Essay On The Equality For All Act

Essay On The Equality For All Act
DISCUSSION The state of North Carolina infringed upon Joe Smith's 14th Amendment rights. In
addition to this, the state disregarded their own statute recognized as "The Equality for all Act."
North Carolina violated this statute by discriminating against Joe Smith based on his race, gender,
national origin, religion, and financial means. This will be substantiated by exercising three
components, strict scrutiny (race, national origin, and/or religion), intermediate scrutiny (age and/or
gender), and rational basis (everything else). # 1. Strict scrutiny: A socially non–discriminating law
that is implemented in a discriminatory modus operandi on the basis of race, is an infringement on
the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Washington Superior Court sided with DeFunis and instructed the University of Washington Law
School to admit him in the fall of 1971. The Washington Supreme Court reversed this ruling of the
prior court. With this in mind, the law school had done nothing unconstitutional. In regards to, their
admissions policy. In DeFunis v Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974) did the law school deny DeFunis
equal protection. The simple answer would be yes, nonetheless, because he was in his last year and
going to receive his degree anyway, the case was ruled moot. Supreme Court Justice Brennan
dissented from this case. Under the pretense that, if DeFunis flunked out of school or became ill and
could not return, he would have to go through the admissions process all over again. In addition to
this, ruling the case not moot would save the court from repetitious litigation in future cases.
Consequently, this would not be the last time that the University of Washington Law School would
racially discriminate against an individual. See Smith v. University of Washington Law School, 392
F.3d 367 (9th Cir. 2004). In a news release, "The Washington State Office of the Attorney General"
stated that, "The Smith case stems from a former UW Law School admissions policy under which
the school sought to promote ethnic diversity in the student body by considering an applicant's race
as one of several "plus factors" in decisions on law school admissions". Even though, race or
nationality
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Legal Expert Paper : Affirmative Action
Legal Expert Paper: Affirmative Action
Ashley Dantzler
Daniel Harris
DaWayne Nettles
Tiffany R. Pickard
Columbia College
Affirmative action is an outcome of the 1960 's Civil Rights Movement, intended to provide equal
opportunities for members of minority groups and women in education and employment. In
March1961, President Kennedy was the first to use the term "affirmative action" in an Executive
Order that directed government contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are
employed and those employees are treated equally during employment, without regard to their race,
creed, color, or national origin." The Executive Order also established the President's Committee on
Equal Employment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are not meant to guarantee equal results –– but instead proceed on the common–sense notion
that if equality of opportunity were a reality, African Americans, women, people with disabilities
and other groups facing discrimination would be fairly represented in the nation 's work force and
educational institutions. With affirmative action in position, policies are needed for guidance and
fairness.
Affirmative action policies initially focused on improving opportunities for African Americans in
employment and education. However, eight states currently ban race–based affirmative action at all
public universities. California, Washington, Michigan, Nebraska, Arizona, and Oklahoma all passed
bans through voter referenda. Affirmative action policies that were previously successful in
improving representation of blacks and other disadvantaged students are now either dismantled or
greatly restricted. Ironically, African Americans who were at the forefront of the successful struggle
to open America 's colleges and universities to more diverse participation now face exclusion from
California 's and the nation 's most prestigious institutions. Hispanic and African Americans
enrollment at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of California, Los Angeles
dropped sharply after voters approved a statewide ban on affirmative action. Those numbers have
not recovered, even as the state's Hispanic population has grown. Affirmative action refers to

Hindrance In The Civil Rights Movement
"Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity."
That famous quote was spoken by Martin Luther King, who was a Civil Rights Movement leader.
The Civil Rights movement was a movement that was led by many African–Americans and the goal
of the movement was to end legal racial segregation. Moreover, there was much ignorance shown by
white authorities when there was an African–American boycotting to prove a point. Therefore, it has
been in the Supreme Court's hands many times to impact Civil Rights: Loving v. Virginia, Swann v.
Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education, and Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
("Martin Luther King, Jr. Quotes at BrainyQuote.com"). In the Loving v. Virginia ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Virginia, Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education, and Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke. In Loving v. Virginia, Virginia enacted a law that prohibited marriage between a
black and white person. They would get get punished if they did. The Supreme Court overturned
that law to preserve marriage as a fundamental right. In Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of
Education, the Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education was the first school board trying to
desegregate, especially using busing with all races. The Supreme Court's judgement was to hope it
would be a fine experience. So this is the first district to try to stop the schools harass African–
Americans. The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case was when a white student was
denied admission to a medical school despite the student that made it had worse scores than him. He
was put in because of a quota system. Therefore, the Supreme Court new that it was unfair that he
makes the school with an immediate guarantee. They said that they couldn't use quota systems based
on race. "Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend" is one of the most
famous quotes from Martin Luther King and hopefully that quote is true ("Martin Luther King, Jr.
Quotes at

The Case of The Regents of the University of California v....
The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case in 1978 explored the issue surrounding a
young white man's rejection from UC Davis' Medical School when students with lower grades than
him were accepted through a minority benefits program. The young man, Allan Bakke, was rejected
in two successive years before filing suit in the Superior Court of Yolo County, arguing that he had
to be accepted to the school since those with grades lower than him had been accepted through the
benefits program. The school claimed that the goal of their minority benefits program was to further
diversify their campus. The program was intended for minority or disadvantaged students, but soon
became entirely racially based, which was evident, since no white students were ever accepted into
the program, regardless of any disadvantaged background they may have had. The school had lower
expectations for the applicants in the benefits program, so some of the students accepted through
that program were less qualified to attend the school than some of those who were rejected through
the regular applicant process. Bakke was one of those rejected applicants, and felt that his rejection
was unconstitutional according to both the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The school argued that they were encouraging diversity
and understanding with the benefits program, but the Superior Court of Yolo County ultimately
decided that the

The Importance Of Desegregation In Public Schools
Have you ever thought about how much history has changed since the dark days? The civil rights act
of 1964 finally ended segregation in public places. The civil rights was first proposed by president
John F. Kennedy, despite all the oppression from southern council members. Swann v. Charlotte–
Mecklenburg board of education. Presented to the Supreme Court in 1971 this case was to determine
wether the respondents idea of the desegregation plan was an effective and reasonable attempt."The
constitutional mandate to desegregate public schools did not require all schools in a district to reflect
the judgement of the district's racial composition, but the existence of all–black or all–white schools
must not be shown to be the result of segregation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the year 1968 until 1969 more than 84,000 pupils were served in the school system.
"Approximately two–thirds of the Negro children attended schools which were entirely Negro or
more than 99% Negro. Guarantee to an order of a federal district court, the school board adopted a
desegregation plan for elementary schools..." Brown v. Board of education was a milestone for the
Supreme Court. This case decided that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional. This case
signaled the end of legalized
Futch 2 segregation in the schools of the United States. This case overruled the "separate but equal"
principle set fourth from the Plessy v. Ferguson case. May 17th, 1954 the Supreme Court
immediately decided that the case of Brown v. Board of education was a violation of the 14th
amendment, making it unconstitutional. "Arguments were to be heard during the next term to
determine just how the ruling would be imposed. Just over one year later, on May 31, 1955, Warren
read the Court's unanimous decision, now referred to as Brown II, instructing the states to begin
desegregation plans "with all deliberate speed." Although there were two unanimous votes against
this ruling along with all the resistance against the supreme courts ruling

Race and The Affirmative Action Policies
The utilization of race in affirmative action policies in higher education has been a topic of
contention for several decades now. Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, we have seen
some of the most heated debates over the fairness of affirmative action and the impacts on society
the utilization of race creates. With such pending questions on fairness and of the constitutionality of
affirmative action policies two major Supreme Court cases have arisen, University of California
Regents v. Bakke and Grutter v. Bollinger, both impacting university admissions policies throughout
the country and setting precedent in following rulings. Following the two rulings of these cases, I
argue that affirmative action and the utilization of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it was a milestone in the path of racial equality pushed for by the Civil Rights Movement,
Critical Race Theory (CRT) states that the reason the act was actually passed at the time was not just
because of the growing momentum of the progressive civil rights agenda but because America's
image in the international community was tainted by the racism so obviously seen in the United
States. The United States was championing freedom and democracy abroad in its fight against
communism but international leaders saw and criticized the behavior of the U. S. at home. The
interest–convergence principle clearly shows that the white European Americans supported such
policy where the benefits received from a more tolerant image being projected outweighed the rights
given to minorities. This principle can be seen in the ruling of the University of California Regents
v. Bakke (1978), where Bakke was admitted into the school while the Court tailored the
requirements for the utilization of race in admissions. University of California Regents v. Bakke
questioned whether the University of California Medical School at Davis (UC–Davis) violated the
equal protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 after it had
repeatedly rejected

California Vs Bakke Case Study
Regents of California v. Bakke (1978) (1) Constitutional Question: Is the medical program of the
University of California, giving different standards to minority's, in violations of the Equal
Protections Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act or 1964? (2) Background
Information In 1978, the Medical program of the University of California had a dual admission's
program, one fore regular students and one for minority's. The applicants for the minorities did not
have to meet the standards that the regular admissions did. The special program was offered to
African Americans, American Indians, Asians, and Espanics, but no white students were admitted.
When Allan Bakke, a white male, submitted his application, he was rejected

Discrimination in College Admissions
Discrimination in College/University Admissions There can be many factors that determine whether
or not you can get into a college. Do you have the grades, are you involved in your community, have
you been convicted. Many questions like those listed above have been commonly asked to
applicants who apply for major colleges universities. However, you are never asked your ethnicity
during an interview, usually they give you an application to fill out and they have a space that allows
you to check which race you are. Some people feel as though they may have been discriminated
against because of their race or ethnicity. It may be true for some, but not all cases are alike, in the
sense that racial discrimination in college applicants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Colleges might also look at creating a more diverse campus as a way to prevent those lawsuits,
because if the media starts getting reports of there being an overflow of white students at a college
or university ran by a white man or woman, they look dubious, and just racist, but if they start
accepting more minorities into their school, spreading a little color over the campus, in a sense, then
they look more appealing to applicants who want that diversity in their dream school. Plus it shows
good when schools are being taken to court for discrimination. If they show the statistics, the
numbers, of the racial diversity, then that builds on their case. If they show a pie chart and 75% of
the chart is green, and green represents white for example, then that makes the school look bad,
ultimately allowing a jury to see a possibility of discrimination, but if it's near equal for minorities
and whites, etc. , then it's good for the school. Making their case more believable. Debacles like this
may never end for years to come because we need diversity in public places, without it, it would be
like the Civil Rights era all over again, and we don't need any more violent protests like we have
today. I

Why Is Affirmative Action Unconstitutional
Many American children grow up in lower class neighborhoods, and are poorly educated in
underfunded schools. These children receive little–to–no support at home, financially or
educationally. Lower–class families live day–by–day and paycheck to paycheck, causing them to
become unable to provide a stimulating environment for their children to prosper. Some of these
children are naturally bright and talented, but are held back due to their environment and lack of
funds. Affirmative Action gives hope to young students of these backgrounds, to allow them a
chance to achieve higher education. Although Affirmative Action has helped many people from
low–income backgrounds succeed in the United States, some Americans are petitioning for its
repeal. A current Supreme Court case that endangers Affirmative Action is Fisher v. University of
Texas. This case questions if Affirmative Action is unconstitutional. The United States Supreme
Court will be soon reviewing Affirmative Action and making an adjudication due to this case. I do
not believe that the Supreme Court should declare Affirmative Action unconstitutional, because it is
aligned with the fourteenth amendment guaranteeing all Americans equal opportunities, by allowing
minorities with lower class backgrounds the right to attend American Universities. Without ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1896 "Plessy v. Ferguson," the Supreme Court agreed that segregation was constitutional as long
as the facilities were "separate but equal." Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned by the Supreme Court
in 1954, when the Court agreed that separate facilities could never be equal in "Brown v. Board of
Education." The justices realized that segregation violated the fourteenth amendment and contended
that "no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of

Resistance To Affirmative Action
Resistance to affirmative action has existed from the time it was introduced (Allen, 2011;
Kaufmann, 2007), and in many instances, the U.S. Supreme Court has played a crucial role in
determining the extent to which it can achieve its original goals (Zamani & Brown, 2003). One of
the earliest cases to challenge the use of affirmative action was DeFunis v. Odegaard (1973), of
which the court found the University of Washington Law School's use of race in admissions to be
unconstitutional (Platt, 2007; Zamani & Brown, 2003). The law school was accused of having
separate admissions procedures for students of color by giving less weight to their predicted first–
year averages. As such, DeFunis argued that underqualified students of color had been ... Show
Kirwan (1994), a federal court ruled on the constitutionality of race–based merit scholarships. In this
case, the merit–based Benjamin Banneker Scholarship, earmarked for African American students,
sought to attract academically talented African American students to the University of Maryland at
College Park. The court ruled it was not permissible to maintain separate financial merit awards
according to race (Shapiro, 1995), illustrating the increasing difficulties postsecondary institutions
faced to designate a fellowship or scholarship specifically for racial/ethnic minorities (Platt, 2007).
In fact, efforts to prohibit affirmative action in the United States really ramped up in the mid–1990's.
For instance, in 1996 the Supreme Court upheld California's Proposition 209, an amendment to the
state constitution that banned both discrimination and affirmative action programs that give
preferences to groups or individuals based on their race, gender, color, ethnicity, or national origin.
To that end, race could not be used as a consideration (e.g., admissions and hiring decisions) in
public education (Alvarez & Bedolla, 2004). In addition, in Hopwood v. Texas (1996), the Fifth
Circuit Court of Appeals issued a decision ending affirmative action in both private and public
college admissions in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. More litigation continued in 1997 (Gratz v.
Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger) that challenged the use of affirmative action in undergraduate
and law school admissions, and in 1998, Washington voters passed Initiative 200, a nearly identical
policy to Prop. 209. In 1999, Florida Governor Jeb Bush pre–issued an executive order ending
consideration of race and ethnicity in public college and university admissions, public employment,
and government contracting. Such attacks on affirmative action policies are prompting colleges and
universities to abandon race–sensitive programs, such as scholarships, academic enrichment
programs,

Affirmative Action Thesis
Topic: The Importance of Affirmative Action in the College Admissions Process
Thesis: In order to resolve underrepresentation of African Americans in higher education,
affirmative action is needed to promote diversity, improve students' critical thinking skills, and
increase race–consciousness by utilizing race as a factor in college admissions.
University of California Regents v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 98 S. Ct. 2733, 57 L. Ed. 2d 750 (1978).
The Reagents of the University of California v. Bakke is a US Supreme Court case from 1978 that
upheld the use of affirmative action and allowed education institutions to use race a factor in their
admissions policy. However, the US Supreme Court decided that the use of racial quotas, such as the
medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
William Bowen and Dr. Derek Bok composed one of the most comprehensive studies of different
affirmative action programs among universities in the United States. One of the most crucial
findings from their study was that the commonly held "mismatch" theory is false. The mismatch
theory arose from critics of affirmative action who feared that letting African American students into
selective universities that had lower test scores would result in a lower performance than the average
student. However, the authors' discovered that black students who attended competitive colleges
performed better than their academically equivalent peers who attended a less rigorous school. This
is critical because if affirmative action was not in place, then the African American students would
most likely attend the less selective schools as their academic equivalent peers and would end up
having a less successful outcome. In addition, the study illustrated that African American students
who benefitted from Affirmative Action programs in college ended up having a greater chance at
post–graduate

Regents Of The University Of California V. Bakke
T Statman
Kluch
ENG 102 Period 4
1 May 2015
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Introduction
Race equality has been an arduous issue in the United States. Regents of the University of California
v. Bakke (1978) is a landmark Supreme Court case that brought scrutiny to racial discrimination in
the college admission process. The Encyclopedia Of Law And Higher Education introduces the
discussion of the University of California at Davis' special minority admissions policy at their
medical school. The case was first heard by the Supreme Court of California and later taken to the
United States Supreme Court (Russo 363). The short and long term effects of the Regents of the
University of California v. Bakke (1978) have changed the procedure for college admittance all over
the United States of America.
Background
The decisions of the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) for the admissions program appear
to be racially driven and a product of affirmative action. Charles Russo writes that the first year
enrollment class, in 1968, at the UC Davis School of Medicine contained only fifty students (Russo
364). These fifty students were not seen as a representation of the California population. According
to the cross disciplinary source American Decades, that year, only three Asian students were
admitted into the first class with no other minority race represented. This was with the state minority
population being twenty–three percent (Minority). The minorities

Essay on Racial Preferences and the Constitution
Racial Preferences and the Constitution
The Constitution has survived two World Wars, a Civil War, and even slavery. This piece of paper
was written to limit government in our lives and proclaim our rights as individuals. Through the
course of time, Amendments have been added to aid in current events that were not foreseen when
the Constitution was originally written. Sixteen presidents after the Constitution was written, slavery
was abolished and the Thirteenth Amendment was passed.. Three years later came the Equal
Protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment and two years after that, the Supreme Court
addressed voting rights in the Fifteenth Amendment.
The decisions in Plessy and Brown are similar because of how ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Does the new standard mean that the Court has adopted a color–blind theory of equal protection,
holding in effect that any racial classification by the government is unconstitutional, that no
governmental unit may take race into account except to cure a plain constitutional violation of equal
protection? Has the Court overruled Regents v. Bakke, the charter for affirmative action in higher
education?
In Bakke v Regents of the University of California, we have a landmark reverse discrimination case
that influenced education as a whole. Bakke was rejected from graduate school even though he had
superior scores than many of the African–American applicants who were admitted. Bakke
challenged the University of California and overturned the quota system that had been established in
public universities across the nation. The University of California held on to the belief that black
people should have access to black doctors. However, if the University were to go on a sole merit
system then the number of special admittees would diminish along with the aforementioned belief.
This belief was quickly altered by the Supreme Court with their decision against the University.
While the approach the Courts use is meant to be color blind, the outcome is anything but color
blind. This can be seen through an examination of the equal protection jurisprudence of Justice
O'Connor, the pivotal swing vote on these issues in the last decade and author of the

Race-Based Admissions Essay
I do not believe that Harvard violated any part of the Constitution in adopting a holistic admissions
approach. Although Harvard may have violated an ethical code, they are not in violation of the
Constitution. Several court cases have set a precedent for universities using affirmative action
programs in their admissions process to create a diverse class, such as Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke (1978) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). In addition, there is little basis for the
claim that Harvard holds Asian Americans to higher standards. The Supreme Court has set a
precedent for approving race–based affirmative action policies in lawsuits. In most cases, the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is cited as being violated. Historically, the Supreme
Court has ruled in favor of the affirmative action programs at these colleges and ... Show more
In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the court claimed that using affirmative action
in admission processes was perfectly legal. As stated by the Supreme Court in Regents of University
of California v. Bakke, the racially–based admissions decisions might be valid, however the law in
question did not meet the strict scrutiny test since there was no evidence that those discriminated
against by Harvard's admissions policies would have benefitted had the policies not been in place
(Regents of the University of California v. Bakke). Therefore, the court did not find the University
of California to be in breach of the Constitution. The court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger also
approved affirmative action programs in ruling that it was reasonable for universities to put quotas
in place in attempt

The Constitutional Court Book By Jack Fruchtman Jr.
The Right to "Liberty" and the Right to Equal Protection in the Fourteenth Amendment In the
United States Constitution, the Fourteenth Amendment states "No State shall make or enforce any
law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any
State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." (Law.Cornell) Many of the cases that
have been addressed in the Supreme Court book, written by Jack Fruchtman Jr., show the readers
the rulings of the case and if either the Due Process of Law and the Equal Protection of the laws has
or has not been applied. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, Homer Plessy was arrested for refusing to
sit in a Jim Crow car. In this case, the Due Process Clause was addressed when the "separate but
equal" doctrine was introduced. Because the "separate but equal" doctrine upheld the
constitutionality of segregation, the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment was not
violated. In addition, the Due Process Clause also enforced equality of the two races. As well as the
Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause was addressed in this case because "states could
not deprive any person of the Equal Protection Clause"(wikipedia). In Plessy's arguments, he stated
that segregated facilities violate the Equal Protection Clause, and because of what the Equal
Protection Clause states,

Essay on Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is any effort taken to expand opportunity for women or racial, ethnic and
national origin minorities by using membership in those groups that have been subject to
discrimination as a consideration. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United
States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be
denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving
Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with the Fourteenth
Amendment. In this essay, I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against the
Fourteenth Amendment. Second, how Affirmative Action helps one group of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, a Louisiana statute, passed in 1890, made it legal for railway
companies carrying passengers in the state to "provide equal but separate accommodations for the
white and colored races." Homer Plessy, a man of mixed ancestry, refused to surrender his seat in a
white compartment of a railway car and was subsequently arrested for violation of the statute. What
happened to equal protection? When race is taken into account, equal protection is disclaimed. What
if race is not taken into account then Affirmative Action is the problem.
With the Affirmative Action violating the Fourteenth Amendment, the Medical School of University
of California at Davis believes that the special admissions program does not violate any law. Having
the program was to increase the population of minorities in the Medical School. The reason the
University is doing this is because of strict scrutiny (to examine extremely closely or strictly
whether there is a compelling state interest for treating people differently). In this case, strict
scrutiny has to do with past discrimination and to undo the wrong doing from the past. The special
admissions programs purports to serve the purpose of: (i) reducing the historic deficit of
traditionally disfavored minorities in medical schools and in the medical profession; (ii) countering
the effects

Essay about Affirmative Action and Higher Education
Affirmative Action and Higher Education
Two people stand in a room looking at a vibrant painting and receive a totally different image. This
is something we all realize can happen. It is our different perspectives that make us valuable too
each other. When trying to solve a problem or create a new idea, we need each other to bring forth
considerations and concepts that would never occur otherwise. This concept is something most of us
grasp in theory, yet it never ceases to confound and confuse us if someone draws a conclusion
tangent from ours when presented with the same information. This situation lies at the heart of the
argument over affirmative action. Policies that are viewed by some as righting past wrongs are
viewed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having done so it would still need to be narrowly tailored so as not to unduly injure any associated
groups or individuals. Powell determined that attaining a diverse student body in an institution of
higher education was a compelling state interest. In order to be narrowly tailored to this interest, the
institution should use race as a "plus" factor. The quota system that the University of California
applied set aside positions for minority students and focused on having a diverse statistical surface
rather than attaining actual diverse backgrounds. Rather, as was done at Harvard, it was expected
that all students should be considered together and race used as a bonus for minorities that would
help account for the special perspective such students could bring to the campus (Schauer 589–597).
While Powell's outline for programs had plenty of dissenters, none of them ever made it to a
prominent position in the court system and so, since 1978, the rules of Bakke have been the
proverbial law of the land. That is, until recently.
In 1994, a new case, Hopwood v. The University of Texas, was ruled on by the circuit court and
interpreted in such a manner as to effectively end affirmative action in higher education for the
states of Texas and Louisiana. The plaintiffs for the case were four applicants to the law school of
The University of Texas, each of whom were denied admission while minority applicants with lower

Argumentative Essay On The Use Of Affirmative Action For...
The University of Texas–Pan American
Essay #3
Anna Salkinder
LSPI
August 6, 2015
For nearly 50 years, the use of affirmative action for college admissions has been a controversial
topic. Affirmative action is the policy of favoring the minority groups in an application pool in order
to increase diversity in relation to education or employment. Regents of the University of California
v. Bakke (1978) was a monumental decision upholding affirmative action. A 35 year old white man,
Allan Bakke applied to the University of California Medical School at Davis, twice, and twice was
denied admission. The university held 16 spots under their "special admissions program" for
minorities in each entering class in order to promote diversity. Bakke's scores exceeded those of the
minority applicants that were admitted in the two years Bakke's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sander's Stanford Law Review article he states "A student who gains special admission to a more
elite school on partly nonacademic grounds is likely to struggle more, whether that student is a
beneficiary of a racial preference, an athlete, or a "legacy" admit" (Richard H. Sander, Vol57.367). I
disagree because it cannot be determined whether a student will struggle in school based on the way
in which they were accepted. A student may excel in Law School although their undergraduate
scores were not excellent. One is unable to score the performance of a student until they have
completed courses within that school. When addressing this issue, I agree with Elizabeth S.
Anderson's stance in her New York University Law Review article. She states that eliminating
affirmative action "causes ignorance of the different life circumstances and interests of marginalized
groups, enabling policy decisions to be made that disregard the impact on those not present"
(Elizabeth S. Anderson, Vol77.1195). When eliminating the policy, we are in essence eliminating the
need for racial tolerance and

Grutter Vs Bollinger
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), and Meredith
v. Jefferson County Board of Education (2007) are cases regarding the use of affirmative action
programs in schools. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled
that the use of affirmative action in universities is constitutional in certain circumstances, but racial
quotas are unconstitutional. In Grutter v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of
affirmative action in school admission is constitutional if race is treated as one factor among many,
the purpose is to achieve a "diverse" classroom, and it is not an individualized review of the
applicant. In Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education,

Civil Liberties And Civil Rights
Pegnoglou 4
Gavin Pegnoglou Sherry Sharifian GOVT–2305–71433 6 October 2017 Civil Liberties v Civil
Rights Civil Liberties and Civil Rights is a pillar for every American citizen. Civil Liberties are
specific individual rights a person has that are legally protected from being violated by the
government. 1 Civil Liberties include, but are not limited to, right to privacy, right to vote, right to
bear arms, and right to marry. Civil Rights provide for the right to be treated equally without
discrimination. An easy way to remember the difference between a Civil Liberty and a Civil Right is
that for a Civil Liberty, focus on what right is affected whereas for a Civil Right, focus on whose
right is affected.
2 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have observed and experienced different infringements of Civil Rights. During my 8th grade year,
my Spanish teacher showed discrimination against male students by choosing a female student to
look over the class every time she stepped out of the classroom. One time, a male student asked her
why she never chose him or a male student from his table. She stated that she trusted girls more than
boys because boys were more likely to horse around and not keep order in the classroom. In my
Spanish class sophomore year, my classmates discriminated against me. The group I was assigned to
were all friends of mine who are of different race and culture. When we discussed grades we
received on individual assignments, they would look genuinely surprised that I had achieved a grade
as good as theirs. I later asked them why and they told me they did not think I was as smart as them
because I am white.
The ADA is a Civil Rights law passed in 1990 to stop discrimination against people who have a
disability in public places such as work, schools, bus stations and any other place that the public can
access. A person with a disability had the right to go to any public place, but until the ADA was
passed, it was very difficult for them to exercise that right. The ADA provides equal opportunities
for people with disabilities in the work place as well. The ADA set a standard for special
accommodations so people with disabilities have easier access to

Consideration Of Race For College Admissions Process :...
TO: Dr. Alisa Smith
FROM: Drew Carff
DATE: April 7, 2016
RE: Consideration of race in college admissions process – Fisher v. Texas
FACTS
Abigail Fisher, a Caucasian Texas resident, applied for admission to the University of Texas at
Austin. She applied for the entering class of fall 2008. The University rejected her application.
Fisher graduated from another university in May 2012.
In 1997, Texas passed the Top Ten Percent Plan into law. The law guarantees admission to Texas
residents that graduate in the top ten percent of their high school class. The plan took up 81% of the
seats available for Texas residents in the 2008 class. For those that do not qualify for the Top Ten
Percent Plan, the University of Texas at Austin implements a Holistic Review Program. The Holistic
Review is an evaluation based on a student's achievements and experiences. The evaluation
culminates with an Academic Index (AI) that is based on standardized test scores, class rank, and
high school coursework. The university determined that Fisher's AI scores were too low for
admission.
ISSUE
I. Whether the consideration of race in the admissions process is a violation of the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The clause dictates that individuals of similar backgrounds
and situations should be treated comparably.
II. Whether the University's consideration of race is narrowly tailored to a principled, detailed
diversification goal. A university's approach, actions, and goals must be

Persuasive Essay On Civil Liberties
Chastant 1
Caroline Chastant Sherry Sharifian GOVT. 2305 71433 18 September 2017 Civil Liberties & Civil
Rights: Fundamentals for US Government Our forefathers established the United States of America
as a country where democracy reigns supreme and the ideals of freedom and equality lead society.
Now more than ever, the beliefs of our young country are being called into question in the midst of
controversial situations and changing times. Despite the struggles of sticking to age old beliefs, civil
liberties and civil rights help stabilize our government.
Americans must continue fighting for democracy and stand firm against any opposition. Though our
current system of leadership has entertained "corporate interests and cemented the ... Show more
Meanwhile, civil rights "refer to the right of every person to equal protection under the laws and
equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities" (Patterson 128). Both measures were put
in place to protect from government corruption or dominance in daily life. They serve the individual
or group's personal cause within reason. In contrast, civil liberties are for the individual primarily
while civil rights pertain to a group of people based on race, religion, gender, etc. Unlike civil
liberties which have been part of discussion in society since the inception of the country, civil rights
have gained considerable attention in the media over the past 50 years.
Presently, civil rights issues impact life much more than civil liberties. Since basic rules and
entitlements have years of experience in society, attention has turned to the equality for all types of
people in America. Fighting for civil rights is very much a current issue, and there is no shortage of
events raising awareness for various causes. "The killing of Trayvon Martin on 26 February 2012
marked a turning point" (Gafney 205) in society and caused the media to question the balance
between races. Some consider the incident as "the impetus that crystallized the Black Lives Matter
movement" (Gafney 205) which has resulted in protests around the country.

The Study of Affirmative Action Essay
The Study of the Supreme Court Cases Regarding Affirmative Action The history of majority rights
in the United States goes all the way back to the creation of the United States constitution. Although
barely acknowledged at the time, it has become the contemporary issue of the United States starting
with the Civil War. To this day civil rights are still being fought for and discrimination still occurs
all over the United States; however, affirmative action is one of the main victories minorities have
gained in their sermon for equal rights. First initiated in the 1960s with President John F. Kennedy's
Executive order number 10925, the equal employment opportunity for all races was implementing
the civil rights act. It was again reaffirmed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the second rejection, the plaintiff, Allan Bakke, decided to sue the defendant, University of
California, on the basis of the fourteenth amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Allan Bakke claimed that the University of California's quota system on minorities was violating the
fourteenth amendment while also saying that he was getting discriminated against because of his
skin color or a case of reverse discrimination (Stewart 2014). His case first went to the Yolo County,
California district court where the court ruled in favor of Bakke completely (Baldwin 2009). The use
of race in admission processes was now not allowed in the state of California. It was appealed and
accepted by the Supreme Court and is known as Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.
Allan Bakke had a lot going against him with the United States just starting to recover from the civil
rights movement and University of California's point of argument which made their quota system
sound like a philanthropy effort. They claimed that their quota system would get more physicians
practicing in minority communities, and it counteracted the history of discrimination minorities in
medical schools and other medical professions (Streetlaw 2014). Allan Bakke also did not have
evidence that he would get accepted into the

The Affirmative Action: The Bakke Case
1863 was an important year, marking the new start for slaves and African Americans in the United
States of America. In that year, Abraham Lincoln had signed off the Emancipation Proclamation,
which led to the end of slavery in America (Banfield 23). Even with the new Constitutions rules and
laws of trying to end racial discrimination, there was still judgment being passed around towards the
blacks. There was separate schools, buses, etc. for blacks and whites. These laws, called Jim Crow
laws, stayed with the 14th Amendment for nearly 50 years (Banfield 29). When the president signed
these laws off, he did not realize it would help only those enslaved in the South. Near mid 1866, the
14th Amendment in the United States Constitution listed rules ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But one things for sure, is that the affirmative action has changed intensely since the Bakke case.
Many people agree that the affirmative action is helpful and (in this case) in bringing African
Americans into their schools if they have the correct records (Banfield 107–109). By the time that
the Bakke case had passed, many people had different opinions on the outcome. Some preferred it
stay the same as it was before, and others preferred how it was now. As known, the affirmative
actions had a big part in the court case, steering it in different directions and ways. Some African
Americans even said they'd liked how it was traditionally, saying that the affirmative action wasn't
changed very clearly (Banfield 97). Quickly after the Bakke case, the affects of the courts decision
become obvious in schools nearby. The schools now chose students by grades and grade points
rather than by race. They would also receive and un–receive points if they were disadvantaged/part
of a minority. With that, the schools were mainly all equal. Happily, Allan Bakke attended the next
year, 1978, at the University of California Medical School. Since the court case, the schools
program had changed for the better; at least in Allan's mind (Banfield 99). The case brought forth a
new era to America. Even though it might not be seen in some peoples eyes, it shaped affirmative
action, and even helped stop racism partly. It took several years to take its affect on the world
though, like any important case would. Allan Bakke might not know it, but his case helped start
changing the world for the better (Banfield

Allan Bakke's Argumentative Essay
Allan Bakke recorded suit in the wake of discovering that minority competitors with bring down
capabilities had been admitted to medicinal school under a program that saved spaces for "impeded"
candidates. The California Supreme Court requested the school, the State–run University of
California, to concede Bakke. The college at that point engaged the United States Supreme Court.
A fragmented Supreme Court confirmed the judgment requesting Bakke's admission to the
therapeutic school of the University of California at Davis and refuting the school's uncommon
confirmations program. In any case, the Court did not disallow the school from considering race as a
factor in future affirmations choices. Equity Lewis Powell, Jr., declared the Court's judgment. Four
judges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Equity Thurgood Marshall contended that race could legitimately be considered in a governmental
policy regarding minorities in society program, an arrangement of finding a way to cure the impacts
of past segregation. "In light of the grieved history of separation and its overwhelming effect on the
lives of Negroes, bringing the Negro into the standard of American life ought to be a state
enthusiasm of the most astounding request. To neglect to do as such is to guarantee that America
will perpetually remain a separated society. I don't trust that the Fourteenth Amendment expects us
to acknowledge that destiny."
The lawful effect of Bakke was decreased by the contradiction among the judges. Since the Court
had no single greater part position, the case couldn't give clear direction on the degree to which
schools could consider race as a major aspect of a governmental policy regarding minorities in
society

Brown V. Board Of Education Case Study
During the early 1900s there have been a lot of segregation and discrimination.Well this is what was
happening in the early 1900s. The first case having to do with this topic was the case "Brown v.
Board of Education" where there was a violation of the 14th amendment. The next case having to do
with education is "Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education" involving ,and informing
the segregation in schools and school buses. Third case had to do with a student applying for a
school but was rejected for his race, the case name was "Regents of the University so California v.
Bakke. Overall, these cases were the cause of the Civil Rights Movement because of the segregation
and the discrimination. Generally, what had happen in the case "Brown v. Board of Education" is
that it was the first case that went to supreme court that had to do with segregation in schools. The
case had to do with the violation of the 14th amendment involving 20 children including Brown's
daughter. As for additional information the first time it was argued was in December 9, 1952 then
was re–argued in December 8, 1953 then took his final decision. As more information is ... Show
Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education," and with some other cases. In this case the violation
was the segregation in the school and school buses. As well, the case was solved in the year of 1971
and the judge was John J. Parker. In a website states that "The Supreme Court of the United States
(Supreme Court) granted certiorari to determine whether the Respondent, Charlotte– Mecklenburg
Board of Education's (Respondent), desegregation plan was an effective and reasonable attempt to
desegregate public schools in its district," which means that the schools that belong to Charlotte–
Mecklenburg Board of Education had to change there segregation rules. To sum up, this case was
another case that motivated African–American to do the

Discrimination In California Medical Schools
Merriam Webster defines Affirmative Action as "the practice of improving the educational and job
opportunities of members of groups that have not been treated fairly in the past because of their
race, sex, etc." Opinions on affirmative action in the United States vary greatly depending on who is
asked. In a poll done by Pew Research in 2009, it was found that 59% of African Americans, 53% of
Hispanics, and 22% of whites agree that minorities should get preferential treatment (Stewart).
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) called into question the application of the
14th amendment in rejecting Allan Bakke admission to the University of California Medical School
at Davis. Allan Bakke was a 35 year old white man who was denied ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even though affirmative action was not outlawed in all circumstances it is often times dealt with on
a case by case basis. The case established a pragmatic means of reconciling well–intentioned quota
and affirmative action programs with the Constitution's zealous protection of equality (McBride).
Since the case was ruled on in 1978, other court cases have been decided on that have reaffirmed
Bakke's affirmative action requirements. In 2003, Grutter v. Bollinger ruled that the University of
Michigan Law School's system of giving race a notable but non–determinative weight in the
selection process was "neutral" enough and that Michigan's efforts to create a diverse student body
was "compelling" enough to meet constitutional standards for equality (McBride). However, in
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), a similar but unrelated case, the court beat down Michigan's
Undergraduate affirmative action program for using a points system to judge applicants that favored
minorities by handing free points to minority applicants

Affirmative Action Case Study
The use of affirmative action admissions practices in the United States' colleges and universities has
been a source of contentious public debate and legal battles since the policy's inception in the 1960s
(e.g., Hopwood v. University of Texas Law School, 1996; Grutter v. Bollinger, 2003; Regents of the
University of California v. Bakke, 1978) (Bernhard et al., 2013). One of the first affirmative action
cases that were brought to the Supreme Court was in the Regents of University of California v.
Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that a university's use racial quotas in its admissions process
was unconstitutional, but a school's use of affirmative action (Bernhard et al., 2013). The University
of California, wanted to increase its diverse in the classrooms by reserving some of its seats in the
Davis School ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The increase in the amount of funds to different minimized communities on college campus and
additional project as led there being an increase in tuition cost to students. Every year the students
and parents fear what has become the expected yearly tuition increase at public and private
university across the United Sates (Lark, 2012). Through there is more access to higher education
because college and universities are actively recruiting students from all walks of life. The access
has increased however the cost has increase which means students and parents are not able to afford
the cost of higher education. States are now trying to control those tuition hikes with new laws and
policies. It is essential college and universities have access to education nonetheless it is excepted
colleges and universities utilized as a tools they have to make sure the tuition cost is

Affirmative Action Essay 34
Affirmative Action is any effort taken to expand opportunity for women or racial, ethnic and
national origin minorities by using membership in those groups that have been subject to
discrimination as a consideration. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United
States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be
denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving
Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with the Fourteenth
Amendment. In this essay, I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against the
Fourteenth Amendment. Second, how Affirmative Action helps one group of ... Show more content
The special admissions programs purports to serve the purpose of: (i) reducing the historic deficit of
traditionally disfavored minorities in medical schools and in the medical profession; (ii) countering
the effects of societal discrimination; (iii) increase the number of physicians who will practice in
communities currently undeserved; and (iv) obtaining the educational benefits that flow from an
ethnically diverse student body (266). The reasons for having these special admissions are to
increase the number of minorities and to have them represent their community. To some people, they
might ague that Affirmative Action gives certain advantages to certain people and it is unfair.
Affirmative Action was started when the University first got started. Students that possesses athletic
skills, the children of alumni, the powerful, connections with celebrities, and the famous has higher
chances of getting in the University over other people (290). Not only that Affirmative Action was
unfair during that time, it left out the minorities not giving them equal opportunity to receive the
education they deserved. Therefore, Affirmative Action violates the Fourteenth Amendment.
Affirmative Action gives privileges to certain groups and leaving out certain groups not able to
succeed without special protection. There's nothing in the Constitution that says "A" should suffer a
burden because society has hurt "B." Although the Blacks had been discriminated

Plessy Vs. Ferguson, Brown V. Board Of Education
Civil Rights Essay Discrimination has been a big thing for a long time now. Discrimination is the
different treatments of categories for people or things. People get discriminated every day for their
skin color and the laws passed from it. The Supreme Court has changed many decisions about
discrimination: Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education, and Regents of the University of
California. In 1890 the Supreme Court made a law about keeping the whites and blacks in separate
areas. This lead to the case Plessy v. Ferguson, this was a law that was made in Louisiana for
restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and other public places to serve African Americans in a separate area.
This law happened in 1896 and the outcome of the case was ferguson

Regents Of The University Of California V. Bakke
S.C.O.T.U.S. Legal Brief
Justin Kaye
Period 2
May 2015
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1976)
Facts of the case:
In the early 1970's UC Davis decided to have a dual admissions program for their medical school.
The purpose of having two admissions programs in one would be for regular students and the other
one would be for "disadvantaged" students. Minority applicants could now say they were
"disadvantaged" so they were put in the special pool which would make it easy for them to get into
the medical program. One major differences between both programs is that through the
"disadvantaged" program you could have lower than a 2.5 and still be eligible to get into the school.
The controversy began when Allan Bakke applied to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Superior Court of Yolo County stated that Bakke should not be admitted into the
medical school because he failed to show that he would actually be admitted if there was no special
admissions program. Both sides appealed because Regents of the University of California didn 't
believe it was unconstitutional and Bakke wanted to be admitted into the medical program.
The next step was onto The Supreme Court of California. They said the same exact thing that the
Superior Court of Yolo County said, however they said that Bakke should be admitted into the
medical program because the University, not Bakke, failed to show that he would not be admitted
without the specialty program. Regents of the University of California appealed this because both
courts did not agree with the points that they made.
Petition before the Supreme Court:
Both sides had major arguments and reasons why they thought their side was right. Regents of the
University of California said that their special admissions program helped limit discrimination in
our society. Medical schools normally were discriminatory towards minors (by the admission
process based of credentials) so this program helped ease that problem. The Regents of the
University of California also stated that the program will help poor communities by giving them
physicians that will want to go and help out the cause of where they grew up. Regents of the

The Pros And Cons Of The Seventh Amendment
The ninth amendment is U.S. citizens are guaranteed their rights that are not listed on the
Constitution, such as the right to privacy. Some court cases that are tied with the ninth amendment is
the Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), City of
Richmond v. J.A. Orson Co (1989), Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000), and Grutter v. Bollinger.
Griswold v. Connecticut was argued on March 28–29, 1965 and the decision of the Supreme Court
was decided on June 7, 1965. It was questioned whether or not the Constitution protected the rights
of marital privacy (limits government intrusion into private family matters) against restrictions for a
couple to receive counseling on using contraceptives. Mrs. Griswold had given counseling to a
married couple that had wanted to use birth control and it was against Connecticut law to do so. The
Supreme Court's ruling was that married couples have the right to privacy and the law was declared
unconstitutional as it violated the right of privacy. Married couples have the right to private privacy.
The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke was argued on October 12, 1977 and decision
of the Supreme Court was decided on June 26, 1978. It was questioned if the University of
California violated the Equal Protection Clause and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by having an
affirmative action policy that led to repeated rejection of Bakke's application for admission to UC
medical school at Davis.

What Is Race-Based Affirmative Action?
The implementation of race–based affirmative action policies for college admission has been a
controversial issue that has made its way into Supreme Court cases. Some argue that it is to counter
racial inequality that minorities have suffered from while others believe affirmative action enforces
reverse racism. The unconstitutionality of affirmative action has gone through the justice system and
been addressed by the Supreme Court multiple times in cases such as Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke [1978] and Gratz v. Bollinger [2003]. Changes must be made to ensure all
student applicants are treated fairly in the college admissions process. Racial quota systems in state
supported universities violate both the Civil Rights Act ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bollinger [2003] , a 43–year–old white female applicant was rejected from the University of
Michigan despite being in the 86th percentile nationally on the Law School Admissions Test. During
the litigation, university officials admitted that Grutter would have been accepted into the school if
she was African American, Hispanic, or Native American. The Supreme Court ultimately declared
the law school's policy to be legal in a five–to–four judgement because the justices believed it was
"narrowly tailored" to create a diverse student body. The narrow tailoring system has been legalized
but it has been put under heavy scrutiny. An admissions process can't establish quotas for members
of certain racial groups or have separate admissions tracks for different races. This loophole for
affirmative action is inefficient

Supreme Court Ruling Summary
What was the Supreme Court ruling?
The Supreme Court ruled announced their ruling on June 28, 1978 but there was not a majority
opinion. Four major justices, Rehnquist, Stewart, Burger, and Stevens, voted against the minority
admission program for all school because it violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The other four
justices, Marshall, Brennan, White, and Blackmun, voted that the affirmative action is acceptable
within certain areas. However, the plurality opinion was given by Justice Powell. This gave the
ruling a 5–4 in favor of Allan Bakke. Powell gave his opinion that the using racial quotas as the
deciding factor of one's admission was violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. However, affirmative action is permissible by Universities but only if used alongside
with other factors. This meant that Universities had to discontinue their quota system for minorities
and that UC Davis violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. Under these
circumstances Allan Bakke was allowed to attend UC Davis.
The main arguments
UC Davis appealed and filed a petition for writ of certiorari in December 1976 because Superior
Court of California ruled that UC Davis needed to shut down their minority program due to equal
rights for every race. In order for the Supreme Court to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case was based around race and how it
violated the Fourteenth Amendment. This is a landmark case because it did not only show that
minorities are protected by the Fourteenth Amendment but majorities as well. The ruling on this
case also allowed institutions to use affirmative action in favor with other factors to a person's
advantage. Any government funded institution can use affirmative action such as employment or
admission to a

Race To Equality Essay
Race to Equality
In 1959, 55.1% of the black population were living in poverty. (Historical Statistics of the United
States: Millennial Edition) It is known that colored people were not privileged, or even treated
respectably as human, until the civil rights movement took place. Many situations were found where
judgment among humans of a different race, other than white, were unfair. Three cases in the
Supreme Court concerning colored races were unjustly ruled during the Civil Rights movement:
Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education, Loving v. Virginia, Regents of the University
of California v. Bakke.
In the case of Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board of Education, Swann did not think that it was
fair to segregate students in school. Furthermore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This case, Loving v. Virginia, denied a black woman and a white man to marry. Ignorantly
overlooking this law, Mildred and Richard Loving thus decided to wed anyway. This caused them
both to receive a year of prison, which they thought was quite unfair. After taking their trial to the
Supreme Court, the state of Virginia verdicts that "a felony for a white person to intermarry with a
black person or the reverse."(Loving v. Virginia) The case of Loving v. Virginia greatly impacted the
Civil Rights Movement by allowing interracial marriage.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke was a case that encouraged equality throughout the
education system. The Davis Medical School allows 100 applicants into the school, 16 being of
minorities, or colored races. Bakke was denied entry into the Davis Medical School: "despite having
scores higher than minority student admitted into the school under a special quota system."(Regents
of the University of California v. Bakke) This experience encouraged people to create equality
between the races, consequently adding to the Civil Rights

Court Case: The Constitutionality And Limitations Of...
Court Case––May 2014
Regents of the University of California V. Bakke (1978)
Issue Involved:
Reverse Discrimination/The Constitutionality and Limitations of Affirmative Action
Background on Affirmative Action:
Definition of Affirmative Action:
"A set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination between applicants, remedy the
results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future." Cornell
University Law School
March 6, 1961: John F. Kennedy signs Executive Order 10925
Sec. 301 (Paragraph 1):
" . . . [Government] contractor[s] will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed,
and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or
national origin."
July 6, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signs The Civil Rights Act, which prohibits racial
discrimination and mentions the use of "affirmative action to overcome the effects of prior
discrimination."
June 4, 1965: President Johnson speaks at Harvard University
"You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up
to the starting line of a race and then say, "you are free to compete with all the others," and still
justly believe that you have been completely fair."
June 28, 1978: Regents of California V. Bakke.
Background:
Allan Bakke applied twice (in 1973 and 1974) to be accepted into the Medical School at the
University of California at Davis, but

Essay On Affirmative Action In College Admissions
Affirmative Action in College Admissions Should Be Abolished
Every year, millions of students apply to colleges and universities in the United States. The status of
their application, whether they get accepted to or rejected by the school of their dreams, may
ultimately be determined by two words: affirmative action. The Merriam–Webster dictionary defines
affirmative action as an effort to correct past injustices, means to right the wrongs of the past,
positive steps to correct past discrimination (Affirmative 1). However, for those exceedingly
qualified members of a majority group who do not get accepted while less qualified minority
members do, affirmative action begins to insinuate reverse discrimination, the unfair treatment of
members of majority groups resulting from preferential policies, as in college admissions or
employment, intended to remedy earlier discrimination against minorities (Reverse 1). Affirmative
action is a topic of contention that has been disputed in the court systems for roughly four decades.
It is now time that affirmative action in college admissions be abolished because it erroneously
implies that diversity is more imperative than merit and unjustifiably discriminates ... Show more
University of Texas Law School. Hopwood contended that diversity in education was not a
compelling state interest (Brunner 5). The conservative Justices also expressed concern that under
the affirmative action system wealthy African American applicants received preferential treatment
(Leonhardt 1). Justice Alito refuted that those applicants should not receive preferential treatment
over white applicants from humbler backgrounds (3). The Supreme Court concluded that the
affirmative action system in place at the University of Texas Law School benefited African
Americans and Mexicans "to the detriment of whites and non–preferred minorities (Cummings

Discrimination In Court Cases
Every mystery novel needs a detective. They are the ones who investigate, gather clues, and
eventually solve a crime. During their odyssey for the truth, detectives get to carefully examine
every nook and shadow in hopes of finding something that points them in the way to the solution.
Under Article III of the Constitution, the United States of America was given a detective: The
Supreme Court. This court, when searching for a constitutionally based sign telling the justices to
vote one way or another, can subject the petitioner or respondent to the highest level of analysis –
strict scrutiny – to see if the actions of one party was permissible by law. One such case that
required the justices to apply strict scrutiny was the Regents of the University ... Show more content
One long–term effect was that both California and Washington adopted constitutional amendments
denying preferential treatment based on race or sex in governmental programs. On the other hand, a
short term effect was that with the new "race blind" application system, the entering class at UC
Davis Medical School in 1998 only had five African Americans and three Hispanic students, and the
entering class at the university's law school in Berkeley that same year contained not a single
African American student. Because of the sudden drop in admitted minorities, the decision of the
court only furthered the controversy of Affirmative Action, and if a "quota" based application is
necessary. After winning the case, Bakke went on to graduate from the school and received his
medical degree in

Essay On Roe Vs Wade
Roe v. Wade Roe v. Wade was a Supreme Court ruling made in 1973 about the legality of abortion.
The essential ruling in the case was the women could legally have an abortion through the first
trimester of their pregnancy and that, after that, abortions could be regulated by the state. The case
was fought by Roe, an unmarried, pregnant women who argued that the ban on abortion went
against her rights and privacy This decision was a landmark one in the Supreme Court due because
it ruled abortion as legal, which had never been done before. The Fourteenth Amendment,
specifically the due process clause, was the piece of legislation cited in the ruling of this case. This
decision is also important because it is still referenced nowadays.
Bakke v. Regents of CA The case of Bakke v. Regents of California was one in which Bakke, a
white applicant to the University, was denied acceptance even though people of minority ... Show
It is also important because of the limitations that it placed on the Affirmative Action program and
the fact that the court was divided on this ruling.
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services Webster v. Reproductive Health Services was a 1989
decision in which the Supreme Court upheld legislation from Missouri that prevented an publically
funded establishments for abortion, even if none of the funds used for the abortions were public, and
prevented public from performing abortions on women whose lives weren't in danger among other
things. This decision was important because, although it did not completely overturn the Roe v.
Wade decision of several years back, it did severely limits the protections on abortion that had been
put in place by Roe v. Wade. It is also important because this decision caused several other states to
pass similar legislation.
Planned Parenthood v.

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