Several types-of-internal-and-external-combustion-engines developed in different ages by different manufacturers.

1. Internal and External
Combustion
Engines developed
by Different
Manufacturers

3. Early automobiles
• Steam-powered
1. Thomas Savery: in 1698, patented the first practical,
atmospheric pressure, steam engine of 1 horsepower (750 W).
2. Thomas Newcomen: in 1712, developed the first
commercially successful piston steam engine of 5 horsepower
(3,700 W)
3. James Watt: in 1781, patented a steam engine that
produced continued rotary motion with a power of about 10
horsepower (7,500 W).

4. Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version
• 17th and 18th centuries
Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to transport
people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-
Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his ("steam dray"), an experimental
steam-driven artillery tractor
• 19th centuries: The first carriage-sized automobile in the
United States was a steam powered vehicle invented in 1871, by
Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church

5. • 1862: The German Nikolaus Otto begins to
manufacture a no compression gas Lenoir engine
with a free piston.
• 1863: Nikolaus Otto, patented in England and
other countries his first atmospheric gas engine.
Otto was the first to build and sell this type of
compression less engine designed with an indirect-
acting free-piston

6. Internal Combustion Engines:
• Internal combustion engines are
combustion engines which burn their
fuel internally in a combustion
chamber.

7. Two-stroke engine:
• Two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a
type of internal combustion engine
which completes a power cycle with
two strokes (up and down movements)
of the piston during only one crankshaft
revolution.

8. Fig: 2-stroke engine

9. Four-stroke engine
• A four-stroke engine (also known as
four cycle) is an internal combustion
(IC) engine in which the piston
completes four separate strokes while
turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to
the full travel of the piston along the
cylinder, in either direction.

10. Fig: 4-stroke petrol engine

11. THE SIX-STROKE ENGINE
• the automotive industry may soon be revolutionized by a
new six-stroke design which adds a second power stroke,
resulting in a much more efficient and less polluting
alternative.
• The new six-stroke design was developed by 75-year-old
mechanic and tinkerer Bruce Crower, a veteran of the
racing industry. He modified a single-cylinder engine on
his workbench to use the new design, and after
fabricating the parts and assembling the power plant, he
poured in some gas and yanked the starter rope. His
prototype worked.

13. Engine development by FORD
• 4 cylinder
– 1951–1966 Consul 4—(United
Kingdom)
– 1908–1927 Ford Model T engine
• 6 Cylinder
– 1951–1966 Zephyr 6—(United
Kingdom)
– 2006–present SI6—3.0/3.2 L I6
designed by Volvo

14. • 8 Cylinder
– 2005–present: Volvo V8—4.4 L
DOHC 60° V8 produced by Yamaha
Motor
Company in Japan in connection with
Volvo Engine plant Sweden
• 10 Cylinder
– 1997–present: Triton V10—6.8L
SOHC 90° Modular V10 truck engine
• 12 Cylinder
– 1999 – Current: Aston Martin 6.0L
V12

15. Engine developed by TOYOTA
• 2M:
– In March 1967 the 2M with its capacity
increased to 2.3 litres
was released in the MS-45 Crown
• 4M:
– From 1972 the 2.6 litre 4M was powering
the all new MS-60 series Crowns, spouting
more displacement and more load pulling
torque
• 5M:
– Once again in 1980 the M engine gained a
capacity increase to create the 2.8 litre 5M
engine

16. • 5M-GE:
– In 1982 the M engine had a radical change
for the better, gone was the chain driven
single overhead camshaft, the rocker style
valve system, the carburettor, and the
analogue electronic fuel injection system
• 6M-GE:
– Not much information is known on the 6M-
GE as it was never released out of
Japan. Identical to the 5M-GE but 3 litres,
this engine went to power Crowns,
Soarers and other JDM vehicles.
• 7M-GE
– Making its debut in the middle of 1986 in
the new generation MA-70 Supra is the
7M-GE. This 3 litre is the First and only M
series engine to use a 4 valve per cylinder
head. With an awesome 200 horsepower
made this one of the best Japanese inline
production engines of its time

17. Jet engine development
• Pre World War II
– In 1928, RAF College Carnwell cadet Frank
Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbo-
jet to his superiors. In October 1929, he
developed his ideas further. On 16 January
1930 in England, Whittle submitted his first
patent (granted in 1932).The patent showed a
two-stage axial compressor feeding a single-
sided centrifugal compressor.
• Post World War II
– Austrian Anselm Franz of Junkers' engine
division (Junkers Motoren or Jumo) addressed
these problems with the introduction of
theaxial-flow compressor. Essentially, this is a
turbine in reverse. Air coming in the front of the
engine is blown towards the rear of the engine
by a fan stage (convergent ducts), where it is
crushed against a set of non-rotating blades
called stators (divergent ducts).

18. Jet engine developed by BOEING
• The Boeing Company : is an
American multinational corporation that designs,
manufactures, and sells airplanes,
rotorcraft, rockets and satellites.
• The Pratt & Whitney JT8D is a low-
bypass (0.96 to 1) turbofan engine, introduced
by Pratt & Whitney in February 1963 with the
inaugural flight of Boeing's 727
• jet engine powered by lasers and nuclear
explosions Recently, the US Patent and
Trademark Office approved an application from
Boeing's Robert Budica, James Herzberg, and
Frank Chandler for a laser- and nuclear-driven
airplane engine.

19. Engine developed by
• Caterpillar Inc. is an American corporation which
designs, manufactures, markets and
sells machinery, engines etc. Founded in 1925; 90
years ago.
• Caterpillar D9: The Caterpillar D9 is a large
track-type tractor designed and manufactured
by Caterpillar Inc. The D9, with 354 kW (474 hp) of
gross power and an operating weight of 49 tons.

20. • Caterpillar D10 : The Caterpillar D10 is
a track-type tractor manufactured by Caterpillar Inc.
It was the first modern tractor to use the
elevated drive sprocket to improve durability,
operator comfort, and ease of maintenance.
Engine model •CAT C18 ACERT
Gross power •474 hp (353 kW)
Flywheel power •460 hp (340 kW)
Drawbar pull 71.6 tons
Speed •7.3 mph (11.7 km/h) Forward
•9.1 mph (14.6 km/h) Reverse

21. • Caterpillar D11:
Engine model CAT C32 ACERT
Gross power 936 hp (698 kW)
Flywheel power 850 hp (634 kW)