ABOUT TRAINS, BUSES, OLD CAR, NEW CAR, BYCYCLE, ENGINE, OLD ENGINES AND MOTORCYCYCLE. REFRANCE-DK ULTIMATE VISUAL DICTIONARY

1. RAIL AND ROAD
B Y , J A Y S A M P A T
M E C H A N I C A L D E P A R T M E N T
V . V . P . E N G N E E R I N G C O L L A G E ,
R A J K O T

2. RAIL

3. INDEX
• STEAM LOCOMOTIVE
• DIESEL TRAINS
• ELECTIC AND HIGH SPEED TRAIN

4. STEAM LOCOMOTIVES
▪ Steam locomotive enable the basic railway system to realize its true potential. In
1804, Richard Trevithick built the world's first working system locomotive in south
Wales.
▪ By 1829, the British engineer Robert Stephenson had built the "Rocket", considered
to be the forerunner of the modern locomotive.
▪ The "Rocket" was a self-sufficient until, carrying coal to heat the boiler and water
supply for generating steam.
▪ Steam passed from the boiler to force the pistons back and forth, and this
movement turned the driving wheels, propelling the train forwards.

5. PHOTOS OF STEAM LOCOMOTIVE
"ROCKET" STEAM LOCOMOTIVE, 1829 CAB INTERIOR OF "MALLARD" EXPRESS,1938
"ELLERMAN LINES", 1949

6. DIESEL TRAIN
• RUDOLF DIESEL FIRST DEMONSTRATED the diesel engine in Germany in 2898,
but it was not until the 1940s that diesel locomotives were successfully
establised on both passenger and freight services, in US
• Early diesel locomotive like the "Union pacific" were more expensive to build
than steam locomotives, but were more efficient and cheaper to operate,
especially where oil was plentiful.
• Almost all locomotives have electric transmissions, and are known as "diesel-
electric" locomotives
• Diesel-electric locomotives are essentially electic locomotives carry their own
power plants, and are used worldwide today.

7. PHOTOS OF DIESEL TRAINS
"UNION PACIFIC" DIESEL-ELECTIC
LOCOMOTIVE, 1950
"DELTIC" DIESEL-ELECTIC
LOCOMOTIVE, 1956

8. ELECTRIC AND HIGH SPEED TRAIN
• The first locomotive ran in 1879 in Berlin and Germany.
• In Europe, electric trains developed as a more efficient alternative to the steam
locomotive and diesel-electric power.
• Electric current us picked up either from a overhead cable via a pantograph,
from a third rail.
• Since it does not carry its own power-generating equipment, an electric
locomotive has a better power-to-weight ratio and greater acceleration than
its diesel-electric equipment.
• They are also faster, quieter, and less polluting.

9. PHOTOS ELECTIC AND HIGH SPEED
TRAIN
ITALIAN STATE RAILWAS
CLASS 402 ELECTRIC
LOCOMOTIVE
PARIS METRO GATWICK EXPRESS
"PEOPLE MOVER"
"EUROSTAR" MULTI-
VOLTAGE ELECTRIC
TARIN
TGV ELECTRIC HIGH-
SPEED TRAIN

10. ROAD
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

11. INDEX
• TRAMS AND BUSES
• THE FIRST CARS
• EARLY ENGINES
• MORDERN ENGINES
• RACING CARS
• BICYCLES
• THE MOTORCYCLE
• MOTORCYCLE ENGINES

12. TRAMS AND BUSES
• The first trams, like buses,were horse-drawn,but in 1881, electric street
tramways appeared in Berline and Germany
• Trams run on rails along a fixed route,using electric motors that receive
power from overhead cables.
• By the 1930s, they had replaced tram systems in many cities.
• City buses typically have doors at both frontand rear to make loading and
unloading easier.
• Buses are also commonly used for inter-citytravel and touring.

13. PHOTOS OF TRAMS AND BUSES
METROLINK TRAM,
MANCHESTER, BRITAN
MCW METROBUS,
LONDON, BRITAN
SINGLE-DECKER BUS,
NEW YORK, UK
DOUBLE-DECKER
BUS, NEW YORK, UK

14. THE FIRST CAR
• The earliest road vehicle powered by an engine,the Cugnot steam traction engine,was
built in 1770.
• More practical steam carriages,such as the Bordino,were available in the early 19th
century,but they were heavy and cumbersome.
• Restrictive laws and the introduction of railways,faster and able to carry more
passengers,saw the decline of "cars" powered by steam.
• It was not until 1860 that the first practical power unit for road vehicles was developed,
with the invention of the internal combustion engine by Belgian Etienne Lenoir.
• By around 1890,Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler in Germany, and Albert de Dion and
Armand Peugeot in France were building cars for sale to public.

15. PHOTO OF THE FIRST CAR
STEAM-POWERED
CUGNOT "FARDIER", 1770
BORDINO STEAM
CARRIAGE, 1854
PETROL-DRIVEN
BENZ MOTORWAGEN,
1886

16. EARLY ENGINES
• Electric cars had to stop frequently to recharge their heavy batteries, and steam cars gave
smooth power delivery but were too complicated for the average motorist to use.
• This engine converted the force of an explosion into rotary motion, to turn the wheels of a
vehicle.
• A rival power source, the internal combustion engine, was invented in 1860 by Etienne
Lenoir.
• Use the four-stroke cycle, first demonstrated by Nikolaus Otto in1876.
• The Otto cycle, often describe as "suck, squeeze, bang, blow", has proved the best method of
ensuring that the engine turns over smoothly and that exhaust emission are controllable.

17. PHOTOS OF EARLY ENGINES
TROJAN TWO-STROKE
ENGINE, 1927
16-HORSEPOWER
HUMBER ENGINE, 1911
DAIMELAR DOUBLE-
SLEEVE VALVE ENGINE,
1910
INDUCTION
STOKE("SUCK")
COMPRRESSION
STROKE("SQUEEZE")
POWER
STROKE("BANG")
EXHAUST
STROKE
("BLOW")

18. MORDERN ENGINES
• Today's petrol engine works on the same basic principles as the first car engine of a
century ago,although it has been greatly refined.
• Computerized ignition systems,fuel injectors,and multi-valve cylinder heads achieve a
more efficient combustion of the fuel/air mixture so that less fuel wasted.
• As a result of this greater efficiency,the power and performance of a modern engine are
increased,and the level of pollution in the exhaust gases is reduced.
• The need to produce ever more efficient engines means that it can take up to seven
years to develop a new engine for a family car, at a cost of many millions of pounds.

19. PHOTOS OF MORDERN ENGINES
JAGUAR STRAIGHT 6 FORD COSWORTH V6
12-VALVE
JAGUAR V12

20. RACING CARS
• Features that are now commonplace, such as disc brakes, turbochargers, and even
safety belts, were used first on competition cars.
• Research into racing cars has contributed to a new understanding of engine
performance, aerodynamics, and tyre adhesion, and has led to the development of
ultra-light materials such as carbon-fiber for car bodies.
• Like the 1957 Bugatti Type 57S below, s modern Williams Formula One car as low,
streamlined body and an open cockpit, but, unlike its forerunner, it also has a front
wing that puches the front wheels firmly on to the track, huge slick tyres for extra
grip, and electrical sensors that continually relay information to the pits about car's
performance.

21. PHOTOS OF RACING CARS
1937 BUGATTI TYPE 57S
WILLIAMS 1990 FORMULA ONE
RACING CAR

22. BICYCLES
• A racing bike,such as the Eddy Merckx model,with its light frame and steep head and
seat angles,is built for speed.
• While a touring bike resembles the racing bike in many respects,it is designed for
comfort and stability on long-distance journeys.
• All-round bicycles,known as "hybrids", combine the light weight and speed of sports
bikes with the rugged durability of mountain bikes
• Bicycles that are not designed for conventional road use include time-trailbikes,which
have short head tube,sloping top tube,"aero" handlebars,and aerodynamic tubing.
• Essential to the safety of all riders are helmets,and both front and rear lights; locks
protect against theft.

23. PHOTOS OF BICYCLES
EDDY MERCKX RACING
BICYCLE
CANNONDALE SH600
HYBRID BICYCLE
CANNONDALE ST1000
TOURING BICYCLE
ROSSIN ITALIAN TIME-TRIAL
BICYCLE
WINDCHEETAH SL MARK
VI "SPEEDY" RACING
BICYCLE

24. THE MOTORCYCLE
• In 1901, the Werner brothers established the most viable location for the engine by
positioning it low in the center of the chassis
• Motorcycle are used for many purposes for commuting, delivering message,
touring, and racing
• The vespa scooter, for instance, which is small-wheeled, economical, and easy-to-
ride, was designed to meet the needs of the commuter
• Sidecars provided transport for the family until the arrival of cheap cars caused
their popularity to decline.
• Despite advances in motorcycle technology, many riders are attracted to the
traditional looks of motorcycle like twin-cylinder harley-Davidson.

25. PHOTOS OF THE MOTORCYCLE
1965 BMW R/20 1901 WERNER
MOTORCYCLE
1988 HARLEY-
DAVIDSON FLHS
GLIDE
1969 HONDA CB750 1963 VESPA GRAND
SPORT MARK 160

26. MOTORCYCLE ENGINE
• Motorcycle engines must be light-weight and compact, and have a good power
output.
• They have between one and six cylinders, can be cooled by air or water, and
capacity of the combustion chamber varies from 49cc(cubic centimeters) to 1500cc.
• Two types of internal combustion engine are common: the four-stroke, which is
used in car, and the two-stroke.
• A basic two-stroke engines ha only three moving parts – the crankshaft, the
connecting rod, and the piston – but the power output is high.
• Power is conveyed from the engine to the rear wheel by the transmission system.

27. PHOTOS OF MOTORCYCLE ENGINE
GEAR BOX MULTIPLATE CLUTCH O RING DRIVE CHAIN
STANDARD TWO-
STROKE ENGINE
VELOCETTE
OVERHEAD VALVE
ENGINE

28. THANK YOU
REFERNCE- DK ULTIMATE VISUAL
DICTIONARY