The document discusses representing complex numbers geometrically using vectors on an Argand diagram. It explains that complex numbers can be represented as vectors, with addition of complex numbers corresponding to placing the vectors head to tail and subtraction corresponding to head to head placement. It also discusses properties like the triangle inequality for complex number operations and representing multiplication as scaling of the vector.

1. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers

2. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.

3. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.
y
x

4. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.
y
z  x  iy
x

5. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.
y
z  x  iy
x

6. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.
y
z  x  iy
x
The advantage of using vectors is that they can be moved around the
Argand Diagram

7. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.
y
z  x  iy
x
The advantage of using vectors is that they can be moved around the
Argand Diagram

8. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.
y
z  x  iy
x
The advantage of using vectors is that they can be moved around the
Argand Diagram
No matter where the vector is placed its length (modulus) and the angle
made with the x axis (argument) is constant

9. Geometrical Representation of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented on the Argand Diagram as vectors.
y
z  x  iy
A vector always
x represents
HEAD minus TAIL
The advantage of using vectors is that they can be moved around the
Argand Diagram
No matter where the vector is placed its length (modulus) and the angle
made with the x axis (argument) is constant

10. Addition / Subtraction

11. Addition / Subtraction
y
x

12. Addition / Subtraction
y
z1
x

13. Addition / Subtraction
y
z2
z1
x

14. Addition / Subtraction
y
z2
z1
x
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”

15. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
z1
x
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”

16. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
z1
x
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”

17. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
z1
x
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)

18. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
z1
x
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)

19. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
z1
x
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)

20. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
NOTE :
z1 the parallelogram formed by adding
vectors has two diagonals;
x
z1  z2 and z1  z2
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)

21. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
NOTE :
z1 the parallelogram formed by adding
vectors has two diagonals;
x
z1  z2 and z1  z2
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)

22. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
NOTE :
z1 the parallelogram formed by adding
vectors has two diagonals;
x
z1  z2 and z1  z2
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)
Trianglar Inequality
In any triangle a side will be shorter than the sum of the other two sides

23. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
NOTE :
z1 the parallelogram formed by adding
vectors has two diagonals;
x
z1  z2 and z1  z2
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)
Trianglar Inequality
In any triangle a side will be shorter than the sum of the other two sides
In ABC; AC  AB  BC

24. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
NOTE :
z1 the parallelogram formed by adding
vectors has two diagonals;
x
z1  z2 and z1  z2
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)
Trianglar Inequality
In any triangle a side will be shorter than the sum of the other two sides
In ABC; AC  AB  BC
(equality occurs when AC is a straight line)

25. Addition / Subtraction
z1  z2
y
z2
NOTE :
z1 the parallelogram formed by adding
vectors has two diagonals;
x
z1  z2 and z1  z2
z1  z2
To add two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to tail”
To subtract two complex numbers, place the vectors “head to head” (or
add the negative vector)
Trianglar Inequality
In any triangle a side will be shorter than the sum of the other two sides
In ABC; AC  AB  BC
(equality occurs when AC is a straight line)
z1  z2  z1  z2

26. Addition
If a point A represents z1 and point B
represents z 2 then point C representing
z1  z2 is such that the points OACB
form a parallelogram.

27. Addition
If a point A represents z1 and point B
represents z 2 then point C representing
z1  z2 is such that the points OACB
form a parallelogram.
Subtraction
If a point D represents  z1
and point E represents z2  z1
then the points ODEB form a
parallelogram.
Note: AB  z2  z1
arg z2  z1   

28. e.g.1995 y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w

29. e.g.1995 y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w

30. e.g.1995 y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w
The length of OP is z

31. e.g.1995 y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w
The length of OP is z
The length of OQ is w

32. e.g.1995 y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w
The length of OP is z
The length of OQ is w
The length of PQ is z  w

33. e.g.1995 y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w
The length of OP is z
Using the triangula r inequality on OPQ
The length of OQ is w
zw  z  w
The length of PQ is z  w

34. e.g.1995 y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w
The length of OP is z
Using the triangula r inequality on OPQ
The length of OQ is w
zw  z  w
The length of PQ is z  w
(ii) Construct the point R representing z + w, What can be said about the
quadrilateral OPRQ?

35. e.g.1995 R y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w
The length of OP is z
Using the triangula r inequality on OPQ
The length of OQ is w
zw  z  w
The length of PQ is z  w
(ii) Construct the point R representing z + w, What can be said about the
quadrilateral OPRQ?

36. e.g.1995 R y
Q
P
O x
The diagram shows a complex plane with origin O.
The points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w respectively.
Thus the length of PQ is z  w
i  Show that z  w  z  w
The length of OP is z
Using the triangula r inequality on OPQ
The length of OQ is w
zw  z  w
The length of PQ is z  w
(ii) Construct the point R representing z + w, What can be said about the
quadrilateral OPRQ?
OPRQ is a parallelogram

37. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z

38. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
zw  zw

39. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =

40. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

41. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2

42. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2
w 
arg 
z 2

43. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2
w  w
 is purely imaginary
arg 
z 2 z

44. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2
w  w
 is purely imaginary
arg 
z 2 z
Multiplication

45. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2
w  w
 is purely imaginary
arg 
z 2 z
Multiplication
z1 z2  z1 z2

46. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2
w  w
 is purely imaginary
arg 
z 2 z
Multiplication
z1 z2  z1 z2 arg z1 z2  arg z1  arg z2

47. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2
w  w
 is purely imaginary
arg 
z 2 z
Multiplication
z1 z2  z1 z2 arg z1 z2  arg z1  arg z2
r1cis1  r2cis 2  r1r2cis1   2 

48. w
iii  If z  w  z  w , what can be said about ?
z
z  w  z  w i.e. diagonals in OPRQ are =
OPRQ is a rectangle

arg w  arg z 
2
w  w
 is purely imaginary
arg 
z 2 z
Multiplication
z1 z2  z1 z2 arg z1 z2  arg z1  arg z2
r1cis1  r2cis 2  r1r2cis1   2 
i.e. if we multiply z1 by z2 , the vector z1 is rotated anticlockwise by  2
and its length is multiplied by r2

49. If we multiply z1 by cis the vector
OA will rotate by an angle of  in an
anti-clockwise direction. If we
multiply by rcis it will also multiply
the length of OA by a factor of r

50. If we multiply z1 by cis the vector
OA will rotate by an angle of  in an
anti-clockwise direction. If we
multiply by rcis it will also multiply
the length of OA by a factor of r
 
Note: cos  i sin  i  iz1 will rotate OA anticlockwise 90 degrees.
2 2

51. If we multiply z1 by cis the vector
OA will rotate by an angle of  in an
anti-clockwise direction. If we
multiply by rcis it will also multiply
the length of OA by a factor of r
 
Note: cos  i sin  i  iz1 will rotate OA anticlockwise 90 degrees.
2 2

Multiplica tion by i is a rotation anticlockwise by
2

52. If we multiply z1 by cis the vector
OA will rotate by an angle of  in an
anti-clockwise direction. If we
multiply by rcis it will also multiply
the length of OA by a factor of r
 
Note: cos  i sin  i  iz1 will rotate OA anticlockwise 90 degrees.
2 2

Multiplica tion by i is a rotation anticlockwise by
2
REMEMBER: A vector is HEAD minus TAIL

53. y
B
A 
C
O D(1) x

54. y DC  DA  i
B
A 
C
O D(1) x

55. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C
O D(1) x

56. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)

57. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
B  A  DC

58. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
B  A  DC
B    C 1

59. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
B  A  DC
B    C 1
B      1 i
 i  1  i  

60. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
B  A  DC
B    C 1
B      1 i
 i  1  i  
OR

61. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
B  A  DC
B    C 1
B      1 i
 i  1  i  
OR
B  C  DA

62. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
B  A  DC
B    C 1
B      1 i
 i  1  i  
OR
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)

63. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
B  A  DC
B    C 1
B      1 i
 i  1  i  
OR
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)
 i  1  i  

64. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
OR
B  A  DC
B    C 1
B      1 i
 i  1  i  
OR
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)
 i  1  i  

65. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
OR

B  A  DC DB  2cis  DA
4
B    C 1
B      1 i
 i  1  i  
OR
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)
 i  1  i  

66. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
OR

B  A  DC DB  2cis  DA
4
B    C 1   
B  1  2  cos  i sin  (  1)
B      1 i  4 4
 i  1  i  
OR
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)
 i  1  i  

67. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
OR

B  A  DC DB  2cis  DA
4
B    C 1   
B  1  2  cos  i sin  (  1)
B      1 i  4 4
 i  1  i   B  1  i  (  1)  1
OR
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)
 i  1  i  

68. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
OR

B  A  DC DB  2cis  DA
4
B    C 1   
B  1  2  cos  i sin  (  1)
B      1 i  4 4
 i  1  i   B  1  i  (  1)  1
OR    1  i  i  1
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)
 i  1  i  

69. y DC  DA  i
B
C  1    1 i
A 
C C  1    1 i
O x  1  i   i
D(1)
OR

B  A  DC DB  2cis  DA
4
B    C 1   
B  1  2  cos  i sin  (  1)
B      1 i  4 4
 i  1  i   B  1  i  (  1)  1
OR    1  i  i  1
 i  1  i  
B  C  DA
B  1  i   i  (  1)
 i  1  i  

70. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 

71. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?

72. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i

73. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i
C  2i

74. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i
C  2i
(ii) What complex number corresponds to the point of intersection D of
the diagonals OB and AC?

75. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i
C  2i
(ii) What complex number corresponds to the point of intersection D of
the diagonals OB and AC?
diagonals bisect in a rectangle

76. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i
C  2i
(ii) What complex number corresponds to the point of intersection D of
the diagonals OB and AC?
diagonals bisect in a rectangle
 D  midpoint of AC

77. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i
C  2i
(ii) What complex number corresponds to the point of intersection D of
the diagonals OB and AC?
diagonals bisect in a rectangle
 D  midpoint of AC
AC
D
2

78. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i
C  2i
(ii) What complex number corresponds to the point of intersection D of
the diagonals OB and AC?
  2i
diagonals bisect in a rectangle D
2
 D  midpoint of AC
AC
D
2

79. e.g.2000 B
y
C
A 
O x
In the Argand Diagram, OABC is a rectangle, where OC = 2OA.
The vertex A corresponds to the complex number 
i  What complex number corresponds to C?
OC  OA  2i
C  2i
(ii) What complex number corresponds to the point of intersection D of
the diagonals OB and AC?
  2i
diagonals bisect in a rectangle D
2
 D  midpoint of AC
AC 1 
D  D    i 
2 2 

80. Examples

81. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

82. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3

83. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3
1 3
B  i
2 2

84. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3
1 3
B  i
2 2
OD  OB  i

85. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3
1 3
B  i
2 2
OD  OB  i
D  iB

86. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3
1 3
B  i
2 2
OD  OB  i
D  iB
3 1
D  i
2 2

87. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3
1 3
B  i
2 2
C  B  OD
OD  OB  i
D  iB
3 1
D  i
2 2

88. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3
1 3
B  i
2 2
C  B  OD
OD  OB  i
1 3   3 1 
D  iB C   i  i
D
3 1
 i 2 2   2 2 
2 2

89. Examples

OB  OA cis
3

B  1cis
3
1 3
B  i
2 2
C  B  OD
OD  OB  i
1 3   3 1 
D  iB C   i  i
D
3 1
 i 2 2   2 2 
2 2 1  3  1  3 
C   i
 2   2 

91. (i) AP  AO  i

92. (i) AP  AO  i
P  A  i  O  A

93. (i) AP  AO  i
P  A  i  O  A
P  z1  i0  z1 

94. (i) AP  AO  i
P  A  i  O  A
P  z1  i0  z1 
P  z1  iz1

95. (i) AP  AO  i
P  A  i  O  A
P  z1  i0  z1 
P  z1  iz1
P  1  i z1

96. (i) AP  AO  i
(ii) QB  BO  i
P  A  i  O  A
P  z1  i0  z1 
P  z1  iz1
P  1  i z1

97. (i) AP  AO  i
(ii) QB  BO  i
P  A  i  O  A Q  B  i O  B 
P  z1  i0  z1 
P  z1  iz1
P  1  i z1

98. (i) AP  AO  i
(ii) QB  BO  i
P  A  i  O  A Q  B  i O  B 
P  z1  i0  z1  Q  B  iB
P  z1  iz1
P  1  i z1

99. (i) AP  AO  i
(ii) QB  BO  i
P  A  i  O  A Q  B  i O  B 
P  z1  i0  z1  Q  B  iB
P  z1  iz1 Q  1  i z2
P  1  i z1

100. (i) AP  AO  i
(ii) QB  BO  i
P  A  i  O  A Q  B  i O  B 
P  z1  i0  z1  Q  B  iB
P  z1  iz1 Q  1  i z2 M
PQ
P  1  i z1 2

101. (i) AP  AO  i
(ii) QB  BO  i
P  A  i  O  A Q  B  i O  B 
P  z1  i0  z1  Q  B  iB
P  z1  iz1 Q  1  i z2 M
PQ
P  1  i z1 2
1  i z1  1  i z2
M
2

102. (i) AP  AO  i
(ii) QB  BO  i
P  A  i  O  A Q  B  i O  B 
P  z1  i0  z1  Q  B  iB
P  z1  iz1 Q  1  i z2 M
PQ
P  1  i z1 2
1  i z1  1  i z2
M
2
 z1  z2    z1  z2 i
M
2

103. Exercise 4K; 1 to 8, 11, 12, 13
Exercise 4L; odd
Terry Lee: Exercise 2.6