The Role Of Public-Private Partnership In The Insurance...

The Role Of Public-Private Partnership In The Insurance...
Thirdly, public–private partnership is also key in building climate and disaster resilient developing countries through insurance industry which is unique
mechanism for the sharing and transferring of risk (ClimateWise, The Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII), & The United Nations Environment
Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), 2013).. If there is no risk insurance programme, individuals, households, businesses and governments would
accept their own risk exclusively (ClimateWise et al., 2013). Insurance provide these entities to protect from financial burden of catastrophic losses
through risk transfer mechanism (ClimateWise et al., 2013). Furthermore, the policy and legal frameworks should also be developed and implemented
by... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, they can also serve as financiers for disaster risk insurance programmes by assisting "capital or reserves to public–private insurance vehicles,
contingent loans, temporary premium finance, or by acting as enhancers or credit guarantors of future payments" (Cummins & Mahul, 2009, p. 12).
Fifthly, training and educating is also crucial to improve the insurance market penetration in developing countries. Training and education programmes
should include educating insurance professionals and educating consumers. Insurance professionals include actuaries, underwriters, agents, claims
personnel, policy administration and customer service personnel, managers, and supervisors (Webb, 2006). Formal capacity building programmes such
as training, workshop and forum are the most effective ways to develop knowledge and skills in staff. Moreover, consumers are great contributors of
insurers and the insurance market. It is important to conduct the awareness raising campaign for customers to enlarge the potential of insurance market
in developing countries (Webb, 2006). The awareness campaign can conduct in different forms such as direct communication (e.g. meetings, seminars,
home visit), publication (e.g. information, education and communication materials such as posters and flyers) and advertising through medias (e.g.
newspaper, television and radio). Finally, the countries, the donors and international financial institutions
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Deutsche Bank Sustainability Essay
Who They Are
Deutsche Bank, as stated by Wikipedia's Deutsche Bank page, was founded in 1870 as a specialist bank for foreign trade in Berlin. They now are a
global financial service bank headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany with the investment bank division head–quartered in London, United Kingdom. DB
is a leader in Europe and is continuously growing in North America, Asia and key emerging markets. They currently have more than 100,000
employees in 73 countries
Deutsche Bank's mission statement is: "We compete to be the leading global provider of financial solutions, creating lasting value for our clients, our
shareholders, our people and the communities in which we operate" ("Company," Deutsche Bank). They do this by promoting... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Institutional Asset Management sector of DB "offers a full complement of strategies in both traditional and alternative asset classes, which can be
tailored to meet the needs of institutional clients with flexible return targets, benchmarks and other parameters." ("Institutional Asset Management,"
Deutsche Bank) Climate change is becoming a large economic concern and change for the better will require a lot of capital investment over decades.
For this reason there are amazing new investment opportunities available to combat the issues relating to climate change and global warming. This is
where DB comes in to offer institutional investors access to these opportunities, as well as a wide range of investment strategies that incorporate their
responsible investment criteria.
Evidence of Environmental and Social Reporting
DB has established sustainability and social responsibility in all aspects of how the bank is run They could do more to provide information on how
the bank itself is currently being sustainable as this information isn't readily available
Environmental Reporting
Environmental protection and

Essay on The Affordable Care Act
After the inception of ACA that is Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010 various policies and regulations has been proposed which has more
controversy (www.healthcapital.com, 2013). Affordable health act has impact on the stakeholders in different manner. The main concern in the
medical field is the input cost which is increasing continuously. This is the biggest challenge for the US government as the increasing cost makes it
impossible for the government to allocate appropriate resources in managing the requirements of the ACA public policy. There are more initiatives
taken by the US government in implementing the ACA in an appropriate manner by continuously improving the quality of health care at affordable
lower costs... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
пЃ¶Many US citizens are not protected under medical insurance (NYTimes, 2014). пЃ¶The argument of Obama administration is that this law is
considered to be jurisdiction because it does not follow any specific terms. пЃ¶The concern of the offenders is cost, implementation of ACA will
require government to spend huge in developing hospitals, arranging for doctors, equipments and so on. пЃ¶Health sector's expenditure is always
inclined and increasing fast every day. пЃ¶Hospital stay costs very high for the US citizens, when compared to other countries number of days stayed
in hospitals are less but costs are mounting up (www.huffingtonpost.com, 2013). This clearly indicates that private hospitals cannot afford to provide
high quality medical services at lower cost due to various factors including higher pay demanded by doctors (NYTimes, 2014). In this plausible
solution should be such that one party should not win at the expense of others. In this more cooperation, coordination and support for all parties are
required to make ACA effective. The plausible solution in this regard is to encourage both the public and private hospitals/health care/ organization to
work and participate together with cooperation. This contribution will reduce the government burden that is it will reduce the cost to the government
and will not create economic tension. From the supporters side, the health cess charged to all the tax payers

Troubled Asset Relief Program
Troubled Asset Relief Program Leroy Shepherd Jr. Webster University Basic Finance for Managers BUSN 5200 Instructor, David Fish Ed.D March
21, 2012 Troubled Asset Relief Program The Troubled Asset Relief Program as part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act was an initiative
signed into law on October 3, 2008 by then President George W. Bush. TARP authorized the U. S Treasury to purchase up to $700 billion in assets and
securities from financial institutions in a response to a potential financial crisis and to stabilize the U.S financial markets. The big picture financial
system of the nation is configured in such a way that it acts as the channel between corporations and individuals. Essentially the... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The fear was that the U S economy itself was heading toward a collapse if something hadn't been done. TARP's Indented Purpose "Congress
authorized Treasury to use TARP in a manner that protects home values, college funds, retirement accounts, and life savings; . . . preserves
homeownership and promotes jobs and economic growth; . . . and maximizes overall returns to the taxpayers of the United States" (Katz, 2011, p.
1580). These measures would be accomplished through several initiatives. For the purposes of this paper The Capital Purchase Program and the Public
Private Investment Program will serve as examples. Capital Purchase Program The Capital Purchase Program was an initiative that was specifically
directed toward the public benefit by investing into healthy financial institutions to facilitate financial stability, inspire confidence in the financial
system and to allow banks and lending institutions to continue to provide credit services to individual Americans and businesses. "Over the life of the
program Treasury purchased $205 billion in preferred stock and subordinated debentures from 707 different qualifying financial institutions (QFIs) in
forty–eight states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The ten largest investments accounted for $142.6 billion of the program. Three hundred
thirty–one of the 707 recipients

Small and Medium Enterprise in Bangladesh
The Small and Medium Enterprises worldwide are recognized as engines of economic growth. The commonly perceived merits often emphasized for
their promotion especially in the developing countries like Bangladesh include their relatively high labor intensity, dependence on indigenous skills and
technology, contributions to entrepreneurship development and innovativeness and growth of industrial linkages. Out of 11% employment of the
civilian labor force provided by the manufacturing sector, about two thirds are estimated to be provided by the small and cottage industries sector.
Again, development of small industries facilitates the effective mobilization of capital and labor resources. They also help in raising standards of living.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recommendations (1) Uniform Definition of SMEs: There should be a consensus on developing a uniform definition of each category of SMEs with
generic classification around the country. It should be given standard industrial code (SIC). Without uniform definition, formulation policy and its
implementation are not possible. (2) Seed Money, Leasing, Venture Capital and Investment Funding: There is a need for improving different aspects of
financial services of SMEs, such as seed money, leasing, venture capital and investment funding. There is a lack of long–term loans; interest rates are
high, Guarantee/Security issues, exchange risks etc. All these limit the development of SMEs. Finance, both short and long term, should be provided at
market cost of capital.Fund should be made available through encouragement for setting up 'Venture Capital' organization in Bangladesh. The concept
of venture capital (VC) has successfully operating in the USA, EU countries, and Canada. (3) Establishment of Small Business Investment and Lending
Corporation (SBILC): We should start with 'something effective' for industrial development in general and the SMEs sector in particular. Such a step,
for example, could be the establishment of a separate Corporate body. That means a separate financing institution could be developed, with joint
ownership of the public and private sector. To make the proposed

Infrastructure Of Infrastructure And Infrastructure
Infrastructure
We are constantly surrounded by infrastructure assets. Infrastructure consists of all the assets that countries require to enable its daily operations and
orderly functions. Transportation, energy, communications and water, are some of the infrastructure assets that serve as the backbone to our society.
While traveling this summer with my family, I realized just how far behind the U.S. is compared to other parts of the world when it is considered one
of the most advanced countries in the world. I thought to myself... Why hasn't the U.S. invested in such projects? China spends 7% of its GDP on
infrastructure and India spends 5%. The U.S. spends just over 3%. As a result, U.S. infrastructure now ranks 14th globally according to the World
Economic Forum's infrastructure index.
In the current economic environment where interest rates are low and unemployment remains elevated, a logical solution to stimulate growth would be
to build, modernize, or replace our infrastructure. Every 4 years, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) releases a Report Card for America's
Infrastructure that represents the condition and performance of the nation's infrastructure. In 2013, the United States' infrastructure grade was a D+.
Although we recognize the report is a little self–serving, the statistics behind their research is compelling. According to the report: the average age of
the 84,000 dams in the country is 52 years old, one in nine of the nation's bridges are rated

Innerchange Freedom Initiative: Faith-Based Organizations
Innerchange Freedom Initiative is a faith based organization that provides educational and value–based program services to prisoners on a voluntary
basis. This privately funded organization prepares prisoners to re–enter the work force, community, and their private family and social life. The
Innerchange Freedom Initiative is a part of Prison Fellowship, which is a religious organization that uses the restorative approach to help prisoners,
former prisoners, and those who are affected by crime and incarceration. The program is 18 months and at least six months aftercare is provided. One
theory in criminology that attempts to explain crime is conflict theory. This theory says that crime is rooted in social conditions that favor those who

Ulb Case Study
The financial resources flowing into ULBs typically consist of its own tax and non–tax revenues, shared revenues, grants and loans from the state
government, and market borrowings. While the types of taxes collected by ULBs are not specified by the 74th CAA, their revenue base is decided by
the state government. Generally, Property Tax is the single most important source of revenue for ULBs. 'User–charges' significantly contribute towards
non–tax revenues. As a part of the urban reform agenda, a portion of funding from GoI has been made available to cities through schemes like Viability
Gap Funding (VGF). Since economic liberalisation, multilateral agencies (such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank) have been playing an
important role in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are empowered to raise municipal bonds under restrictive umbrella of state control. They fail to generate enough surpluses to establish their
loan repayment capacity and hence, do not get convincing credit rating. Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) was the first ULB to raise
money from capital market through municipal bonds without government guarantee in 1993. Since then, only 8 cities have availed of this source of
resource generation. Of them, except AMC, all have gone for private placements with less risk factor. Even large metropolises like Delhi, Mumbai
and Chennai have not accessed capital market, though a few of the metro cities have very recently obtained favourable credit rating. The flagship
urban programme of the previous government, the JNNURM also took initiative to promote municipal bonds through credit rating on a regular basis
for all its 65 mission cities. Of them, only 36 cities were found to be in the investment grade. Very few ULBs have planned for market borrowing as a
source of finance. Municipal bonds can be raised for commercially viable projects only. ULBs under state government restrictions, have limited options
to make projects viable with levying proper user charges.
Government Initiatives for Increasing Competitiveness
Central government has, from time to time, taken several initiatives for improving quality of life in urban areas. From Third Five Year Plan onwards,
major urban development programmes have been financed with 50

Advantages And Challenges Of SME In UAE
A Study on SME Sector in UAE
Mr. Aaron Fernandes
BBA – SEMESTER V
DEPARTMENT OF MANGEMENT SCIENCES
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI CAMPUS
DUBAI– UAE
E–Mail: aaronjohn895@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Small and medium–sized enterprises (SME's) have proved to be the dynamo for the many economies of the world. SME helps in creating jobs, driving
innovation, growth and economic diversification.
This paper focus the study on the SME sector in UAE, highlight the various clusters in SME in UAE. There is also subsequent discussion about the
limitation and challenges of SME and various government funding schemes which helps to overcome these challenges and limitations. Private sector
has also taken this step to help SME's by providing the funding to them. Last section ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main area of focus are sea food processing, fruit and vegetable processing, grain mill products processing, sweets, chocolate and confectionary
products and spices processing.
2.2.5Tourism
One of the preferred tourist destinations in the world is Dubai, UAE.
Travel and Tourismindustry has a high significance in Dubai economy as well.
The area of focus is to promote travel agencies, tour operators, make more flexible reservation service and related activities.
Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) and Dubai World Trade Center (DWTC) are promoting and helping on various related
activities.
2.2.6Hospitality
Being one of the preferred locations for tourism, Dubai is also known for its hospitality industry.
The cosmopolitan nature of the city is shaped by a large number of international brands.
The main areas of focus are accommodation, food and beverage services.
3.0 Different Funds Supporting SME's in UAE
Funds in UAE are two types which are available for the SME. Public fund and Private fund. Public funds are provided by UAE governments by

different Emirates. Private funds are by different private organizations and

Imc Advantages
Potential Benefits of ICM Development on Market Segments SharД«àh–compliant Equities Development of the Islamic equity market typically
involves having in place a SharД«àh stock–screening process which facilitates the identification of SharД«àhcompliant stocks and therefore attracts
wider participation from investors that seek SharД«àh–compliant products. At the same time, it can facilitate the construction of Islamic equity
indices. SharД«àh–compliant equities may also appeal to the global socially responsible investing (SRI) community, as well as environmental, social
and corporate governance (ESG) investors, in view of similarities in their underlying values and principles; therefore, the market demand for these
stocks is potentially... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Development of the Sukuk market should include both the sovereign and corporate segments, to the extent possible and practicable, in order to enable
both the public and private sectors to have the widest possible options for fund–raising. Based on the experience of some jurisdictions, government
participation and support would be a major factor in developing a sound Sukuk market. Regular issuances by the government would create a yield
benchmark for the issuance of corporate Sukuk and also encourage Sukuk issuance by the private sector. The feasibility of this approach nevertheless
would differ between one jurisdiction and another, based primarily on the financial and economic specificities of each jurisdiction. In jurisdictions with
large infrastructure investments, there are significant opportunities for the growth of Sukuk as a fund–raising means for both the public and private
sectors. A facilitative ecosystem to provide SMEs greater access to funding via the ICM would help fuel the growth of these companies and drive the
expansion of the SME sector. There are, however, factors for consideration in assessing the viability of SMEs to issue Sukuk, including their financial
positions, investors' risk appetite and the nature of the business. There have also been initiatives in several jurisdictions recently to democratise Sukuk
from being a "wholesale"

Building Finance And Operate For Procuring A Major Public...
The basis of Design Build Finance and Operate for procuring a major public sector project
For the past twenty years, as stated by Gil (2013) , the new way by which the rapid demand of the public in terms of social vertical and horizontal
infrastructures are manage is generally referred to as the Public Private Partnership (PPP). As also mentioned by HM Treasury (2008), all services
under the public which are to be executed by means of the Public Private Partner system are of the guarantee to be implemented to the satisfaction of
the client with the idea that all risks related issues are passed over by the client to sector who organizes and effectively controls them (HM Treasury,
2008). Consequently, PPIAF (2011) explains that over one hundred nations around the globe have utilized the PPP scheme to implement public service
projects. Alshawi (2009) confirmed Private Finance Initiative (PFI) or Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) as another category of PPP which
the public sector uses to transfer services of the public to a private sector for a substantial time period. He also emphasises that the rationale for the
Design, Build, Finance, and Operate procurement method used worldwide by the public sector was due to the fact that the private entity uses its
finances and expertises and as well as the innovation used in designing and managing facilities and infrastructure projects owned by the state. He
further classified the limited budgetary allocations for those nations

Internatio Meegan Research Paper
Meegan Moszynski is the Executive Director of The Leaders Initiative, a program of Quarterly Forum. For the past two years, Meegan has been the
Ideas Director for the Biennial of the Americas, where she has led the Ideas program by curating conversations on today's most significant issues in the
Americas related to trade, education, the environment, culture and community. Meegan has worked closely with leaders in the private, public and
non–profit sectors and has developed a strong network of local and international stakeholders in a variety of industries. Her work lies at the intersection
of business, government and non–governmental organizations, and she strives to foster continuous dialogue among those sectors to promote
sustainability, facilitate investment and affect change. Meegan is an... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meegan has collaborated on clean energy initiatives in China, educational and vocational training programs for women and children in Pakistan, and
rural economic development projects in Cambodia. She speaks French, Italian, and Spanish and has lived and traveled throughout South America,
Western and Eastern Europe, southern Africa, and northern China. In her free time, Meegan supports the Marshall Direct Fund's work on international
security and economic development initiatives in Pakistan, and she was a volunteer for The Aspen Institute's Ideas Festival, Leaders Action Forum,
Winter Words, McCloskey Speaker Series, Sports and Society, Bass Lectures and New Views film series. She holds a Master's degree in International
Trade, Investment and Development Policy Studies from the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey and a Bachelor's degree in
International Studies with a concentration in European Studies and History of Art and Architecture, as well as a Minor in Italian, from Middlebury

Finance Major Essay
The definition of finance is rather complex but Merriam Webster seems to provide the most comprehensive explanation, stating, "the management of
revenues; the conduct or transaction of money matters generally, especially those affecting the public, as in the fields of banking and investment"
(Merriam Webster). The management of revenues is essentially the core of what separates the jobs of finance majors, compared to other
business–related majors such as accounting and economics. While accountants identify where the money comes from, the finance people identify
how to best use that money. While economic majors study how to grow the entire economy of a country, finance majors study how to value a
company. The reason behind my decision to pursue a major in finance is because I want to study how to manage money in a company and the role
companies play in affecting the banking system. Also, I am convinced that majoring in finance is one of the most effective and efficient ways in
becoming a successful entrepreneur. As a finance major, I can only study; as a successful entrepreneur, I will be equipped with the resources to
improve the lives of hundreds if not thousands of people. According to Techtarget.com, "Silicon Valleycontinues to be one of the country 's leading
regions for high–tech innovation and development, accounting for about one–third of all venture capital investment in the United States" (Rouse).
Based on this statement, readers would think that the residents

What Are the Arguments In Favour Of Private Health Care?...
What Are the Arguments In Favour Of Private Health Care?
Privatisation is a word which is commonly used to describe the practice of medical patients 'going private' and paying for the services of GPs,
hospital doctors or hospital provision, rather than using the NHS. Privatisation can also be used to describe the charge imposed for such health care
services such as drugs, appliances, dentures and spectacles.
There are many arguments which are in favour of private health care in
Britain, such as that private treatment is not the luxury that most people seem to think it is. Most people believe it is a treatment that only rich people
can afford. This however, is simply not true as patients in the independent sector now... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When people spend their money on private medicine they are helping to add to the total amount of resources spent on health care, which cannot be a
bad thing.
Private health care is better than the NHS in many ways, but most obviously, as it does not have the famously long waiting lists of the
NHS. Waiting lists are a huge and notorious problem in the NHS and many people have to wait many months before they can have surgery or
treatment. Furthermore, private companies such as BUPA (British United
Provident Association) and PPP (Private Patients Plan) offer some treatment which is unavailable from the NHS, such as cosmetic surgery.
Private Finance Initiative (PFI) also supports the argument, which is supportive of private health care. A department of health spokesperson said that
PFI was providing the NHS and patients with the biggest hospital building programme in its history. PFI is a scheme, separate from the NHS which
provides value for money and is the best way of meeting the costs of the hospital building programme. It has shown to be a sound way of securing
funding for a new hospital as at present, more than 400 PFI contracts, worth more than ВЈ100bn are currently in effect or on the agenda. It is said that
sixty to seventy new hospitals over the next few years is the most extensive building programme the NHS have seen for decades, worth billions of
pounds.
Also, it has been shown

The Egyptian Corporate Responsibility Center
According to ECRC, corporate social responsibility in Egypt is defined as the adoption of sustainable business models and practices that have positive
impacts on the society. The private sector in Egypt is responsible for creating about 70% of all employment in the country. However, there is room for
the private sector to improve its social offerings to the society in general through corporate social responsibility. The Egyptian corporate responsibility
center (ECRC) was established in the year 2004 as a joint project between the United Nations development program and the Egyptian government
(Grayson and Jane, 71). The main aim of the ECRC is to ensure that both private and public companies align their social responsibility programs for the
greatest benefits to the Egyptian citizens. It is important to note that in Egypt private organizations and NGOs mainly conduct CSR activities.
It is the responsibility of the Egyptian government to provide basic services to the population. The country aimed to meet the millennium development
goals by the year 2015. It was clear right from the beginning that government and civil organizations would not be able to meet these goals on their
own. The private sector would have to play an important role in ensuring that these goals were met. In addition to providing employment to about 70%
of the population, the private sector would also have to shoulder some projects in improving the lives of the population. The establishment of the ECRC

Public Private Partnerships in India
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN INDIA
Public Private Partnership or PPP is a subject being given the increasing attention that it has been receiving in context of the sweeping changes in
India's economic policies. We are all aware, along with the dismantling of the license permit raj a greater role is envisaged for the private sector in
these new policies. Now it seems that, the private sector is not only to be facilitated in its growth, but there it can be taken on board as a partner by the
government in the provision of public services. This of course, is the purpose of PPP. For those of us who have had a long innings in Government,
such thinking represents a paradigm shift from the way things were always done. I am aware of the fact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key words seem to be rewards and risks.
Having said this, I may state that this scenario gives rise to a host of issues to the mind of a practical administrator. Some of them would be on these
lines:
В•Firstly, when should a public project opt for PPP? Does the project lend itself to the model, or indeed justify sharing of the rewards with the
private sector. The U.K. was one of the first countries to go into partnership with the private sector for providing public services. They have been
fairly successful in this respect. One of their PPP models is called the Public Finance Initiative (PFI), wherein the government contracts to purchase
services on a long term basis from a private provider, who may build, maintain and operate infrastructure. The costs may be met from user charges,
along with state subsidies, which are a form of "viability gap funding". However while implementing the PFI program, the U.K. government had issued
guidelines on the types of projects that needed to be taken up under it. These guidelines stated that "PFI is appropriate where there are major and
complex capital projects with significant and ongoing maintenance requirements. Here the private sector can offer project management skills, more
innovative design and risk management expertise that can bring substantial benefits." In other words it is clear that PPP can be

Executive Summary Of Aum Shri Ganeshay Namah
Executive summary AUM SHRI GANESHAY NAMAH:
Acme Corporation is a private company in accounting consultancy industry consisting of 150 employees. After a recent audit (including compliance
audit) Acme is found non–compliant with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). In addition, the records are inadequate and there are
problems with granting authorization to access the audited data. The company is facing growing concerns about application software not able to
support business shifts, outages due to hurried implementations, data that are not able to be consolidated throughout the organization, and turf wars
between marketing and IT. Therefore, the CIO of Acme is required to head a task force to establish a strategic initiative for developing world–class
compliance audit processes, applications to support the processes and reporting capabilities.
My key recommendations for Acme as the CIO are as follows:
Research requirements for the type of the compliance reporting required. Identify which organizations within the company should be involved in
determining how best to conduct:
According to George Boykin, "GAAP is a set of accounting rules and procedures that companies used to compile and report their financial statements."
GAAP rules provide consistency in financial reporting (Wilkinson, 2013).
As per QFinance the guidelines for GAAP are as follows:
The full disclosure principle demands all the information related interpretation of financial statements

Project Management : Development Appraisal And Economics
BSC (HONS.) IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT Construction Procurement Advisement SMRC Corporation, New Research Facility,
Sligo Ireland G2 Consultants G.J. GERARD S00135023 12/1/2014 Module: Development Appraisal and Economics Lecturer: Leigh McLoughlin The
purpose of this report is to summarize and analyze the various construction procurement methods used in the construction industry. This report was
commissioned by SMRC medical research corporation. This report will identify a recommended method to the commissioner for the development of
their new research facility. Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION:2 1.1 Project Brief:2 2.0 PROCUREMENT SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS:3 2.1
Procurement Methods versus Project Cost3 2.2 Procurement Methods4 2.2.1 Traditional or Design–BID–Build4 2.2.2 Design and Build5 2.2.3
Management Contracting / Construction Management.6 2.2.4 Public – Private Partnership (PPP)7 2.2.5 Private Finance Initiative (PFI)8 2.2.6
Framework Contracting9 2.3 Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) in construction procurement.9 3.0 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS and
ASSUMPTIONS10 Item 3.1 – Ownership.11 Item 3.2 and 3.6 – Budget and Financing11 Item 3.3 and 3.4 – Quality of Design – Innovation11 Item 1.5
– Time Frame – Development Schedule11 4.0 PROCUREMENT RECOMMENDATION AND RATIONALE11 REFERENCES13 1.0
INTRODUCTION: G2 Consultants (GJ Gerard) were retained by the Sligo Medical Research Corporation (SMRC) to execute a detailed

The European Union
Following United Kingdom membership to the European Union in 1973 alongside other European states, further economic integration of the states
lead to the Maastricht agreement of 1992 . The central feature of the agreement was the incorporation of the European monetary union (EMU) the
EMU was based on four financial principles of inflation, long–term interest rates, fiscal debt and deficit and exchange rate. The aim of the Union was
to harmonise trade and economic relations across member states and as such the EMU imposed restriction on infrastructure investment through strict
borrowing limits. As a member state Britain had to comply with the four criteria despite the pressure it placed on its public borrowing and financing of
infrastructure. To meet its social responsibility theUnited Kingdom government started the private finance initiative.
1992 – Private finance initiative is the resultant means of financing infrastructure following the Maastricht agreement to reduce public sector
borrowing requirement. It was first introduced in the 1992 Autumn Statement by Conservative Chancellor Norman Lamont. PFI was a means through
which the private sector finances major infrastructure projects by lending to the public sector. Operational risk for the infrastructure is passed over to
the private sector.1994 – Private Finance panel.
1997 – The Treasury Taskforce,
Sir Malcolm Bates was appointed to review the PFI and he made twenty seven recommendations to streamline and improve

Blockchain Tracking As A Global Market In The Asia-Hong...
The Asia–Pacific region is a rising star in FinTech innovation, but this week, the blockchain spotlight landed on Singapore as more distributed ledger
initiatives from the private and public sectors took major steps forward.
It's no surprise, considering the Singapore FinTech Festival took place, acting as a global stage for blockchain innovators to strut their stuff. According
to reports in Singapore Business Review, $2.71 billion was raised by investors for FinTechs in the final day of the FinTech Festival, with the majority
of investors coming from Singapore itself. Nearly two–thirds of that funding will go toward blockchain startups, reports added.
The nation's excitement over distributed ledger technology (DLT) cannot be ignored. In... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Singapore's central bank also announced a new agreement with the central bank of the Philippines to explore how blockchain could facilitate
international payments between their markets.
The "FinTech Cooperation Agreement" establishes a framework of collaboration between the two central banks, reports in Crypto Coin News said.
"[The Monetary Authority of Singapore] and the [Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas] are like–minded in their focus on harnessing financial technology to
reduce inefficiency and benefit individuals and businesses," said MAS Managing Director Ravi Menon in a statement. "This Cooperation Agreement
between our two agencies provides a framework for promoting financial innovation not only in our countries but can also potentially contribute to
broader efforts in ASEAN."
Reports pointed to the MAS' efforts to create a digital Singaporean dollar on a blockchain as one potential initiative that could come into play with this
collaboration with the Philippines. The two central banks will also explore streamlined Know Your Customers (KYC) solutions that use blockchain.
Visa Tests B2B Connect
Visa took the FinTech Festival platform this week to announce its own headway in Visa B2B Connect, its blockchain–based international B2B
payments solution that includes Singpaore's United Overseas Bank as a participating partner (alongside Commerce Bank in the U.S., Shinhan Bank in
South Korea and UnionBank of the Philippines).

Kevin Phalen,

Income Tax
Income Tax Law
Income Tax Law and the National Budget 2010–2011
Md. Abdur Rashid, FCMA
B.Com. (Hons.), M.Com., DAIBB, LLB, FCMA
Income Tax Law explain changes in tax struc–ure of an economy over time under t the impact of economic development and of political and social
factors. Tax structure is affected by economic development in three ways: (a) tax base undergoes a change as the develop– ental process m proceeds;
(b) change in the tax base brings about changes in the revenue system: and (c) economic development leads to changes in the objectives of tax policy.
Bangladesh Government collects taxes on account of custom duty, sales tax, value added taxes, excise duty, cess, fees, fines, penalties,income tax,
advalorem duty, etc. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In modern times, the aim of public finance is not merely to raise sufficient financial resources for meeting administrative expenses, for maintenance of
law and order and to protect the country from foreign aggression. On the other hand, the sphere of public finance has been very much extended. It is
now considered a powerful instrument of important economic and social objectives. The most important objective before these countries is to
accelerate their economic growth through mobilizing internal resources. The under–developed countries, like Bangladesh, are caught up in the vicious
circle of poverty. Consequently, such countries are not able to save much and whether individual savings or collective savings are only a small
fraction of their national income. This means that a much greater tax effort is called for to raise country's growth rate to a reasonable level. Since
private savings and capital formation are meager in Bangladesh, the responsibility of resource mobilization for economic growth falls on the State. That
is why the role of public finance in developing countries is very important. For accelerating economic growth, the government has to adopt a tax policy
which may raise the rates of saving and capital formation in the country. Since private investment is not adequate for the purpose, the government has
to make up the deficiency of private investment by increasing public investment and for that purpose raises resources through taxation. There are

The Impact Of Finance On Real Estate Assets And The...
From my previous work experience within real estate private equity, accounting and debt strategies, I knew what they all had in common and what I
really enjoyed doing. I realized that what fascinated me was the influence of finance on real estate assets and the economic outlook of the entire world
economy. Studying modules such as, Financial Markets, Multinational Financial Management, Financial Statistics, Mathematics and Economics at
university level was the revelation that perfectly matched my ambition in what I wanted to do. Studying the different factors that influence financial
markets, organisations and entire nations is combining my interests for Finance to the balance I aimed for. I consider myself fortunate in having the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My average grade from my 2nd year is 74% and I achieved an average of 1.5 from my year abroad in Germany. Furthermore, I have achieved an
average of 76% for the first semester of my final year; as such I am predicted to graduate with a high 1st class degree in International Business and
Finance. Moreover, I have an innate interest in quantitative subjects, which has been demonstrated by the excellent results achieved in subjects such as,
Collecting and Using Business Data (80%), Understanding Business Data (82%), Macroeconomic Analysis (79%) and Quantitative Techniques (87%).
With more than 50 Credits in quantitative modules coupled with practical financial modelling experience, I believe I am equipped with the necessary
background to cope with the requirements of the MSc Finance at LSE.
I believe that what is being looked from applicants is ambition to develop the field of Finance in innovative ways that can help the discipline to move
forward. Moreover, The MSc Finance Part–time will require individuals that are able to balance both academic and work commitments. In relation to
that I am enthusiastic, committed, positive and an independent learner who is able to demonstrate initiative and creative thought. I have developed
extremely efficient time management skills while successfully balancing my academic life

Essay on Citigroup Corporate Social Responsibility...
Citigroup Corporate Social Responsibility Evaluation
Corporate social responsibility has become a hot term in the past few years as corporations have become larger and even more powerful. Watch–dog
organizations have been formed to monitor the actions of corporations and report "rogue" companies who do not mean their standards for being
socially responsible. Recently, many companies have started to issue corporate social responsibility reports along with their annual reports. Citigroup, a
financial services firm is one of these companies.
Citigroup is one of the largest companies in the world. Citigroup provides a wider range of financial services from insurance to financial advisory
service. According to Forbes, Citigroup is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Major initiatives in 2006 included the following:
Commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 10% of our 2005 baseline by 2011
Establishment of a Global Energy Council to implement measures to meet our GHG reduction and green power procurement goals
Purchase of 52,283 MWh of green power for our operations
Commitment to target LEED Silver certification for construction of new office facilities
Evaluation of our largest facilities to understand how to attain LEED status for our existing buildings
Purchase of 200% more FSC certified paper (for a total of 557 metric tons)
Purchase of 8,186 metric tons of 30% post–consumer recycled copy paper (netting 2,455.8 metric tons of recycled fiber), as well as 682.5 metric tons
of recycled fiber for use in corporate marketing materials.
The last initiative comes on the heels of the recent rise in foreclosures on homes in the US due to subprime loans. The program provided counseling
services to families facing closures in the eight to ten markets affected most by foreclosures. Citigroup has also adopted a corporate responsibility
mantra known as "Our Shared Responsibilities".
We have a responsibility to our clients
We have a responsibility to ourselves
We have a responsibility to our franchise
–Our Shared Responsibilities

Internal CSR
Citigroup's approach to social responsibility is two–fold. The company takes

Budget Proposal From Former Governor Governor Bob McDonnell
The outgoing Governor Bob McDonnell on December 10, 2013 revealed his two–year budget proposal called the '2014 – 2016 Biennial Budget and
Amendments to the 2013 Appropriation Act.' When Mr. McDonnell released his proposal at the Capital in Richmond he spoke about some key things
in regards initiatives that needed to be taken.
The first thing people noticed about the proposed budget was that it was 96 billion dollars. He made some increases in some areas while
decreasing funding to areas many people considered unacceptable. This includes cuts to schools; his plan shaved 48 million off kindergarten
programs deemed underutilized. One thing that was proposed that most people agreed with was an increase to the states contingency fund. In the
budget Governor McDonnell will increase the 'rainy day fund' to over one billion dollars. However, higher education was a big concern in the
budget as evident because of the almost 200 million boost in the funds allocated for colleges and universities. The one major factor that stuck in
people's mind the most and was the trigger that ignited support for the piece of legislation was the fact that Mr. McDonnell did not propose new
taxes. In the plan there is a lot of cutting to programs that are deemed unnecessary and reallocating of funds that Governor McDonnell feels are very
important, for example Medicaid. This program is what spark new debate in the house and senate about how Medicaid should not be expanded. This
expansion would

My Dream In Education
For someone of the autism spectrum, I am getting more opportunities out of my education than what most people would think. I have published my
own research, set up dinosaur skeletons, and I have even got some hands on experience with digging for fossils in New York. I work incredibly hard
to achieve my goals and to make my dreams come true. The world will see that even though I am on the autism spectrum, I am capable of doing
anything. The only thing that is in the way is the great amount of finances necessary to continue my education at Mercyhurst. Given that it is a private
school and one of the top 100 best colleges in the United States, the tuition is very expensive. My advisors in the Autism Initiative at Mercyhurst (AIM
program) said that I should contact my local Bureau of Vocational Rehabilitation (BVR) to see if they would be able tohelp me with my overages.
However, the still deny me any services as they would only help me if I was attending a local university, or a two year technical school. The base
this off of a personality test that they gave me when I applied for the services about two years ago. However, I am excelling in a field that I am
passionate about, and it is a career that is not listed on their recommended list. Therefore, they will not help me if I am pursing my dreams of
which they think that I would not be capable of doing. Both my family and I have tried various options towards paying for my tuition overages
each semester. For the past three semesters, my grandparents were able to help by cosigning a few private loans through PNC banks. This was a
seemingly easy solution, but I knew that it would only last for just one semester and that we would have to do it all over again. Given that they are
close to retiring age, my grandparents are unable to help me with any more loans. My mother was also struggling to keep up with the payments on
one of my loans. I had to take the initiative to make the payments for the last few months of this year. Without my grandparents helping me out, how
was I going to pay for my tuition at a place where my dreams have been coming true? One instance is that I have made the initiative to apply for as
many scholarships as I possibly

Managing The Finances Of Health Care Systems
Managing the finances of Health Care Systems, Inc. has taken center stage in enhancing the efficiency and success of this vast enterprise. The
healthcare industry as a whole has changed dramatically since the evolution of the Affordable Care Act. The adoption of Medicare's coding system for
efficient billing coupled with the use of Electronic Medical Records are examples of the major transformation taking place within Health Care
Systems, Incorporated. Moreover, the role of finance at Health Care Systems Inc. has received a new face to focus on basic functions such as Pooling
of Resources, Revenue Collection as well as Purchase of Interventions. Pooling of resources entails accumulation and proper management of revenues
in order for members of the pooled funds to share a combined health risks, hence shielding the individual member from vast unprecedented health
expenditures. Payment allows the pool members to settle their average expected costs before due, consequently relieving them from uncertainty in
addition to assurance of compensation in case of occurrence of a loss. Pooling combined with payment aids in developing insurance structure and
redistribution of health spending among high and low–income individuals and high and low–risk individuals. Revenue collection is all about raising
money from households and businesses as well as external sources while purchasing is all about sourcing for goods and services from private and
public providers. These three financial

Healthcare Contract Analysis
Contract considerations When deciding to contract out in relation to health care services, it is important to have a full understanding of what
requirements are to the contract. One should consider what service is being provided and what would be the likelihood of successful implementation
of the service. Knowing how many people are likely to require the service is also important as it ties directly to understanding how much funding
would need to be provided by the private party. Considering the experience of the pri–vate partner in the health care field is also critical. Carefully
reviewing any past contracts, they have been or are currently a part of, to determine if they have a history of success. Their also needs to be an
understanding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Choosing who to include in the steering committee is the first step. It is important to have those with experience in the health care industry and are
who have the knowledge needed to process the information that would be coming in. Nishtar (2004) speaks of the importance of impartiality in health,
saying there is the potential to shift focus from the marginalized which is in contrast to the idea of equality in health. It is also important to provide
legitimacy to the group, to avoid any doubt in the outcome of the project. The steering committee therefore determine that two agencies would assist in
developing the roadmap to finance the project, St. Luke's Health Initiatives and the Legacy foundation. (Applegate et. al, 2009) It is important that
publicly run agencies remain included in the operation of health programs. If there are not the same requirements for safety and health on the side of
the private sector, there is the potential for disastrous outcomes. The issue of accountability can doom many partnerships if all parties are not held
accountable for the delivery of "efficient, effective, and equitable services in a partnership." (Nishtar, 2004, p. 5) With private com–panies providing
the funding for these partnerships, they could choose to only provide services within certain communities. Potentially excluding those who are
members of groups they may not want to support. This could lead to ethical or legal ramifications for the state although the private sector may be
managing the

UK: Stable Jobs for the Youth Essay
More, Better, and Stable Jobs for the Youth
The Problem
The recent upsurges in United States of America (Occupy Wall Street) and in other countries highlight outbreaks of anger among educated and
unemployed people. Anxiety over dwindling job prospects and student debts led many post graduate students turn to violent protests in Chile, London,
and Quebec. In an environment of fewer jobs, competition can divide communities and unsettle the social fabric of the country. More importantly, it
gives an opportunity to illicit organizations to leverage the anger of the youth and to turn them against the society.
Among Economic Co–operation and Development (OECD) countries, more than one in eight of all 15 to 24 year–olds are not in employment, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Americas and Europe, shortage of engineers and skilled workers has affected the manufacturing industry and is likely to become more severe by
2015 . This mismatch between the demand for jobs and the supply of skilled manpower presents a huge opportunity.
Existing Interventions
Several countries have recognized this gap and have developed policies and/or interventions to address it. Some of these include:
United Kingdom (UK) – In lieu of severe shortage of engineers and technicians, the UK government approved 15 'University Technical Colleges' (UTC)
to offer high quality, technicaleducation that can lead to apprenticeships and employment. Additionally, the government also announced scholarships to
attract teachers. Recognizing the importance of working closely with the private sector to identify skill gaps, the government partnered with
organizations such as British Telecom, Facebook, IBM, and Microsoft.
India – By 2025, 300 million people will enter the workforce, and India will have 25% of the world's workforce . To leverage this 'demographic
dividend', the Indian government set up the National Skills Development Council to skill 500 million Indians by 2022. As part of the goal, the
government is reforming primary, secondary and higher education, and making significant enhancement in supplementary skills development.
Germany – Germany will face a shortage of 5.4 million workers with vocational and tertiary

NHS Risk Management Case Study
1. Risk Management and why this is required for the National Health Service (NHS)
Risk management is essential in any industry as it is not always possible to predict the future. However, by carrying out certain procedures and taking
precautions, a more favourable outcome can result over a less attractive one (Garlick, 2007, p.3). This is greatly beneficial for the publicly–funded
National Health Service (NHS) as it assists the organisation comply with the 'the Standard for Better Health for England and the Healthcare Standards
for Wales.' The National Patient Safety Agency (2006) states that understanding all potential risks will aid the organisation in coping with unexpected
events and ultimately ensure public, staff and patient confidence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "Hospital acquired infection: the challenges of the law of negligence", Rachel Hanly states, "a utopian aspiration for the health system is that all
dangers to patients can be eradicated, but realism entails that the maximum should be done, by the providers and users, to curtail any threats to the
safety of vulnerable patients". The hospital must maintain a controlled safety environment as it must be aware of any risks which are present at any
other place, aside from a home (Wilkinson, 2003, p.87). The National Audit Office (2000) states that infections acquired in hospitals in the United
Kingdom ultimately cost around ВЈ1bn a year, affecting almost 10% of patients and causing over 5000 deaths a year and so the National Patient
Safety Agency (NPSA) was started in 2001 to focus solely on patient safety issues. The Handwashing Liaison Group recommended washing hands with
soap and water when there is soiling and that staff should use an alcohol–glycerol hand rub between interactions with patients. This shows that the
NHS has identified the steps which were highlighted in their risk assessment (NHS: National Patient Safety Agency, 2006) and later the NPSA was
created to assist the NHS to meet its core values in terms of patient

Environmental Impacts on UNICEF
Environmental impacts on UNICEF UNICEF is considered as an organization associated with g children and works for the protection, children
development and protection in the world. It works in more than 155 countries and to improve vital elements such as, emergency relief, education HIV
treatment, nutrition, immunization, and clean water and health systems. The main objective of UNICEF is to work together with communities to
enhance children well being. It is a voluntary agency, which depends on well wishers contributions, government's donations, governments, private
donors and corporations. Environmental impacts on UNICEF The poor people are excessively affected by ecological degradation and shortage of
clean, cheap, energy services. UNICEF assist countries to strengthen their ability to address the challenges faced at the grassroots and national levels.
The initiatives helps in sharing, evaluating best practices, which offer innovative policy and advice in linking partners by making use of pilot projects.
Climate change seems to be a vital issue when dealing with environmental challenges. UNICEF as an organization has been tasked with the
responsibility of coming up with mechanisms to deal with the environmental degradation (Black 1996). The evidence of climatic effects is on the
increase with predictions of large scale impacts in the community around the world. Climate change is worsening an already untenable environmental
situation in most nations resulting to

The State Of Minnesota Is Faced With The Challenge Of...
The state of Minnesota is faced with the challenge of increased health care cost. Budget analyses were conducted which clearly showed that the state of
Minnesota needs to develop new strategies that will slow the growth rate of health care spending. Under the direction of the Minnesota Legislature,
State Governor Tim Pawlenty requested that a full analysis of the public–private partnerships for Health in Minnesota be conducted. It is the hope that
this analyses would lead to the development of an action plan for reformation. In order to complete this analyses as thoroughly as possible, the focus
will encompass an identification of the issues, a study of the policy design and implementation, organizational behavior, leadership, principles of
management, budget and finance, and economic factors.
Identification of Issues The rising cost of health insurance has been an issue that many states have had to struggle with across the country. The state of
Minnesota is one of these states in which spiraling health care have increased regardless of cuts to health and human services programs. Budget
analyses for the state of Minnesota clearly indicated that new strategies are needed to reduce the growing rate of health care spending. The gradual
erosion of private health insurance markets is another issue that public officials of Minnesota face. Minnesota needed to find ways to generate money
that would produce savings in the long–term. Thus, the Statewide Health

Higher Education In China
The most prominent feature of China's higher education over the past twenty years is the shift from elite education to massive expansion of students'
enrollment in colleges and universities (Morgan and Wu, 2011). The large scale expansion nationwide began in 1999 followed by the policy of Action
Plan to Vitalize Education in the 21st Century (MoE, 1998). According to the statistics of Ministry of Education, 1.1 million of students were admitted
to higher education in 1998, and this number got to 1.6 million in 1999, an increase of 48%. The expansion continued to increase in the subsequent
years by an average of half million annually. By 2011, the number of newly enrolled students reached to 6.75 million (Yu, 2014). However, the amount
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This policy initiative has been implemented since then, but its perceived effectiveness need to be carefully studied. This essay aims to discuss the
contributing factors of issues like low unemployment rate and the "Ant Tribe" phenomenon from various social–economic backgrounds in
post–expansion period coupled with analysis of current initiative implementation in resolving the emerged social justice issues.
Background of China Higher Education Expansion
Since the Opening–up policy and economic reform from 1978, China has been in great demand of high level intellectuals to build the country, and has
witnessed a modest expansion in higher education student admission and a steady increase in set–up of higher educational institutions. However, with
the rapid development of China's economy and society, the Chinese government had made a policy in 1999 to reform its higher education systems with
two key aims, expanding higher education and building world class universities. Thereafter, the number of student intake in higher education has
experienced a blow–out increase, from 1.1 million in 1998 to 6.75 million in 2011, up six times in enrollment. Furthermore, there has been a dramatic
increase in establishment of new educational institutions, a large number of secondary and private colleges included. However, the number of
secondary vocational schools has seen a significant decline since 1999. According to Zhang and Sheng (2008)

Annotated Bibliography On Mobile Development Essay
Overview of Mobile Development in Africa 1. What are some of the advantages of mobile devices that help residents of sub–Saharan Africa to better
receive information and facilitate communication? There are several advantages of mobile devices that help residents of sub–Saharan Africa to better
receive information and facilitate communication. With the low–cost, rapid adoption of mobile phones, search costs to visit markets to compare prices
and products have decreased dramatically. Residents can call markets or friends to obtain information about said prices and products immediately,
instead of waiting for information via radio broadcast or conducting a person visit – which can be both time and cost intensive. In this way, they are
also becoming active (instead of passive) participants in knowledge accumulation and transfer, as they can retrieve and communicate information from
and to various sources. Additionally, this increased communication can improve business efficiency, especially in terms of smaller firms. Often situated
in rural areas, these smaller firms in sub–Saharan Africa have limited supply options. With improved, efficient communication, they can better manage
their supply chains, engage in new activities, and even streamline production processes. This is pertinent in terms of enriched productivity, stimulating
both firm and economic growth in the long–run. By extension of this productivity facet, and the growth of mobile devices, there is a higher demand

Blockchain Essay
BLOCKCHAIN IN RUSSIA
Russia is leading blockchain innovation in the world. The blockchain is an open, distributed platform that allows two or more people to enter into a
smart contract in a verifiable and permanent way. It does not require any intermediary to enter, nor can it be altered retroactively once recorded. This
cutting–edge technology may be used in areas such as payment & remittance, intellectual property, proof of right, and authentication in the sharing
economy. On July 2016, Russia's first collaboration platform across blockchain technologies has been formed through a Consortium, which brings
together many large Russian banks and private financial service companies. The members include payment companies such as QIWI, B&N ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is estimated that $25 to $50 billion investments are needed to fix worsening housing conditions and to reduce energy consumption in the residential
housing sector.
As the market for green finance has experienced rapid growth in recent years, many revolutionary technologies have been adopted to advance the
process of green projects. Blockchain is one of these technologies that has the potential to disrupt existing solutions to achieve green economy goals.
For example, Green Bonds, one of the debt instruments designed for financing green projects, are the most advanced financial instrument for investors
to engage in climate change finance3. Speaking of climate change initiatives, in March 2017, Russian Carbon Fund and Aera Group pioneered the first
worldwide carbon credit transaction using blockchain, to guarantee transparency and ensure that transactions are valid.
CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE GREEN ECONOMY IN RUSSIA
Though the benefit of green economy is evident to the public, in Russia the concept is still in its growing phase and continues to face challenges.
Below we highlight key challenges to achieve green economy in Russia, and provide potential blockchain technologies that could possibly solve the
issue.
Leverage Private Finance in Green Development
Green projects are raising capital for sustainable and resilient infrastructure and critical

Risk Allocation Essay
RISK ALLOCATION IMPORTANCE IN PROJECT STRUCTURING AND CURRENT PRACTICES
I.Introduction
Project finance is best understood in terms of a risk allocation which reconciles the potentially conflicting objectives of borrowers and lenders by
utilizing the long–term economic and commercial linkages between the sponsors, lenders and third party participants involved with a project.
(Howcroft &Fadhley, 1998).
In theory, the basic principle of risk allocation for the project finance is "Allocating project risks to the most suitable participant whose risk preference
is higher" (Xiao, 2003).
Severe consequences follow from the failure to accurately identify and allocate risks. These consequences often extend beyond the immediate parties to
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper, an extensive literature review is undertaken to evaluate the importance of risk allocation to project stakeholders and discuss current
practices. However, the complexity of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper. Hence, the attention is towards the direct participants, even though
other stakeholders will also be tangentially mentioned. Also, as PPP is developing fast in the area of project finance and its importance is increasing, I
have used it to illustrate some of the points made in the current risk allocation practices.
II.Importance of risk allocation in structuring from the angle of stakeholders
The structure of a project's financing depends on the industry the transaction is taking place, the underlying business model and in particular the
allocation of risks and responsibilities between the individual partners (Weber & Alfen, 2010).
Risk allocation is performed as part of the development of the project structure, which takes into account the distribution of responsibilities and risks
during the planning, construction, financing and operating phases (Corner, 2006). The aim is to identify an efficient and effective structure that
optimises the costs of the project and ensures that the risk occurrences do not damage the project (Delmon, 2009). According to Grimsey and Lewis
(2007) risk allocation has two elements: optimal risk management and value for money. The first implies that the

Developing A Small Enterprises And Micro Leasing
Microfinance provides the basic financial services to low income people, who have lack to access to bank related services. This includes credit for
instance, micro saving's, micro insurance and micro leasing. The main focus of European Union is on microcredit because there is only limited
experience with micro savings and micro leasing exists, it is due to the strict regulation, for instance with regard to deposit taking.
The microcredit is the extension of very small loans to those who are in poverty designed to spur entrepreneurship and the microcredit is defined
below 25,000 Euros as a loan for business initiative and it is also have two groups which are micro enterprises and for disadvantaged people.
In European Union 91.8% businesses are micro. These businesses are responsible for more than two thirds of the European Union's workforce. Small
enterprises and Micro is the engine of the European economy.
The main providers of microfinance within the European Union are the private banks. They provide microfinance independently for their own account
and in partnership with other providers, such as public bodies, particularly the European Investment Bank (EIB) and specialised Microfinance
Institutions (MFI's). Private Banks provide microfinance offering to bankable borrowers, who believe to have a viable business with a relatively high
profitability of being able to repay debt. Other Microfinance Institutions and public bodies are more likely to provide microfinance to

Environmental Waste And Its Effects On Carbon Emissions
To get around the issue of these powerful companies being upset from the negative financial impact from the move to zero carbon, a shift must be made
in governmental policy. Perhaps the solution may not be punishing companies for producing too much pollution, but rewarding companies for
producing much less. In this way, the market for carbon emissions will eventually disappear and naturally profit–seeking companies will aim to pursue
activities, hunt for new strategies, and invest in infrastructure and equipment that result in lower carbon emissions. Beyond the simple reward
proposition, however, greener policies often result in higher long term profitability for companies nonetheless. Environmental waste is often the best
proxy for identifying and eliminating economic waste, meaning that many companies are currently increasing their profitability while simultaneously
following a strategy in pursuance of zero carbon emissions. In fact, notoriously profit–focused companies like Tesco and WalMart have announced their
intentions to pursue environmental action not out of moral motivation, but in clear quests for greater profitability. The reason for their actions is the
simple recognition that environmental and economic interests are often closely aligned. Nearly 50 separate studies from the Economist Intelligence
Unit, Goldman Sachs, AT Kearney, Deloitte, MIT Sloan, Harvard and others show that companies that commit to environmentally responsible goals,
particularly

Implementation of Public Private Partnership in Hong Kong
Abstract The word Public Private Partnership (PPP) has been in the public domain for some time now and in a way or the other touches on the
two main parties who are the key players in the process, public and private sector. However much the public as well as private sector opinions are
to be considered, it is of importance to comprehend critics' point of view on undertaking Public Private Partnership, basing our research in Hong
Kong. In this regard, this paper brings on board the analysis as well as critical examination of recent reform initiative in this case (private and public
partnership (PPP) in Hong Kong. The paper is to scrutinize the rationale, alternative options, financial implications as well as service delivery impacts.
Researchers have from time to time retaliated that deeper research is still needed on the best way possible to come to a decision on the concessionary
interlude of the projects. Another issue that needs consideration is the relational contrasting in the said projects. Projects like infrastructure, power or
network transmission and gas or water supply are the most suitable for Public Private Partnership; this is because there are fewer competitors in such
projects. Due to the higher cost that PPP comes with, those with huge project sum tend to have upper hand as they are well thought–out to offer a
better business case for the private sector. Introduction There has been an enormous business market packed with prospects as well as attractions

The Impact Of Public Private Sector On Public Infrastructure
EXECATIVE SUMMERY
UK 's infrastructure is majorly relies on private funding, more than 64% of the infrastructure is privately funded. We believe that involvement of
private sector in public infrastructure plays vital role in delivering innovation, skills and investment to the society. As the demand and need of
infrastructure is rising year by year looking toward that services should not delivered by public sector only but also from outside (joint ventures,
private sector, employee–led mutual, social or commercial providers or charitable enterprises).
Private sector delivers services and infrastructure in various ways by doing privatisation in which both ownership and risk transferred to the private
sector, to conventional procurement models where the Government contracts with the private sector for specific packages of works or services. Till
now (in traditional model) government was only responsible for all risk and procurement, but now government have lunched some skims which
empowers the infrastructure form private sector.
Concept of PPP (Public private partnership) was introduced, in which work and risk are shared between public and private sectors. Mostly this concept
include short term, medium term and long term contracts or longer run private finance partnership such as Private Finance Initiative (PFI). Which gives
clear advantage of completion of project within budget and time with maintaining quality.
In this report past and present status of private finance in

The Role Of Public-Private Partnership In The Insurance...

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Pam Fenno

More from Pam Fenno (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Role Of Public-Private Partnership In The Insurance...