditioning and Monitoring...
Microcontroller based DC motor Speed Conditioning and Monitoring System Abstract: The
proposed system is based on concept of monitoring and control of the various speed of a DC motor.
The speed of DC is monitor by optical decoder sensor and which is being collcted on a
microcontroller which will subsequently control the DC motor through a motor driver circuit. The
values of the speed also displayed on an LCD. The DC motor speed can be set controlled manually
using a keypad.(3) The proposed project is based on the concept of measuring and displaying the
speed of motor. The system uses a hall sensor for sensing and optical encoder unit for speed (RPM)
measurement. A magnet attached on the shaft of the motor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The current flow through the motor drops as the rotational speed increases, and a free–spinning
motor has very little current flow. It is only when a load is applied to the motor that slows the rotor
that the current draw through the motor increases. "In an experiment of this kind made on a motor
with separately excited magnets, the following figures were obtained: |Revolutions per minute |0 |50
|100 |160 |180 |195 | |Amperes |20 |16.2 |12.2 |7.8 |6.1 |5.1 | Apparantly, if the motor had been helped
on to run at 261.5 revolutions per minute, the current would have been reduced to zero. In the last
result obtained, the current of 5.1 amperes was absorbed in driving the armature against its own
friction at the speed of 195 revolutions per minute."(6) D.C. Motors: Direct current motors are used
in many applications that require adjustable speed. In uses requiring quick stops, a dc motor can
minimize the size of a mechanical brake or make it unnecessary. This is done by dynamic braking
(motor–generated energy fed to a resistor grid), or by regenerative braking (motor–generated energy
returned to the ac supply). DC motor speed can be controlled smoothly down to zero, followed
immediately by acceleration

Gun Control Research Paper
TIME OPERATED ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES CONTROL CONTENTS 1. Abbreviations 2.
Introduction 3. Block Diagram 4. Block Diagram Description 5. Schematic 6. Schematic
Description 7. Hardware Components ? Microcontroller ? Power supply ? Relays ? Lcd ? RTC ?
devices 8. Circuit Description 9. Software 10. Conclusion (or) Synopsis 11. Future Aspects. 12.
Bibliography ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOL NAME ACC Accumulator B B register PSW Program
status word SP Stack pointer DPTR Data pointer 2 bytes DPL Low byte DPH High byte P0 Port0 P1
Port1 P2 Port2 P3 Port3 IP Interrupt priority control IE Interrupt enable control TMOD
Timer/counter mode control TCON Timer/counter control T2CON Timer/counter 2 control T2MOD
Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering. (a) A capacitor, in parallel to
the load, provides an easier by ?pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At
ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load. (b) An inductor, in series with the load,
prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while
allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c) (c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor,
such as L–section filter section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the
properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave
rectifier and another with full wave

Junior Hardware Technician Job Analysis
As a contender for the job I applied as a Junior Hardware Technician and as part of the selection
process I have been asked to undertake a number of varies task such as explaining the functions of
some internal hardware components and afterword I will be talking about different Software as well.
Input & Output Devices Input devices is mainly refereed to devices which are used to t provide data
to the computer system in order for the computer to process. Without input devices, a computer user
would not be able to feed instructions to, or send and store information in, a computer. Some of the
example of Input Devices are as following: Keyboard Mouse Digital camera Webcam Microphones
And Output Devices are the devices which are used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the top of the list, it is stated that Windows is used by 1.5 billion people. Software Application
software allows a use to perform specific tasks. Applications runs inside the operating system,
Application software. can be divided into two general classes: systems software and applications
software. System Software Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing
the computer itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating
system. Application Software Applications software (also called end–user programs) include such
things as database programs, word processors, Web browsers and spreadsheets. Device Drivers A
device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer.
There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD–ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on. When
you buy an operating system, many device drivers are built into the product. However, if you later
buy a new type of device that the operating system didn't anticipate, you'll have to install the new
device driver. A device driver essentially converts the more general input/output instructions of the
operating system to messages that the device type can understand. In Windows operating systems, a
device driver file usually has a file name suffix of DLL or EXE. A virtual device driver usually has
the suffix of

Accident Spot Identification Using Gsm & Gps
GPS and GSM for Accident Spot Identification ABSTRACT: The main intention of this project is to
find the accident spot at any place and intimating it to ambulance through the gps and gsm networks.
Now–a–days, it became very difficult to know that an accident occurred and to locate the position
where it has happened. It's very difficult for the lives of victims until anyone noticed and informed it
to the ambulance or to any hospital and if it occurs in remote areas there will be no hope to survive.
To overcome these, gps and gsm technologies are used. The gps based vehicle accident
identification module contains a vibrating sensor and a gps modem connected ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Microcontroller – A single chip used to control other devices. Any microcomputer system requires
memory to store a sequence of instructions making up a program, parallel port or serial port for
communicating with an external system, timer / counter for control purposes like generating time
delays, Baud rate for the serial port, apart from the controlling unit called the Central Processing
Unit. Micro controller (AT89C51) In this project work we are using AT89C51 micro–controller.
This micro–controller plays a major role. Micro–controllers were originally used as components in
complicated process–control systems. However, because of their small size and low price, Micro–
controllers are now also being used in regulators for individual control loops. In several areas
Micro–controllers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as well. A Micro
controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory RAM, ROM or EPROM),
various I / O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports, Timer/Counters, Interrupt Controller, Data
Acquisition interfaces–Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (ADC),
everything integrated onto a single Silicon Chip. It does not mean that any micro controller should
have all the above said features on chip, Depending on the need and area of application for which it
is designed, The ON–CHIP features present in it may or

Automatic Active phase selector
Abstract:
Phase absence is a very common and severe problem in any industry, home or office. Many times
one or two phases may not be live in three phase supply. Because of this, many times, some
electrical appliances will be on in one room and OFF in another room. This creates a big disturbance
to our routine work.
This project is designed to check the availability of any live phase, and the load will be connected to
the particular live phase only. Even a single phase is available, and then also, the load will be in ON
condition.
The aim of this project is to construct a single phasing monitor and prevention system using 8bit
microcontroller. Anti–single phasing relays or single phasing preventer are required for critical loads
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It deals with the block diagram of the project and explains the purpose of each block. In the same
chapter the explanation of microcontrollers, power supplies, LCD and Relays are considered.
3. Presents the software description. It explains the implementation of the project using PIC C
Compiler software.
4 . Presents the project description along with relay interfacing to microcontroller.
5. Presents the advantages, disadvantages and applications of the project.
6. Presents the results, conclusion and future scope of the project.
Automatic Phase Selection
Page 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Introduction:
The block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent modules is considered. Block
diagram is shown in fig:
FIG1:
Block diagram of Automatic phase selector system
Page 4

The main blocks of this project are:
1. Micro controller (PIC16F72)
2. Crystal oscillator
3. Reset
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED Indicator
6. Relay
7. LCD
PIC Microcontroller:
Fig2 :PIC Microcontrollers
Page 5
Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers:
PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller given by Microchip Technology to identify its single–
chip microcontrollers. These devices have been very successful in 8–bit microcontrollers. The main
reason is that Microchip Technology has continuously upgraded the device architecture and added
needed peripherals to the microcontroller to suit customers' requirements.

Automatic Railway Gate Control
An Industrial training report
On
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
M.SHALINI
ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES Sangivalasa –531162,
Bheemunipatnam (mandal)
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
2009–2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our sincere thanks and gratitude to Roshan sir for all the support and kindness he has bestowed
upon us and without whose help, the project would not have been remarkable at all. The strong
theoretical foundation that he has laid and his innovative ideas and timely help helped us a lot for
completion of the project. Our sincere thanks to all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this project, LCD is used in order to display the status of train arrival or departure. In that way, it
will indicate the motorists that gate is going to be closed.
The program logic is written in embedded c program by using Kiel micro vision environment. The
program written is then converted in the hex code after simulation and burned onto the
microcontroller using FLASH micro vision.
This project can also be developed further to have a buzzer sound in order to alert the public while
the gate is closing. A control room can also be provided at the railway crossings for constant
monitoring of the equipment to reduce the chances of errors and to make this user friendly.
CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
MICROCONTROLLER:

The hardware practical will be carried on the development Board which is having P89V51RD2
Microcontroller from Phillips Semiconductors. It supports ISP programming Mode. The tool used
for this purpose is flash magic for ISP Programming.
LCD:
We are using Hitachi LCD with dot matrix type which supports 16x2= 32 characters. IR SENSORS:
The sensor used is a PIR (Passive Infra–Red) Sensor. It is a pyroelectric device that detects motion
by measuring changes in the infrared levels emitted by surrounding objects. This motion can be
detected by checking for a high signal on a single I/O pin.
STEPPER MOTOR: We are using stepper

System Software ( Os )

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