Ulb Case Study

Ulb Case Study
The financial resources flowing into ULBs typically consist of its own tax and non–tax revenues,
shared revenues, grants and loans from the state government, and market borrowings. While the
types of taxes collected by ULBs are not specified by the 74th CAA, their revenue base is decided
by the state government. Generally, Property Tax is the single most important source of revenue for
ULBs. 'User–charges' significantly contribute towards non–tax revenues. As a part of the urban
reform agenda, a portion of funding from GoI has been made available to cities through schemes
like Viability Gap Funding (VGF). Since economic liberalisation, multilateral agencies (such as
World Bank, Asian Development Bank) have been playing an important role in ... Show more
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They are empowered to raise municipal bonds under restrictive umbrella of state control. They fail
to generate enough surpluses to establish their loan repayment capacity and hence, do not get
convincing credit rating. Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) was the first ULB to raise
money from capital market through municipal bonds without government guarantee in 1993. Since
then, only 8 cities have availed of this source of resource generation. Of them, except AMC, all have
gone for private placements with less risk factor. Even large metropolises like Delhi, Mumbai and
Chennai have not accessed capital market, though a few of the metro cities have very recently
obtained favourable credit rating. The flagship urban programme of the previous government, the
JNNURM also took initiative to promote municipal bonds through credit rating on a regular basis
for all its 65 mission cities. Of them, only 36 cities were found to be in the investment grade. Very
few ULBs have planned for market borrowing as a source of finance. Municipal bonds can be raised
for commercially viable projects only. ULBs under state government restrictions, have limited
options to make projects viable with levying proper user charges.
Government Initiatives for Increasing Competitiveness
Central government has, from time to time, taken several initiatives for improving quality of life in
urban areas. From Third Five Year Plan onwards, major urban development programmes have been
financed with 50
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The State Of Minnesota Is Faced With The Challenge Of...
The state of Minnesota is faced with the challenge of increased health care cost. Budget analyses
were conducted which clearly showed that the state of Minnesota needs to develop new strategies
that will slow the growth rate of health care spending. Under the direction of the Minnesota
Legislature, State Governor Tim Pawlenty requested that a full analysis of the public–private
partnerships for Health in Minnesota be conducted. It is the hope that this analyses would lead to the
development of an action plan for reformation. In order to complete this analyses as thoroughly as
possible, the focus will encompass an identification of the issues, a study of the policy design and
implementation, organizational behavior, leadership, principles of management, budget and finance,
and economic factors.
Identification of Issues The rising cost of health insurance has been an issue that many states have
had to struggle with across the country. The state of Minnesota is one of these states in which
spiraling health care have increased regardless of cuts to health and human services programs.
Budget analyses for the state of Minnesota clearly indicated that new strategies are needed to reduce
the growing rate of health care spending. The gradual erosion of private health insurance markets is
another issue that public officials of Minnesota face. Minnesota needed to find ways to generate
money that would produce savings in the long–term. Thus, the Statewide Health

The Role Of Public-Private Partnership In The Insurance...
Thirdly, public–private partnership is also key in building climate and disaster resilient developing
countries through insurance industry which is unique mechanism for the sharing and transferring of
risk (ClimateWise, The Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII), & The United Nations
Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), 2013).. If there is no risk insurance
programme, individuals, households, businesses and governments would accept their own risk
exclusively (ClimateWise et al., 2013). Insurance provide these entities to protect from financial
burden of catastrophic losses through risk transfer mechanism (ClimateWise et al., 2013).
Furthermore, the policy and legal frameworks should also be developed and implemented by ...
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Finally, they can also serve as financiers for disaster risk insurance programmes by assisting "capital
or reserves to public–private insurance vehicles, contingent loans, temporary premium finance, or
by acting as enhancers or credit guarantors of future payments" (Cummins & Mahul, 2009, p. 12).
Fifthly, training and educating is also crucial to improve the insurance market penetration in
developing countries. Training and education programmes should include educating insurance
professionals and educating consumers. Insurance professionals include actuaries, underwriters,
agents, claims personnel, policy administration and customer service personnel, managers, and
supervisors (Webb, 2006). Formal capacity building programmes such as training, workshop and
forum are the most effective ways to develop knowledge and skills in staff. Moreover, consumers
are great contributors of insurers and the insurance market. It is important to conduct the awareness
raising campaign for customers to enlarge the potential of insurance market in developing countries
(Webb, 2006). The awareness campaign can conduct in different forms such as direct
communication (e.g. meetings, seminars, home visit), publication (e.g. information, education and
communication materials such as posters and flyers) and advertising through medias (e.g.
newspaper, television and radio). Finally, the countries, the donors and international financial
institutions

Building Finance And Operate For Procuring A Major Public...
The basis of Design Build Finance and Operate for procuring a major public sector project
For the past twenty years, as stated by Gil (2013) , the new way by which the rapid demand of the
public in terms of social vertical and horizontal infrastructures are manage is generally referred to as
the Public Private Partnership (PPP). As also mentioned by HM Treasury (2008), all services under
the public which are to be executed by means of the Public Private Partner system are of the
guarantee to be implemented to the satisfaction of the client with the idea that all risks related issues
are passed over by the client to sector who organizes and effectively controls them (HM Treasury,
2008). Consequently, PPIAF (2011) explains that over one hundred nations around the globe have
utilized the PPP scheme to implement public service projects. Alshawi (2009) confirmed Private
Finance Initiative (PFI) or Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) as another category of PPP
which the public sector uses to transfer services of the public to a private sector for a substantial
time period. He also emphasises that the rationale for the Design, Build, Finance, and Operate
procurement method used worldwide by the public sector was due to the fact that the private entity
uses its finances and expertises and as well as the innovation used in designing and managing
facilities and infrastructure projects owned by the state. He further classified the limited budgetary
allocations for those nations

Public Private Partnerships in India
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN INDIA
Public Private Partnership or PPP is a subject being given the increasing attention that it has been
receiving in context of the sweeping changes in India's economic policies. We are all aware, along
with the dismantling of the license permit raj a greater role is envisaged for the private sector in
these new policies. Now it seems that, the private sector is not only to be facilitated in its growth,
but there it can be taken on board as a partner by the government in the provision of public services.
This of course, is the purpose of PPP. For those of us who have had a long innings in Government,
such thinking represents a paradigm shift from the way things were always done. I am aware of the
fact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key words seem to be rewards and risks.
Having said this, I may state that this scenario gives rise to a host of issues to the mind of a practical
administrator. Some of them would be on these lines:
• Firstly, when should a public project opt for PPP? Does the project lend itself to the model, or
indeed justify sharing of the rewards with the private sector. The U.K. was one of the first countries
to go into partnership with the private sector for providing public services. They have been fairly
successful in this respect. One of their PPP models is called the Public Finance Initiative (PFI),
wherein the government contracts to purchase services on a long term basis from a private provider,
who may build, maintain and operate infrastructure. The costs may be met from user charges, along
with state subsidies, which are a form of "viability gap funding". However while implementing the
PFI program, the U.K. government had issued guidelines on the types of projects that needed to be
taken up under it. These guidelines stated that "PFI is appropriate where there are major and
complex capital projects with significant and ongoing maintenance requirements. Here the private
sector can offer project management skills, more innovative design and risk management expertise
that can bring substantial benefits." In other words it is clear that PPP can be

NHS Risk Management Case Study
1. Risk Management and why this is required for the National Health Service (NHS)
Risk management is essential in any industry as it is not always possible to predict the future.
However, by carrying out certain procedures and taking precautions, a more favourable outcome can
result over a less attractive one (Garlick, 2007, p.3). This is greatly beneficial for the publicly–
funded National Health Service (NHS) as it assists the organisation comply with the 'the Standard
for Better Health for England and the Healthcare Standards for Wales.' The National Patient Safety
Agency (2006) states that understanding all potential risks will aid the organisation in coping with
unexpected events and ultimately ensure public, staff and patient confidence ... Show more content
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In "Hospital acquired infection: the challenges of the law of negligence", Rachel Hanly states, "a
utopian aspiration for the health system is that all dangers to patients can be eradicated, but realism
entails that the maximum should be done, by the providers and users, to curtail any threats to the
safety of vulnerable patients". The hospital must maintain a controlled safety environment as it must
be aware of any risks which are present at any other place, aside from a home (Wilkinson, 2003,
p.87). The National Audit Office (2000) states that infections acquired in hospitals in the United
Kingdom ultimately cost around £1bn a year, affecting almost 10% of patients and causing over
5000 deaths a year and so the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) was started in 2001 to focus
solely on patient safety issues. The Handwashing Liaison Group recommended washing hands with
soap and water when there is soiling and that staff should use an alcohol–glycerol hand rub between
interactions with patients. This shows that the NHS has identified the steps which were highlighted
in their risk assessment (NHS: National Patient Safety Agency, 2006) and later the NPSA was
created to assist the NHS to meet its core values in terms of patient

Developing A Small Enterprises And Micro Leasing
Microfinance provides the basic financial services to low income people, who have lack to access to
bank related services. This includes credit for instance, micro saving's, micro insurance and micro
leasing. The main focus of European Union is on microcredit because there is only limited
experience with micro savings and micro leasing exists, it is due to the strict regulation, for instance
with regard to deposit taking.
The microcredit is the extension of very small loans to those who are in poverty designed to spur
entrepreneurship and the microcredit is defined below 25,000 Euros as a loan for business initiative
and it is also have two groups which are micro enterprises and for disadvantaged people.
In European Union 91.8% businesses are micro. These businesses are responsible for more than two
thirds of the European Union's workforce. Small enterprises and Micro is the engine of the
European economy.
The main providers of microfinance within the European Union are the private banks. They provide
microfinance independently for their own account and in partnership with other providers, such as
public bodies, particularly the European Investment Bank (EIB) and specialised Microfinance
Institutions (MFI's). Private Banks provide microfinance offering to bankable borrowers, who
believe to have a viable business with a relatively high profitability of being able to repay debt.
Other Microfinance Institutions and public bodies are more likely to provide microfinance to

Infrastructure Of Infrastructure And Infrastructure
Infrastructure
We are constantly surrounded by infrastructure assets. Infrastructure consists of all the assets that
countries require to enable its daily operations and orderly functions. Transportation, energy,
communications and water, are some of the infrastructure assets that serve as the backbone to our
society. While traveling this summer with my family, I realized just how far behind the U.S. is
compared to other parts of the world when it is considered one of the most advanced countries in the
world. I thought to myself... Why hasn't the U.S. invested in such projects? China spends 7% of its
GDP on infrastructure and India spends 5%. The U.S. spends just over 3%. As a result, U.S.
infrastructure now ranks 14th globally according to the World Economic Forum's infrastructure
index.
In the current economic environment where interest rates are low and unemployment remains
elevated, a logical solution to stimulate growth would be to build, modernize, or replace our
infrastructure. Every 4 years, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) releases a Report
Card for America's Infrastructure that represents the condition and performance of the nation's
infrastructure. In 2013, the United States' infrastructure grade was a D+. Although we recognize the
report is a little self–serving, the statistics behind their research is compelling. According to the
report: the average age of the 84,000 dams in the country is 52 years old, one in nine of the nation's
bridges are rated

The European Union
Following United Kingdom membership to the European Union in 1973 alongside other European
states, further economic integration of the states lead to the Maastricht agreement of 1992 . The
central feature of the agreement was the incorporation of the European monetary union (EMU) the
EMU was based on four financial principles of inflation, long–term interest rates, fiscal debt and
deficit and exchange rate. The aim of the Union was to harmonise trade and economic relations
across member states and as such the EMU imposed restriction on infrastructure investment through
strict borrowing limits. As a member state Britain had to comply with the four criteria despite the
pressure it placed on its public borrowing and financing of infrastructure. To meet its social
responsibility the United Kingdom government started the private finance initiative.
1992 – Private finance initiative is the resultant means of financing infrastructure following the
Maastricht agreement to reduce public sector borrowing requirement. It was first introduced in the
1992 Autumn Statement by Conservative Chancellor Norman Lamont. PFI was a means through
which the private sector finances major infrastructure projects by lending to the public sector.
Operational risk for the infrastructure is passed over to the private sector.1994 – Private Finance
panel.
1997 – The Treasury Taskforce,
Sir Malcolm Bates was appointed to review the PFI and he made twenty seven recommendations to
streamline and improve

My Dream In Education
For someone of the autism spectrum, I am getting more opportunities out of my education than what
most people would think. I have published my own research, set up dinosaur skeletons, and I have
even got some hands on experience with digging for fossils in New York. I work incredibly hard to
achieve my goals and to make my dreams come true. The world will see that even though I am on
the autism spectrum, I am capable of doing anything. The only thing that is in the way is the great
amount of finances necessary to continue my education at Mercyhurst. Given that it is a private
school and one of the top 100 best colleges in the United States, the tuition is very expensive. My
advisors in the Autism Initiative at Mercyhurst (AIM program) said that I should contact my local
Bureau of Vocational Rehabilitation (BVR) to see if they would be able to help me with my
overages. However, the still deny me any services as they would only help me if I was attending a
local university, or a two year technical school. The base this off of a personality test that they gave
me when I applied for the services about two years ago. However, I am excelling in a field that I am
passionate about, and it is a career that is not listed on their recommended list. Therefore, they will
not help me if I am pursing my dreams of which they think that I would not be capable of doing.
Both my family and I have tried various options towards paying for my tuition overages each
semester. For the past three semesters, my grandparents were able to help by cosigning a few private
loans through PNC banks. This was a seemingly easy solution, but I knew that it would only last for
just one semester and that we would have to do it all over again. Given that they are close to retiring
age, my grandparents are unable to help me with any more loans. My mother was also struggling to
keep up with the payments on one of my loans. I had to take the initiative to make the payments for
the last few months of this year. Without my grandparents helping me out, how was I going to pay
for my tuition at a place where my dreams have been coming true? One instance is that I have made
the initiative to apply for as many scholarships as I possibly

Healthcare Contract Analysis
Contract considerations When deciding to contract out in relation to health care services, it is
important to have a full understanding of what requirements are to the contract. One should consider
what service is being provided and what would be the likelihood of successful implementation of
the service. Knowing how many people are likely to require the service is also important as it ties
directly to understanding how much funding would need to be provided by the private party.
Considering the experience of the pri–vate partner in the health care field is also critical. Carefully
reviewing any past contracts, they have been or are currently a part of, to determine if they have a
history of success. Their also needs to be an understanding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Choosing who to include in the steering committee is the first step. It is important to have those with
experience in the health care industry and are who have the knowledge needed to process the
information that would be coming in. Nishtar (2004) speaks of the importance of impartiality in
health, saying there is the potential to shift focus from the marginalized which is in contrast to the
idea of equality in health. It is also important to provide legitimacy to the group, to avoid any doubt
in the outcome of the project. The steering committee therefore determine that two agencies would
assist in developing the roadmap to finance the project, St. Luke's Health Initiatives and the Legacy
foundation. (Applegate et. al, 2009) It is important that publicly run agencies remain included in the
operation of health programs. If there are not the same requirements for safety and health on the side
of the private sector, there is the potential for disastrous outcomes. The issue of accountability can
doom many partnerships if all parties are not held accountable for the delivery of "efficient,
effective, and equitable services in a partnership." (Nishtar, 2004, p. 5) With private com–panies
providing the funding for these partnerships, they could choose to only provide services within
certain communities. Potentially excluding those who are members of groups they may not want to
support. This could lead to ethical or legal ramifications for the state although the private sector may
be managing the

Advantages And Challenges Of SME In UAE
A Study on SME Sector in UAE
Mr. Aaron Fernandes
BBA – SEMESTER V
DEPARTMENT OF MANGEMENT SCIENCES
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI CAMPUS
DUBAI– UAE
E–Mail: aaronjohn895@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Small and medium–sized enterprises (SME's) have proved to be the dynamo for the many
economies of the world. SME helps in creating jobs, driving innovation, growth and economic
diversification.
This paper focus the study on the SME sector in UAE, highlight the various clusters in SME in
UAE. There is also subsequent discussion about the limitation and challenges of SME and various
government funding schemes which helps to overcome these challenges and limitations. Private
sector has also taken this step to help SME's by providing the funding to them. Last section ... Show
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The main area of focus are sea food processing, fruit and vegetable processing, grain mill products
processing, sweets, chocolate and confectionary products and spices processing.
2.2.5 Tourism
One of the preferred tourist destinations in the world is Dubai, UAE.
Travel and Tourism industry has a high significance in Dubai economy as well.
The area of focus is to promote travel agencies, tour operators, make more flexible reservation
service and related activities.
Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) and Dubai World Trade Center (DWTC)
are promoting and helping on various related activities.
2.2.6 Hospitality
Being one of the preferred locations for tourism, Dubai is also known for its hospitality industry.
The cosmopolitan nature of the city is shaped by a large number of international brands.
The main areas of focus are accommodation, food and beverage services.
3.0 Different Funds Supporting SME's in UAE
Funds in UAE are two types which are available for the SME. Public fund and Private fund. Public
funds are provided by UAE governments by different Emirates. Private funds are by different
private organizations and

What Are the Arguments In Favour Of Private Health Care?...
What Are the Arguments In Favour Of Private Health Care?
Privatisation is a word which is commonly used to describe the practice of medical patients 'going
private' and paying for the services of GPs, hospital doctors or hospital provision, rather than using
the NHS. Privatisation can also be used to describe the charge imposed for such health care services
such as drugs, appliances, dentures and spectacles.
There are many arguments which are in favour of private health care in
Britain, such as that private treatment is not the luxury that most people seem to think it is. Most
people believe it is a treatment that only rich people can afford. This however, is simply not true as
patients in the independent sector now ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When people spend their money on private medicine they are helping to add to the total amount of
resources spent on health care, which cannot be a bad thing.
Private health care is better than the NHS in many ways, but most obviously, as it does not have the
famously long waiting lists of the
NHS. Waiting lists are a huge and notorious problem in the NHS and many people have to wait
many months before they can have surgery or treatment. Furthermore, private companies such as
BUPA (British United
Provident Association) and PPP (Private Patients Plan) offer some treatment which is unavailable
from the NHS, such as cosmetic surgery.
Private Finance Initiative (PFI) also supports the argument, which is supportive of private health
care. A department of health spokesperson said that PFI was providing the NHS and patients with
the biggest hospital building programme in its history. PFI is a scheme, separate from the NHS
which provides value for money and is the best way of meeting the costs of the hospital building
programme. It has shown to be a sound way of securing funding for a new hospital as at present,
more than 400 PFI contracts, worth more than £100bn are currently in effect or on the agenda. It is
said that sixty to seventy new hospitals over the next few years is the most extensive building
programme the NHS have seen for decades, worth billions of pounds.
Also, it has been shown

Finance Major Essay
The definition of finance is rather complex but Merriam Webster seems to provide the most
comprehensive explanation, stating, "the management of revenues; the conduct or transaction of
money matters generally, especially those affecting the public, as in the fields of banking and
investment" (Merriam Webster). The management of revenues is essentially the core of what
separates the jobs of finance majors, compared to other business–related majors such as accounting
and economics. While accountants identify where the money comes from, the finance people
identify how to best use that money. While economic majors study how to grow the entire economy
of a country, finance majors study how to value a company. The reason behind my decision to
pursue a major in finance is because I want to study how to manage money in a company and the
role companies play in affecting the banking system. Also, I am convinced that majoring in finance
is one of the most effective and efficient ways in becoming a successful entrepreneur. As a finance
major, I can only study; as a successful entrepreneur, I will be equipped with the resources to
improve the lives of hundreds if not thousands of people. According to Techtarget.com, "Silicon
Valley continues to be one of the country 's leading regions for high–tech innovation and
development, accounting for about one–third of all venture capital investment in the United States"
(Rouse). Based on this statement, readers would think that the residents

Higher Education In China
The most prominent feature of China's higher education over the past twenty years is the shift from
elite education to massive expansion of students' enrollment in colleges and universities (Morgan
and Wu, 2011). The large scale expansion nationwide began in 1999 followed by the policy of
Action Plan to Vitalize Education in the 21st Century (MoE, 1998). According to the statistics of
Ministry of Education, 1.1 million of students were admitted to higher education in 1998, and this
number got to 1.6 million in 1999, an increase of 48%. The expansion continued to increase in the
subsequent years by an average of half million annually. By 2011, the number of newly enrolled
students reached to 6.75 million (Yu, 2014). However, the amount of ... Show more content on
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This policy initiative has been implemented since then, but its perceived effectiveness need to be
carefully studied. This essay aims to discuss the contributing factors of issues like low
unemployment rate and the "Ant Tribe" phenomenon from various social–economic backgrounds in
post–expansion period coupled with analysis of current initiative implementation in resolving the
emerged social justice issues.
Background of China Higher Education Expansion
Since the Opening–up policy and economic reform from 1978, China has been in great demand of
high level intellectuals to build the country, and has witnessed a modest expansion in higher
education student admission and a steady increase in set–up of higher educational institutions.
However, with the rapid development of China's economy and society, the Chinese government had
made a policy in 1999 to reform its higher education systems with two key aims, expanding higher
education and building world class universities. Thereafter, the number of student intake in higher
education has experienced a blow–out increase, from 1.1 million in 1998 to 6.75 million in 2011, up
six times in enrollment. Furthermore, there has been a dramatic increase in establishment of new
educational institutions, a large number of secondary and private colleges included. However, the
number of secondary vocational schools has seen a significant decline since 1999. According to
Zhang and Sheng (2008)

Small and Medium Enterprise in Bangladesh
The Small and Medium Enterprises worldwide are recognized as engines of economic growth. The
commonly perceived merits often emphasized for their promotion especially in the developing
countries like Bangladesh include their relatively high labor intensity, dependence on indigenous
skills and technology, contributions to entrepreneurship development and innovativeness and growth
of industrial linkages. Out of 11% employment of the civilian labor force provided by the
manufacturing sector, about two thirds are estimated to be provided by the small and cottage
industries sector. Again, development of small industries facilitates the effective mobilization of
capital and labor resources. They also help in raising standards of living. ... Show more content on
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Recommendations (1) Uniform Definition of SMEs: There should be a consensus on developing a
uniform definition of each category of SMEs with generic classification around the country. It
should be given standard industrial code (SIC). Without uniform definition, formulation policy and
its implementation are not possible. (2) Seed Money, Leasing, Venture Capital and Investment
Funding: There is a need for improving different aspects of financial services of SMEs, such as seed
money, leasing, venture capital and investment funding. There is a lack of long–term loans; interest
rates are high, Guarantee/Security issues, exchange risks etc. All these limit the development of
SMEs. Finance, both short and long term, should be provided at market cost of capital.Fund should
be made available through encouragement for setting up 'Venture Capital' organization in
Bangladesh. The concept of venture capital (VC) has successfully operating in the USA, EU
countries, and Canada. (3) Establishment of Small Business Investment and Lending Corporation
(SBILC): We should start with 'something effective' for industrial development in general and the
SMEs sector in particular. Such a step, for example, could be the establishment of a separate
Corporate body. That means a separate financing institution could be developed, with joint
ownership of the public and private sector. To make the proposed

Blockchain Essay
BLOCKCHAIN IN RUSSIA
Russia is leading blockchain innovation in the world. The blockchain is an open, distributed
platform that allows two or more people to enter into a smart contract in a verifiable and permanent
way. It does not require any intermediary to enter, nor can it be altered retroactively once recorded.
This cutting–edge technology may be used in areas such as payment & remittance, intellectual
property, proof of right, and authentication in the sharing economy. On July 2016, Russia's first
collaboration platform across blockchain technologies has been formed through a Consortium,
which brings together many large Russian banks and private financial service companies. The
members include payment companies such as QIWI, B&N ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It is estimated that $25 to $50 billion investments are needed to fix worsening housing conditions
and to reduce energy consumption in the residential housing sector.
As the market for green finance has experienced rapid growth in recent years, many revolutionary
technologies have been adopted to advance the process of green projects. Blockchain is one of these
technologies that has the potential to disrupt existing solutions to achieve green economy goals. For
example, Green Bonds, one of the debt instruments designed for financing green projects, are the
most advanced financial instrument for investors to engage in climate change finance3. Speaking of
climate change initiatives, in March 2017, Russian Carbon Fund and Aera Group pioneered the first
worldwide carbon credit transaction using blockchain, to guarantee transparency and ensure that
transactions are valid.
CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE GREEN ECONOMY IN RUSSIA
Though the benefit of green economy is evident to the public, in Russia the concept is still in its
growing phase and continues to face challenges. Below we highlight key challenges to achieve
green economy in Russia, and provide potential blockchain technologies that could possibly solve
the issue.
Leverage Private Finance in Green Development
Green projects are raising capital for sustainable and resilient infrastructure and critical

Risk Allocation Essay
RISK ALLOCATION IMPORTANCE IN PROJECT STRUCTURING AND CURRENT
PRACTICES
I. Introduction
Project finance is best understood in terms of a risk allocation which reconciles the potentially
conflicting objectives of borrowers and lenders by utilizing the long–term economic and commercial
linkages between the sponsors, lenders and third party participants involved with a project.
(Howcroft &Fadhley, 1998).
In theory, the basic principle of risk allocation for the project finance is "Allocating project risks to
the most suitable participant whose risk preference is higher" (Xiao, 2003).
Severe consequences follow from the failure to accurately identify and allocate risks. These
consequences often extend beyond the immediate parties to the ... Show more content on
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In this paper, an extensive literature review is undertaken to evaluate the importance of risk
allocation to project stakeholders and discuss current practices. However, the complexity of this
topic is beyond the scope of this paper. Hence, the attention is towards the direct participants, even
though other stakeholders will also be tangentially mentioned. Also, as PPP is developing fast in the
area of project finance and its importance is increasing, I have used it to illustrate some of the points
made in the current risk allocation practices.
II. Importance of risk allocation in structuring from the angle of stakeholders
The structure of a project's financing depends on the industry the transaction is taking place, the
underlying business model and in particular the allocation of risks and responsibilities between the
individual partners (Weber & Alfen, 2010).
Risk allocation is performed as part of the development of the project structure, which takes into
account the distribution of responsibilities and risks during the planning, construction, financing and
operating phases (Corner, 2006). The aim is to identify an efficient and effective structure that
optimises the costs of the project and ensures that the risk occurrences do not damage the project
(Delmon, 2009). According to Grimsey and Lewis (2007) risk allocation has two elements: optimal
risk management and value for money. The first implies that the

Environmental Waste And Its Effects On Carbon Emissions
To get around the issue of these powerful companies being upset from the negative financial impact
from the move to zero carbon, a shift must be made in governmental policy. Perhaps the solution
may not be punishing companies for producing too much pollution, but rewarding companies for
producing much less. In this way, the market for carbon emissions will eventually disappear and
naturally profit–seeking companies will aim to pursue activities, hunt for new strategies, and invest
in infrastructure and equipment that result in lower carbon emissions. Beyond the simple reward
proposition, however, greener policies often result in higher long term profitability for companies
nonetheless. Environmental waste is often the best proxy for identifying and eliminating economic
waste, meaning that many companies are currently increasing their profitability while
simultaneously following a strategy in pursuance of zero carbon emissions. In fact, notoriously
profit–focused companies like Tesco and WalMart have announced their intentions to pursue
environmental action not out of moral motivation, but in clear quests for greater profitability. The
reason for their actions is the simple recognition that environmental and economic interests are often
closely aligned. Nearly 50 separate studies from the Economist Intelligence Unit, Goldman Sachs,
AT Kearney, Deloitte, MIT Sloan, Harvard and others show that companies that commit to
environmentally responsible goals, particularly

Annotated Bibliography On Mobile Development Essay
Overview of Mobile Development in Africa 1. What are some of the advantages of mobile devices
that help residents of sub–Saharan Africa to better receive information and facilitate
communication? There are several advantages of mobile devices that help residents of sub–Saharan
Africa to better receive information and facilitate communication. With the low–cost, rapid adoption
of mobile phones, search costs to visit markets to compare prices and products have decreased
dramatically. Residents can call markets or friends to obtain information about said prices and
products immediately, instead of waiting for information via radio broadcast or conducting a person
visit – which can be both time and cost intensive. In this way, they are also becoming active (instead
of passive) participants in knowledge accumulation and transfer, as they can retrieve and
communicate information from and to various sources. Additionally, this increased communication
can improve business efficiency, especially in terms of smaller firms. Often situated in rural areas,
these smaller firms in sub–Saharan Africa have limited supply options. With improved, efficient
communication, they can better manage their supply chains, engage in new activities, and even
streamline production processes. This is pertinent in terms of enriched productivity, stimulating both
firm and economic growth in the long–run. By extension of this productivity facet, and the growth
of mobile devices, there is a higher demand

Managing The Finances Of Health Care Systems
Managing the finances of Health Care Systems, Inc. has taken center stage in enhancing the
efficiency and success of this vast enterprise. The healthcare industry as a whole has changed
dramatically since the evolution of the Affordable Care Act. The adoption of Medicare's coding
system for efficient billing coupled with the use of Electronic Medical Records are examples of the
major transformation taking place within Health Care Systems, Incorporated. Moreover, the role of
finance at Health Care Systems Inc. has received a new face to focus on basic functions such as
Pooling of Resources, Revenue Collection as well as Purchase of Interventions. Pooling of resources
entails accumulation and proper management of revenues in order for members of the pooled funds
to share a combined health risks, hence shielding the individual member from vast unprecedented
health expenditures. Payment allows the pool members to settle their average expected costs before
due, consequently relieving them from uncertainty in addition to assurance of compensation in case
of occurrence of a loss. Pooling combined with payment aids in developing insurance structure and
redistribution of health spending among high and low–income individuals and high and low–risk
individuals. Revenue collection is all about raising money from households and businesses as well
as external sources while purchasing is all about sourcing for goods and services from private and
public providers. These three financial

Project Management : Development Appraisal And Economics
BSC (HONS.) IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT Construction Procurement
Advisement SMRC Corporation, New Research Facility, Sligo Ireland G2 Consultants G.J.
GERARD S00135023 12/1/2014 Module: Development Appraisal and Economics Lecturer: Leigh
McLoughlin The purpose of this report is to summarize and analyze the various construction
procurement methods used in the construction industry. This report was commissioned by SMRC
medical research corporation. This report will identify a recommended method to the commissioner
for the development of their new research facility. Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION: 2 1.1
Project Brief: 2 2.0 PROCUREMENT SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS: 3 2.1 Procurement Methods
versus Project Cost 3 2.2 Procurement Methods 4 2.2.1 Traditional or Design–BID–Build 4 2.2.2
Design and Build 5 2.2.3 Management Contracting / Construction Management. 6 2.2.4 Public –
Private Partnership (PPP) 7 2.2.5 Private Finance Initiative (PFI) 8 2.2.6 Framework Contracting 9
2.3 Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) in construction procurement. 9 3.0 SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS and ASSUMPTIONS 10 Item 3.1 – Ownership. 11 Item 3.2 and 3.6 – Budget and
Financing 11 Item 3.3 and 3.4 – Quality of Design – Innovation 11 Item 1.5 – Time Frame –
Development Schedule 11 4.0 PROCUREMENT RECOMMENDATION AND RATIONALE 11
REFERENCES 13 1.0 INTRODUCTION: G2 Consultants (GJ Gerard) were retained by the Sligo
Medical Research Corporation (SMRC) to execute a detailed

Essay on Citigroup Corporate Social Responsibility...
Citigroup Corporate Social Responsibility Evaluation
Corporate social responsibility has become a hot term in the past few years as corporations have
become larger and even more powerful. Watch–dog organizations have been formed to monitor the
actions of corporations and report "rogue" companies who do not mean their standards for being
socially responsible. Recently, many companies have started to issue corporate social responsibility
reports along with their annual reports. Citigroup, a financial services firm is one of these
companies.
Citigroup is one of the largest companies in the world. Citigroup provides a wider range of financial
services from insurance to financial advisory service. According to Forbes, Citigroup is the ... Show
Major initiatives in 2006 included the following:
Commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 10% of our 2005 baseline by 2011
Establishment of a Global Energy Council to implement measures to meet our GHG reduction and
green power procurement goals
Purchase of 52,283 MWh of green power for our operations
Commitment to target LEED Silver certification for construction of new office facilities
Evaluation of our largest facilities to understand how to attain LEED status for our existing
buildings
Purchase of 200% more FSC certified paper (for a total of 557 metric tons)
Purchase of 8,186 metric tons of 30% post–consumer recycled copy paper (netting 2,455.8 metric
tons of recycled fiber), as well as 682.5 metric tons of recycled fiber for use in corporate marketing
materials.
The last initiative comes on the heels of the recent rise in foreclosures on homes in the US due to
subprime loans. The program provided counseling services to families facing closures in the eight to
ten markets affected most by foreclosures. Citigroup has also adopted a corporate responsibility
mantra known as "Our Shared Responsibilities".
We have a responsibility to our clients
We have a responsibility to ourselves
We have a responsibility to our franchise
–Our Shared Responsibilities
Internal CSR

Citigroup's approach to social responsibility is two–fold. The company takes

The Impact Of Finance On Real Estate Assets And The...
From my previous work experience within real estate private equity, accounting and debt strategies,
I knew what they all had in common and what I really enjoyed doing. I realized that what fascinated
me was the influence of finance on real estate assets and the economic outlook of the entire world
economy. Studying modules such as, Financial Markets, Multinational Financial Management,
Financial Statistics, Mathematics and Economics at university level was the revelation that perfectly
matched my ambition in what I wanted to do. Studying the different factors that influence financial
markets, organisations and entire nations is combining my interests for Finance to the balance I
aimed for. I consider myself fortunate in having the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My average grade from my 2nd year is 74% and I achieved an average of 1.5 from my year abroad
in Germany. Furthermore, I have achieved an average of 76% for the first semester of my final year;
as such I am predicted to graduate with a high 1st class degree in International Business and
Finance. Moreover, I have an innate interest in quantitative subjects, which has been demonstrated
by the excellent results achieved in subjects such as, Collecting and Using Business Data (80%),
Understanding Business Data (82%), Macroeconomic Analysis (79%) and Quantitative Techniques
(87%). With more than 50 Credits in quantitative modules coupled with practical financial
modelling experience, I believe I am equipped with the necessary background to cope with the
requirements of the MSc Finance at LSE.
I believe that what is being looked from applicants is ambition to develop the field of Finance in
innovative ways that can help the discipline to move forward. Moreover, The MSc Finance Part–
time will require individuals that are able to balance both academic and work commitments. In
relation to that I am enthusiastic, committed, positive and an independent learner who is able to
demonstrate initiative and creative thought. I have developed extremely efficient time management
skills while successfully balancing my academic life

The Impact Of Public Private Sector On Public Infrastructure
EXECATIVE SUMMERY
UK 's infrastructure is majorly relies on private funding, more than 64% of the infrastructure is
privately funded. We believe that involvement of private sector in public infrastructure plays vital
role in delivering innovation, skills and investment to the society. As the demand and need of
infrastructure is rising year by year looking toward that services should not delivered by public
sector only but also from outside (joint ventures, private sector, employee–led mutual, social or
commercial providers or charitable enterprises).
Private sector delivers services and infrastructure in various ways by doing privatisation in which
both ownership and risk transferred to the private sector, to conventional procurement models where
the Government contracts with the private sector for specific packages of works or services. Till
now (in traditional model) government was only responsible for all risk and procurement, but now
government have lunched some skims which empowers the infrastructure form private sector.
Concept of PPP (Public private partnership) was introduced, in which work and risk are shared
between public and private sectors. Mostly this concept include short term, medium term and long
term contracts or longer run private finance partnership such as Private Finance Initiative (PFI).
Which gives clear advantage of completion of project within budget and time with maintaining
quality.
In this report past and present status of private finance in

Innerchange Freedom Initiative: Faith-Based Organizations
Innerchange Freedom Initiative is a faith based organization that provides educational and value–
based program services to prisoners on a voluntary basis. This privately funded organization
prepares prisoners to re–enter the work force, community, and their private family and social life.
The Innerchange Freedom Initiative is a part of Prison Fellowship, which is a religious organization
that uses the restorative approach to help prisoners, former prisoners, and those who are affected by
crime and incarceration. The program is 18 months and at least six months aftercare is provided.
One theory in criminology that attempts to explain crime is conflict theory. This theory says that
crime is rooted in social conditions that favor those who

Budget Proposal From Former Governor Governor Bob McDonnell
The outgoing Governor Bob McDonnell on December 10, 2013 revealed his two–year budget
proposal called the '2014 – 2016 Biennial Budget and Amendments to the 2013 Appropriation Act.'
When Mr. McDonnell released his proposal at the Capital in Richmond he spoke about some key
things in regards initiatives that needed to be taken.
The first thing people noticed about the proposed budget was that it was 96 billion dollars. He made
some increases in some areas while decreasing funding to areas many people considered
unacceptable. This includes cuts to schools; his plan shaved 48 million off kindergarten programs
deemed underutilized. One thing that was proposed that most people agreed with was an increase to
the states contingency fund. In the budget Governor McDonnell will increase the 'rainy day fund' to
over one billion dollars. However, higher education was a big concern in the budget as evident
because of the almost 200 million boost in the funds allocated for colleges and universities. The one
major factor that stuck in people's mind the most and was the trigger that ignited support for the
piece of legislation was the fact that Mr. McDonnell did not propose new taxes. In the plan there is a
lot of cutting to programs that are deemed unnecessary and reallocating of funds that Governor
McDonnell feels are very important, for example Medicaid. This program is what spark new debate
in the house and senate about how Medicaid should not be expanded. This expansion would

The Egyptian Corporate Responsibility Center
According to ECRC, corporate social responsibility in Egypt is defined as the adoption of
sustainable business models and practices that have positive impacts on the society. The private
sector in Egypt is responsible for creating about 70% of all employment in the country. However,
there is room for the private sector to improve its social offerings to the society in general through
corporate social responsibility. The Egyptian corporate responsibility center (ECRC) was established
in the year 2004 as a joint project between the United Nations development program and the
Egyptian government (Grayson and Jane, 71). The main aim of the ECRC is to ensure that both
private and public companies align their social responsibility programs for the greatest benefits to
the Egyptian citizens. It is important to note that in Egypt private organizations and NGOs mainly
conduct CSR activities.
It is the responsibility of the Egyptian government to provide basic services to the population. The
country aimed to meet the millennium development goals by the year 2015. It was clear right from
the beginning that government and civil organizations would not be able to meet these goals on their
own. The private sector would have to play an important role in ensuring that these goals were met.
In addition to providing employment to about 70% of the population, the private sector would also
have to shoulder some projects in improving the lives of the population. The establishment of the
ECRC

Internatio Meegan Research Paper
Meegan Moszynski is the Executive Director of The Leaders Initiative, a program of Quarterly
Forum. For the past two years, Meegan has been the Ideas Director for the Biennial of the Americas,
where she has led the Ideas program by curating conversations on today's most significant issues in
the Americas related to trade, education, the environment, culture and community. Meegan has
worked closely with leaders in the private, public and non–profit sectors and has developed a strong
network of local and international stakeholders in a variety of industries. Her work lies at the
intersection of business, government and non–governmental organizations, and she strives to foster
continuous dialogue among those sectors to promote sustainability, facilitate investment and affect
change. Meegan is an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meegan has collaborated on clean energy initiatives in China, educational and vocational training
programs for women and children in Pakistan, and rural economic development projects in
Cambodia. She speaks French, Italian, and Spanish and has lived and traveled throughout South
America, Western and Eastern Europe, southern Africa, and northern China. In her free time,
Meegan supports the Marshall Direct Fund's work on international security and economic
development initiatives in Pakistan, and she was a volunteer for The Aspen Institute's Ideas Festival,
Leaders Action Forum, Winter Words, McCloskey Speaker Series, Sports and Society, Bass Lectures
and New Views film series. She holds a Master's degree in International Trade, Investment and
Development Policy Studies from the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey and
a Bachelor's degree in International Studies with a concentration in European Studies and History of
Art and Architecture, as well as a Minor in Italian, from Middlebury

Blockchain Tracking As A Global Market In The Asia-Hong...
The Asia–Pacific region is a rising star in FinTech innovation, but this week, the blockchain
spotlight landed on Singapore as more distributed ledger initiatives from the private and public
sectors took major steps forward.
It's no surprise, considering the Singapore FinTech Festival took place, acting as a global stage for
blockchain innovators to strut their stuff. According to reports in Singapore Business Review, $2.71
billion was raised by investors for FinTechs in the final day of the FinTech Festival, with the
majority of investors coming from Singapore itself. Nearly two–thirds of that funding will go
toward blockchain startups, reports added.
The nation's excitement over distributed ledger technology (DLT) cannot be ignored. In ... Show
Singapore's central bank also announced a new agreement with the central bank of the Philippines to
explore how blockchain could facilitate international payments between their markets.
The "FinTech Cooperation Agreement" establishes a framework of collaboration between the two
central banks, reports in Crypto Coin News said.
"[The Monetary Authority of Singapore] and the [Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas] are like–minded in
their focus on harnessing financial technology to reduce inefficiency and benefit individuals and
businesses," said MAS Managing Director Ravi Menon in a statement. "This Cooperation
Agreement between our two agencies provides a framework for promoting financial innovation not
only in our countries but can also potentially contribute to broader efforts in ASEAN."
Reports pointed to the MAS' efforts to create a digital Singaporean dollar on a blockchain as one
potential initiative that could come into play with this collaboration with the Philippines. The two
central banks will also explore streamlined Know Your Customers (KYC) solutions that use
blockchain.
Visa Tests B2B Connect
Visa took the FinTech Festival platform this week to announce its own headway in Visa B2B
Connect, its blockchain–based international B2B payments solution that includes Singpaore's United
Overseas Bank as a participating partner (alongside Commerce Bank in the U.S., Shinhan Bank in
South Korea and UnionBank of the Philippines).

Kevin Phalen,

Executive Summary Of Aum Shri Ganeshay Namah
Executive summary AUM SHRI GANESHAY NAMAH:
Acme Corporation is a private company in accounting consultancy industry consisting of 150
employees. After a recent audit (including compliance audit) Acme is found non–compliant with
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). In addition, the records are inadequate and
there are problems with granting authorization to access the audited data. The company is facing
growing concerns about application software not able to support business shifts, outages due to
hurried implementations, data that are not able to be consolidated throughout the organization, and
turf wars between marketing and IT. Therefore, the CIO of Acme is required to head a task force to
establish a strategic initiative for developing world–class compliance audit processes, applications to
support the processes and reporting capabilities.
My key recommendations for Acme as the CIO are as follows:
Research requirements for the type of the compliance reporting required. Identify which
organizations within the company should be involved in determining how best to conduct:
According to George Boykin, "GAAP is a set of accounting rules and procedures that companies
used to compile and report their financial statements." GAAP rules provide consistency in financial
reporting (Wilkinson, 2013).
As per QFinance the guidelines for GAAP are as follows:
The full disclosure principle demands all the information related interpretation of financial
statements

Income Tax
Income Tax Law
Income Tax Law and the National Budget 2010–2011
Md. Abdur Rashid, FCMA
B.Com. (Hons.), M.Com., DAIBB, LLB, FCMA
Income Tax Law explain changes in tax struc–ure of an economy over time under t the impact of
economic development and of political and social factors. Tax structure is affected by economic
development in three ways: (a) tax base undergoes a change as the develop– ental process m
proceeds; (b) change in the tax base brings about changes in the revenue system: and (c) economic
development leads to changes in the objectives of tax policy. Bangladesh Government collects taxes
on account of custom duty, sales tax, value added taxes, excise duty, cess, fees, fines, penalties,
income tax, advalorem duty, etc. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In modern times, the aim of public finance is not merely to raise sufficient financial resources for
meeting administrative expenses, for maintenance of law and order and to protect the country from
foreign aggression. On the other hand, the sphere of public finance has been very much extended. It
is now considered a powerful instrument of important economic and social objectives. The most
important objective before these countries is to accelerate their economic growth through mobilizing
internal resources. The under–developed countries, like Bangladesh, are caught up in the vicious
circle of poverty. Consequently, such countries are not able to save much and whether individual
savings or collective savings are only a small fraction of their national income. This means that a
much greater tax effort is called for to raise country's growth rate to a reasonable level. Since private
savings and capital formation are meager in Bangladesh, the responsibility of resource mobilization
for economic growth falls on the State. That is why the role of public finance in developing
countries is very important. For accelerating economic growth, the government has to adopt a tax
policy which may raise the rates of saving and capital formation in the country. Since private
investment is not adequate for the purpose, the government has to make up the deficiency of private
investment by increasing public investment and for that purpose raises resources through taxation.
There are

Implementation of Public Private Partnership in Hong Kong
Abstract The word Public Private Partnership (PPP) has been in the public domain for some time
now and in a way or the other touches on the two main parties who are the key players in the
process, public and private sector. However much the public as well as private sector opinions are to
be considered, it is of importance to comprehend critics' point of view on undertaking Public Private
Partnership, basing our research in Hong Kong. In this regard, this paper brings on board the
analysis as well as critical examination of recent reform initiative in this case (private and public
partnership (PPP) in Hong Kong. The paper is to scrutinize the rationale, alternative options,
financial implications as well as service delivery impacts. Researchers have from time to time
retaliated that deeper research is still needed on the best way possible to come to a decision on the
concessionary interlude of the projects. Another issue that needs consideration is the relational
contrasting in the said projects. Projects like infrastructure, power or network transmission and gas
or water supply are the most suitable for Public Private Partnership; this is because there are fewer
competitors in such projects. Due to the higher cost that PPP comes with, those with huge project
sum tend to have upper hand as they are well thought–out to offer a better business case for the
private sector. Introduction There has been an enormous business market packed with prospects as
well as attractions

Imc Advantages
Potential Benefits of ICM Development on Market Segments Sharīàh–compliant Equities
Development of the Islamic equity market typically involves having in place a Sharīàh stock–
screening process which facilitates the identification of Sharīàhcompliant stocks and therefore
attracts wider participation from investors that seek Sharīàh–compliant products. At the same time,
it can facilitate the construction of Islamic equity indices. Sharīàh–compliant equities may also
appeal to the global socially responsible investing (SRI) community, as well as environmental,
social and corporate governance (ESG) investors, in view of similarities in their underlying values
and principles; therefore, the market demand for these stocks is potentially ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Development of the Sukuk market should include both the sovereign and corporate segments, to the
extent possible and practicable, in order to enable both the public and private sectors to have the
widest possible options for fund–raising. Based on the experience of some jurisdictions, government
participation and support would be a major factor in developing a sound Sukuk market. Regular
issuances by the government would create a yield benchmark for the issuance of corporate Sukuk
and also encourage Sukuk issuance by the private sector. The feasibility of this approach
nevertheless would differ between one jurisdiction and another, based primarily on the financial and
economic specificities of each jurisdiction. In jurisdictions with large infrastructure investments,
there are significant opportunities for the growth of Sukuk as a fund–raising means for both the
public and private sectors. A facilitative ecosystem to provide SMEs greater access to funding via
the ICM would help fuel the growth of these companies and drive the expansion of the SME sector.
There are, however, factors for consideration in assessing the viability of SMEs to issue Sukuk,
including their financial positions, investors' risk appetite and the nature of the business. There have
also been initiatives in several jurisdictions recently to democratise Sukuk from being a "wholesale"

Environmental Impacts on UNICEF
Environmental impacts on UNICEF UNICEF is considered as an organization associated with g
children and works for the protection, children development and protection in the world. It works in
more than 155 countries and to improve vital elements such as, emergency relief, education HIV
treatment, nutrition, immunization, and clean water and health systems. The main objective of
UNICEF is to work together with communities to enhance children well being. It is a voluntary
agency, which depends on well wishers contributions, government's donations, governments, private
donors and corporations. Environmental impacts on UNICEF The poor people are excessively
affected by ecological degradation and shortage of clean, cheap, energy services. UNICEF assist
countries to strengthen their ability to address the challenges faced at the grassroots and national
levels. The initiatives helps in sharing, evaluating best practices, which offer innovative policy and
advice in linking partners by making use of pilot projects. Climate change seems to be a vital issue
when dealing with environmental challenges. UNICEF as an organization has been tasked with the
responsibility of coming up with mechanisms to deal with the environmental degradation (Black
1996). The evidence of climatic effects is on the increase with predictions of large scale impacts in
the community around the world. Climate change is worsening an already untenable environmental
situation in most nations resulting to

Troubled Asset Relief Program
Troubled Asset Relief Program Leroy Shepherd Jr. Webster University Basic Finance for Managers
BUSN 5200 Instructor, David Fish Ed.D March 21, 2012 Troubled Asset Relief Program The
Troubled Asset Relief Program as part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act was an
initiative signed into law on October 3, 2008 by then President George W. Bush. TARP authorized
the U. S Treasury to purchase up to $700 billion in assets and securities from financial institutions in
a response to a potential financial crisis and to stabilize the U.S financial markets. The big picture
financial system of the nation is configured in such a way that it acts as the channel between
corporations and individuals. Essentially the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fear was that the U S economy itself was heading toward a collapse if something hadn't been
done. TARP's Indented Purpose "Congress authorized Treasury to use TARP in a manner that
protects home values, college funds, retirement accounts, and life savings; . . . preserves
homeownership and promotes jobs and economic growth; . . . and maximizes overall returns to the
taxpayers of the United States" (Katz, 2011, p. 1580). These measures would be accomplished
through several initiatives. For the purposes of this paper The Capital Purchase Program and the
Public Private Investment Program will serve as examples. Capital Purchase Program The Capital
Purchase Program was an initiative that was specifically directed toward the public benefit by
investing into healthy financial institutions to facilitate financial stability, inspire confidence in the
financial system and to allow banks and lending institutions to continue to provide credit services to
individual Americans and businesses. "Over the life of the program Treasury purchased $205 billion
in preferred stock and subordinated debentures from 707 different qualifying financial institutions
(QFIs) in forty–eight states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The ten largest investments
accounted for $142.6 billion of the program. Three hundred thirty–one of the 707 recipients

Essay on The Affordable Care Act
After the inception of ACA that is Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010 various policies and
regulations has been proposed which has more controversy (www.healthcapital.com, 2013).
Affordable health act has impact on the stakeholders in different manner. The main concern in the
medical field is the input cost which is increasing continuously. This is the biggest challenge for the
US government as the increasing cost makes it impossible for the government to allocate
appropriate resources in managing the requirements of the ACA public policy. There are more
initiatives taken by the US government in implementing the ACA in an appropriate manner by
continuously improving the quality of health care at affordable lower costs ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
 Many US citizens are not protected under medical insurance (NYTimes, 2014).  The argument
of Obama administration is that this law is considered to be jurisdiction because it does not follow
any specific terms.  The concern of the offenders is cost, implementation of ACA will require
government to spend huge in developing hospitals, arranging for doctors, equipments and so on. 
Health sector's expenditure is always inclined and increasing fast every day.  Hospital stay costs
very high for the US citizens, when compared to other countries number of days stayed in hospitals
are less but costs are mounting up (www.huffingtonpost.com, 2013). This clearly indicates that
private hospitals cannot afford to provide high quality medical services at lower cost due to various
factors including higher pay demanded by doctors (NYTimes, 2014). In this plausible solution
should be such that one party should not win at the expense of others. In this more cooperation,
coordination and support for all parties are required to make ACA effective. The plausible solution
in this regard is to encourage both the public and private hospitals/health care/ organization to work
and participate together with cooperation. This contribution will reduce the government burden that
is it will reduce the cost to the government and will not create economic tension. From the
supporters side, the health cess charged to all the tax payers

UK: Stable Jobs for the Youth Essay
More, Better, and Stable Jobs for the Youth
The Problem
The recent upsurges in United States of America (Occupy Wall Street) and in other countries
highlight outbreaks of anger among educated and unemployed people. Anxiety over dwindling job
prospects and student debts led many post graduate students turn to violent protests in Chile,
London, and Quebec. In an environment of fewer jobs, competition can divide communities and
unsettle the social fabric of the country. More importantly, it gives an opportunity to illicit
organizations to leverage the anger of the youth and to turn them against the society.
Among Economic Co–operation and Development (OECD) countries, more than one in eight of all
15 to 24 year–olds are not in employment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Americas and Europe, shortage of engineers and skilled workers has affected the manufacturing
industry and is likely to become more severe by 2015 . This mismatch between the demand for jobs
and the supply of skilled manpower presents a huge opportunity.
Existing Interventions
Several countries have recognized this gap and have developed policies and/or interventions to
address it. Some of these include:
United Kingdom (UK) – In lieu of severe shortage of engineers and technicians, the UK government
approved 15 'University Technical Colleges' (UTC) to offer high quality, technical education that
can lead to apprenticeships and employment. Additionally, the government also announced
scholarships to attract teachers. Recognizing the importance of working closely with the private
sector to identify skill gaps, the government partnered with organizations such as British Telecom,
Facebook, IBM, and Microsoft.
India – By 2025, 300 million people will enter the workforce, and India will have 25% of the
world's workforce . To leverage this 'demographic dividend', the Indian government set up the
National Skills Development Council to skill 500 million Indians by 2022. As part of the goal, the
government is reforming primary, secondary and higher education, and making significant
enhancement in supplementary skills development.
Germany – Germany will face a shortage of 5.4 million workers with vocational and tertiary

Deutsche Bank Sustainability Essay
Who They Are
Deutsche Bank, as stated by Wikipedia's Deutsche Bank page, was founded in 1870 as a specialist
bank for foreign trade in Berlin. They now are a global financial service bank headquartered in
Frankfurt, Germany with the investment bank division head–quartered in London, United Kingdom.
DB is a leader in Europe and is continuously growing in North America, Asia and key emerging
markets. They currently have more than 100,000 employees in 73 countries
Deutsche Bank's mission statement is: "We compete to be the leading global provider of financial
solutions, creating lasting value for our clients, our shareholders, our people and the communities in
which we operate" ("Company," Deutsche Bank). They do this by promoting ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Institutional Asset Management sector of DB "offers a full complement of strategies in both
traditional and alternative asset classes, which can be tailored to meet the needs of institutional
clients with flexible return targets, benchmarks and other parameters." ("Institutional Asset
Management," Deutsche Bank) Climate change is becoming a large economic concern and change
for the better will require a lot of capital investment over decades. For this reason there are amazing
new investment opportunities available to combat the issues relating to climate change and global
warming. This is where DB comes in to offer institutional investors access to these opportunities, as
well as a wide range of investment strategies that incorporate their responsible investment criteria.
Evidence of Environmental and Social Reporting
DB has established sustainability and social responsibility in all aspects of how the bank is run They
could do more to provide information on how the bank itself is currently being sustainable as this
information isn't readily available
Environmental Reporting
Environmental protection and

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