4. Source based on the Polish version: P. Kotler, Marketing. Komunikacja, Warszawa 1999, p.545
5. COMMUNICATION
Two-way process of reaching mutual
understanding, in which participants not
only exchange (encode-decode)
information, news, ideas and feelings but
also create and share meaning.
In business, it is a key function of management - an organization cannot operate
without communication between levels, departments and employees.
Source: businessdictionary.com
6. Formula for number of
communication channels
r = (n(n-1))/2
r - number of communication channels
n - number of people
Source:https://www.project-management-prepcast.com/index.php/freetry-it/free-pmp-tips/pmp-exam-tips/
333-pmp-exam-tip-why-do-we-need-the-communications-channels-formula
13. Source: Encyklopedia Zarządzania
HORIZONTAL
between people,
divisions,
departments or units
within the same level
of organizational
hierarchy
DIRECTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
BOTTOM-UP
employees ->
managers and senior
managers
TOP-DOWN
senior managers and
managers -> other
employees
14. Source: Encyklopedia Zarządzania
WRITTENnotes, letters, emails,newsletters, texts, IM, memos,minutes of meetings
NON-VERBAL
body language, tone of voice,
intonation, facial expression, eye
contact
WAYS OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL
face 2 face meetings, phone
conversations, discussions,
gossips
