report of air powered cars

Axis Institute of Technology & Management
Mechanical Engineering Department 1
Content
S.No. Chapter Page no.
1. Introduction 2
2. History 4
3. Engine Design 7
4. Basic Principle of Engine 9
5. Working Process 10
6. Vehicle parts 12
7. Models
8. Developers and Manufacturer
9. Advantage
10. Disadvantage
10. Conclusion

Chapter-1
Introduction
We know that our world is facing fuel crisis now. All kinds of conventional
source of fuels are on the verge of exhaustion. Gasoline which has been the
main source of fuel for the history of cars, is becoming more and more
expensive. These factors are leading car manufacturers to develop cars fueled
by alternative energies. An Air Car is a car that can run on compressed air
alone without the use of conventional fuels used in present day automobiles.
The car is powered by an air engine. The air engine is an emission-free piston
engine using compressed air. The engines are similar to steam engines as they
use the expansion of externally supplied pressurized gas to perform work
against a piston.
For practical application to transportation, several technical problems must
be first addressed:
 As the pressurized air expands, it is cooled, which limits the efficiency.
This cooling reduces the amount of energy that can be recovered by
expansion, so practical engines apply ambient heat to increase the
expansion available.
 Conversely, the compression of the air by pumps (to pressurize the tanks)
will heat the air. If this heat is not recovered it represents a further loss of
energy and so reduces efficiency.
 Storage of air at high pressure requires strong containers, which if not
made of exotic materials will be heavy, reducing vehicle efficiency, while
exotic materials (such as carbon fibre composites) tend to be expensive.

 Energy recovery in a vehicle during braking by compressing air also
generates heat, which must be conserved for efficiency.
It should be noted that the air engine is not truly emission-free, since the power
to compress the air initially usually involves emissions at the point of
generation.

Chapter-2
History
Compressed air has been used since the 19th century to power mine
locomotives, and was previously the basis of naval torpedo propulsion. Yet
even two centuries before that Dennis Papin apparently came up with the idea
of using compressed air (1687).
In 1903, the Liquid Air Company located in London England manufactured a
number of compressed air and liquefied air cars. The major problem with these
cars and all compressed air cars is the lack of torque produced by the "engines"
and the cost of compressing the air.
Recently several companies have started to develop compressed air cars,
although none have been released to the public, or have been tested by third
parties.
It cannot be claimed that compressed air as an energy and locomotion vector is
precisely recent technology. In fact at the end of the 19th century the first
approximations to what could one day become a compressed air driven vehicle
already existed, through the arrival of the first pneumatic locomotives.
The first recorded compressed-air vehicle in France was built by the Frenchmen
Andraud and Tessie of Motay in 1838. A car ran on a test track at Chaillot on
the 9th July 1840, and worked well, but the idea was not pursued further.
Also in 1896, Porter supplied ten compressed air motor cars for the Eckington
System in Washington, D.C. There was a tank on the front of the engine and it
was recharged at the station.

Between 1890 and 1902 ten compressed air trams circulated in Bern,
Switzerland.
Charles B. Hodges will always be remembered as the true father of the
compressed air conceptapplied to cars, being the first person, not only to invent
a car driven by a compressed air engine but also to have considerable
commercial success with it.
After years of working on a system for driving an automobile by means of
compressed air Louis C. Kiser, a 77 year old from Decatur USA has succeeded
in converting his gasoline engine into an air compressed system. Kiser removed
the entire gasoline line, the cylinder head, water-cooling system, and self-
starter. A special cylinder head is substituted and a compressed-air tank added
in place of the gasoline tank.
In 1926 Lee Barton Williams of Pittsburgh USA presented his invention: an
automobile which, he claims runs on air. The motor starts on gasoline, but after
it has reached a speed of ten miles an hour the gasoline supply is shut off and
the air starts to work. At the first test his invention attained a speed of 62 miles
an hour.

The first hybrid diesel and compressed air locomotive appeared in 1930, in
Germany. The pressures brought to bear by the oil industry in the transport
sector were ever greater and the truth of the matter is that they managed to
block investigation in this field.
In 1976 Ray Starbard from Vacaville, California developed a truck that is able
to drive on compressed air. He felt that he had invented the power system of the
future, a system that would greatly change the automotive face of the world.
´It’s the car of the future, there’s absolutely no doubt in my mind´
In 1979, Terry Miller decided that compressed air was the perfect medium for
storing energy. He developed Air Car One, which he built for $ 1,500. Terry’s
engines showed that it was feasible to manufacture a car that could run on
compressed air. He patented his method in 1983.
Currently the tram association in Bern Switzerland (BTG) is developing a
locomotive according to the original plans. It is expected to be ready in 2010.
At present various persons and companies are developing compressed air
motors applicable to transportation, apart from the many companies that
produce and commercialize compressed air motors for industrial purposes.

Chapter-3
Engine Design
It uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons in a modified
piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of
environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the otherwise cold expanded
air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion has the potential to
greatly increase the efficiency of the machine. The only exhaust gas is cold air
(−15 °C), which may also be used for air conditioning in a car. The source for
air is a pressurized glass or carbon-fiber tank holding air at around 3,000 lbf/in²
(20 MPa). Air is delivered to the engine via a rather conventional injection
system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time during which
the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a two stage process allows
improved heat transfer rates.
The Armando Regusci's version of the air engine has several advantages
over the original Guy Nègre's one. In the initial Guy Nègre's air engine, one
piston compresses air from the atmosphere, holding it on a small container that
feeds the high pressure air tanks with a small amount of air. Then that portion of
the air is sent to the second piston where it works. During compression for
heating it up, there is a loss of energy due to the fact that it cannot receive
energy from the atmosphere as the atmosphere is less warm than it. Also, it has
to expand as it has the crank. The Guy Nègre's air engine works with constant
torque, and the only way to change the torque to the wheels is to use a pulley
transmission of constant variation, losing efficiency. In the Regusci's version,
the transmission system is direct to the wheel, and has variable torque from zero
to the maximum with all the efficiency. When vehicle is stopped, Guy Nègre's

engine has to be on and working, losing energy, while the Regusci's version has
not.
In July 2004, Guy Nègre abandoned his original design, and showed later a
new design where he stated to have it invented back in year 2001, but his new
design is identical to the Armando Regusci's air engine which was patented
back in 1989 (Uruguay) with the patent number 22976, and back in 1990
(Argentina). In those same patents, it is mentioned the use of electrical motors
to compress air in the tanks.

Chapter-4
Basic principle of engine
It uses an innovative system to control the movement of the 2nd generation
pistons and one single crankshaft. The pistons work in two stages - one motor
stage and one intermediate stage of compression/expansion. The engine has 4
two-stage pistons, i.e. 8compression and/or expansion chambers. They have two
functions: to compress ambient air and refill the storage tanks; and to make
successive expansions (reheating air with ambient thermal energy) there by
approaching isothermal expansion. Figure 3 shows the compressed air engine.
Two technologies have been developed to meet different needs:
: - Single energy compressed air engines; and
: - Dual energy compressed air plus fuel engines.
The single energy engines will be available in both Minicats and City cats.
These engines have been conceived for city use, where the maximum speed is
50 km/h and where MDI believes polluting will soon be prohibited.
The dual energy engine, on the other hand, has been conceived as much for the
city as the open road and will be available in all MDI vehicles. The engines will
work exclusively with compressed air while it is running under 50 km/h in
urban areas. But when the car is used outside urban areas at speeds over
50km/h, the engines will switch to fuel mode. The engine will be able to use
gasoline, gas oil, bio-diesel, gas, liquidized gas, ecological fuel, alcohol, etc.
Both engines will be available with2, 4 and 6 cylinders, when the air tanks are
empty the driver will be able to switch to fuel mode, thanks to the car’s on
board computer.

Chapter-5
Working Process
Air powered cars run on compressed air instead of gasoline. Since the car is
working on air there is no pollution. A two cylinder, compressed air engine,
powers the car. The engine can run either on compressed air alone or act as an
internal combustion engine. Compressed air is stored in fiber or glass fiber tanks
at a pressure of 4351 pounds per square inch. The air is fed through an air
injector to the engine and flows into a small chamber, which expands the air. The
air pushing down on the piston moves the crankshaft, which gives the vehicle
power.
This car is also working on a hybrid version of their engine that can run on
traditional fuel in combination with air. The change of energy source is
controlled electronically. When the car is moving at speeds below 60kph, it runs
on air. At higher speeds, it runs on a fuel such as gasoline diesel or natural gas.

1. The first piston takes in ambient air and compresses it to approximately
300 psi and in the compression chamber during the first cycle of the engine.
2. When the piston pause, a small amount of compressed air from the tanks
is released into the expansion chamber to create a low pressured, low
temperature volume of about 140psi.
3. Shortly before the valve to the exhaust cylinder is opened, a high-speed
shutter connects the compression and expansion chambers. The sudden
pressure and temperature difference between the low chambers creates
pressure waves in the expansion chamber, thereby producing work in the
exhaust chamber that drives the piston to power the engine.
The air tanks for storing the compressed air are localized underneath the
vehicle. They are constructed of reinforced carbon fiber with a thermoplastic
liner. Each tank can hold 3,180 ft3 of air at a pressure of up to 4,300 psi. When
connected to a special compressor station, the tanks can be recharged within 3-
4 minutes. They can also be recharged using the on-board compressor3-4 hours
after connecting to a standard power outlet.

Chapter-6
Vehicle Parts
Articulated con-rod
The MDI con-rod system allows the piston to be held at Top Dead Centre
for 70% of the cycle. This way, enough time is given to create the pressure in
the cylinder. The torque is also better so the force exerted on the crankshaft is
less substantial than in a classic system.
Fig 6. Articulated con-rod
Gear box
Gear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system developed by
MDI. A computer which controls the speed of the car is effectively
continuously changing gears. The latest of many previous versions, this gearbox
achieves the objective of seamless changes and minimal energy consumption.

Moto-alternator
The moto-alternator connects the engine to the gearbox. It has many functions:
 It supports the CAT´s motor to allow the tanks to be refilled.
 As an alternator it produces brake power.
 It starts the vehicle and provides extra power when necessary.
Distribution and valves
To ensure smooth running and to optimize energy efficiency, the engines use
a simple electromagnetic distribution system which controls the flow of air into
the engine. This system runs on very little energy and alters neither the valve
phase nor its rise.
Fig 7. Distribution valve
Compressed air tanks
Compressed air tanks are one of the major part of this cars. These tanks hold 90
cubic meters of air compressed to 300 bars. It is similar to the tanks used to
carry the liquid gas used by buses for public transport. The tanks enjoy the same

technology developed to contain natural gas. They are designed and officially
approved to carry an explosive product: methane gas.
In the case of a major accident, where the tanks are ruptured, they would
not explode since they are not metal. Instead they would crack, as they are made
of carbon fiber. An elongated crack would appear in the tank, without
exploding, and the air would simply escape, producing a loud but harmless
noise. Of course, since this technology is licensed to transport an inflammable
and explosive gas (Natural gas), it is perfectly capable inoffensive and non-
flammable air.
It is fitting, therefore, that MDI has reached an agreement with the European
leader in aerospace technology air bus industries for the manufacture of the
compressed air storage tanks. With a remote supervision arrangement, Airbus
Industries oversees the making of the storage tanks at each MDI factory. The
coiled carbon fibre technology used in the construction of the tanks is complex
and requires a substantial quality control process which the multinational
company, home of the Airbus aircraft, will provide for our vehicles.
Brake power recovery
The MDI vehicles will be equipped with a range of modern systems. For
example, one mechanism stops the engine when the car is stationary (at traffic
lights, junctions etc). Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system which
recovers about 13% of the power used.
The body
The MDI car body is built with fibre and injected foam, as are most of the
cars on the market today. This technology has two main advantages: cost and

weight. Nowadays the use of sheet steel for car bodies is only because of cost -
it is cheaper to serially produce sheet steel bodies than fibre ones. However,
fibre is safer (it doesn’t cut like steel), is easier to repair (it is glued), doesn’t
rust etc. MDI is currently looking into using hemp fibre to replace fibre-glass,
and natural varnishes, to produce 100% non-contaminating bodywork.
The Air Filter
The MDI engine works with both air taken from the atmosphere and air
pre-compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the on-board compressor or at
service stations equipped with a high-pressure compressor. Before compression,
the air must be filtered to get rid of any impurities that could damage the engine.
Carbon filters are used to eliminate dirt, dust, humidity and other particles,
which unfortunately, are found in the air in our cities.
This represents a true revolution in automobiles - it is the first time that a
car has produced minus pollution, i.e. it eliminates and reduces existing
pollution rather than emitting dirt and harmful gases. The exhaust pipe on the

MDI cars produces clean air, which is cold on exit (between -15º and 0º) and is
harmless to human life. With this system the air that comes out of the car is
cleaner than the air that went in.
The chassis
Based on its experience in aeronautics, MDI has put together highly resistant,
yet light, chassis, aluminium rods glued together. Using rods enables us to build
a more shock-resistant chassis than regular chasses. Additionally, the rods are
glued in the same way as aircraft, allowing quick assembly and a more secure
join than with welding. This system helps to reduce manufacture time.

Electrical system
Guy Nègre, inventor of the MDI Air Car, acquired the patent for an
interesting invention for installing electrics in a vehicle. Using a radio
transmission system, each electrical component receives signals with a
microcontroller. Thus only one cable is needed for the whole car. So, instead of
wiring each component (headlights, dashboard lights, lights inside the car, etc),
one cable connects all electrical parts in the car. The most obvious advantages
are the ease of installation and repair and the removal of the approximately 22
kg of wires no longer necessary. What’s more, the entire system becomes an
anti-theft alarm as soon as the key is removed from the car.
Refilling of air
Three modes of fuelling tank:
 Air Stations
 Domestic electric plug
 Dual-energy mode
1. The air can be filled at our home by using Air Compressor, but it requires
3 to 4 hrs.
2. And the air can be filled in Air Stations and it requires just 2 to 3 minutes.

Chapter-7
Models
a) Family
A spacious car with seats which can face different directions. The vehicle´s
design is based on the needs of a typical family.
Characteristics: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.
Dimensions: 3.84m, 1.72m, 1.75m
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Mileage: 200 - 300 km
Max load: 500 Kg
Recharge 4 hours (Mains connector)

time:
Recharge
time:
3 minutes (Air station)
b) Van
Designed for daily use in industrial, urban or rural environments, whose
primary drivers would be tradesmen, farmers and delivery drivers.
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 2 seats, 1.5 m3.
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum
load:
500 Kg

Recharging
time:
4 hours (Mains connector)
Recharging
time:
c) Taxi
Inspired by the London Taxi, with numerous ergonomic and comfort
advantages for the passenger as well as for the driver.
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 6 seats.
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum
load:
500 Kg
Recharging 4 hours (Mains connector)

time:
Recharging
time:
d) Pick-Up
The "pleasure" car: designed for excursions, outdoor sports or water sports.
Also suitable for tradesmen and small businesses.
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, 2 seats.
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum
load:
500 Kg

Recharging
time:
Recharging
time:
e) Mini Cat’s
The smallest and most innovative: three seats, minimal dimensions with the
boot of a saloon: a great challenge for such a small car which runs on
compressed air. The Minicat is the city car of the future.
Specifications: Airbag, air conditioning, ABS, 3 seats, 1.5 m3.
Weight: 750 kg
Maximum
speed:
110 km/h
Maximum 270 Kg

load:
Recharging
time:
Recharging
time:

Chapter-8
Developers & manufacturers
Various companies are investing in the research, development and deployment
of compressed air cars. Overoptimistic reports of impending production date
back to at least May 1999. For instance, the MDI Air Car made its public debut
in South Africa in 2002, and was predicted to be in production “within six
months” in January2004. As of January 2009, the Air Car never went into
production in South Africa. Most of the cars under development also rely on
using similar technology to low-energy vehicles in order to increase the range
and performance of their cars.
APUC-: APUC (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasi turbine) has
made the APUC Air Car, a car powered by a Quasiturbine.
MDI-: MDI (Motor Development International) has proposed a range of
vehicles made up of Air Pod, OneFlowAir, CityFlowAir. One of the main
innovations of this company is its implementation of its “active chamber”,
which is a compartment which heats the air (through the use of fuel) in order to
double the energy output. This ‘innovation’ was first used in torpedoes in 1904.
Tata Motors-: As of January 2009 Tata Motors of India had planned to launch
a car with an MDI compressed air engine in 2011. In December 2009 Tata’s
vice president of engineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low
engine temperatures were causing problems. Tata motors announced in May
2012 that they have assessed the design passing phase 1, the “proof of the
technical concept” towards full production for the Indian Market. Tata has
moved onto phase 2, “completing detailed development of the compressed air
engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications.”

Air Car Factories SA-: Air Car Factories SA is proposing to develop and built
a compressed air engine. This Spanish based company was founded by Miguel
Celades. Currently there is a bitter dispute between MDI, another firm called
Luis which developed compressed-air vehicles, and Mr. Celades, who was once
associated with that firm.
Like all above more developer & manufacturer are Energine Corporation,
Kernelys, Engineair, Honda, Peugeot/Citroen etc.
Air cars in india:
Tata Motors has signed an agreement with Motor Development International of
France to develop a car that runs on compressed air, thus making it very
economical to run and almost totally pollution free. Although there is no official
word on when the car will be commercially manufactured for India, re-ports say
that it will be sooner than later. The car – Mini CAT - could cost around Rs
350,000 in India and would have a range of around 300 km between refuels.
The cost of a refill would be about Rs 90. In the single energy mode MDI cars
consume around Rs 45 every 100km. Figure 6 shows the proposed air car for
India. The smallest and most innovative (three seats, minimal dimensions with
the boot of a saloon), it is a great challenge for such a small car which runs on
compressed air. The Mini CAT is the city car of the future.

Other developments in compressed air car technology:
Currently some new technologies regarding compressed air cars have emerged.
A Republic of Korean company has created a pneumatic hybrid electric vehicle
car engine that runs on electricity and compressed air. The engine, which
powers a pneumatic-hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), works alongside an electric
motor to create the power source. The system eliminates the need for fuel,
making the PHEV pollution-free. The system is con-trolled by an ECU in the
car, which controls both power packs i.e. the compressed-air engine and electric
motor. The compressed air drives the pistons, which turn the vehicle’s wheels.
The air is compressed, using a small motor, powered by a 48-volt battery, which
powers boththe air compressorand the electric motor. Once compressed, the air
is stored in a tank. The compressed air is used when the car needs a lot of
energy, such as for starting up and acceleration. The electric motor comes to life
once the car has gained normal cruising speed. The PHEV system could reduce
the cost of vehicle production by about 20 per cent, because there is no need for
a cooling system, fuel tank, spark plugs or silencers.

Safety features of the air car:
The CATS air tanks store 90m3 of air at 300 bars of pressure (four tanks have a
capacity of 90 litres, and they store 90m3 of air at a pressure of 300 bars),just
like tanks already used to carry liquefied gases on some urban buses. That
means that the tanks are prepared and certified to carry an explosive product:
methane gas. In the case of an accident with air tank breakage, there would be
no explosion or shattering because the tanks are not metallic but made of glass
fiber. The tanks would crack longitudinally, and the air would escape, causing a
strong buzzing sound with no dangerous factor. It is clear that if this technology
has been tested and prepared to carry an inflammable and explosive gas, it can
also be used to carry air. In order to avoid the so-called ‘rocket effect’ (air
escaping through one of the tank’s extremities causing a pressure leak that could
move the car), MDI made a small but important change in the design. Where the
valve on the bus tanks are placed on one of the extremities, MDI has placed the
valve in the middle of the tank reducing the ‘rocket effect’ to a minimum
(Figure 5).

Chapter-9
Advantages
Advantages of vehicles powered by compressed air:
 The costs involved to compress the air to be used in a vehicle are inferior
to the costs involved with a normal combustion engine.
 Air is abundant, economical, transportable, storable and, most
importantly, non-polluting.
 The technology involved with compressed air reduces the production
costs of vehicles with 20% because it is not necessary to assemble a
refrigeration system, a fuel tank, spark plugs or silencers.
 Air itself is not flammable.
 The mechanical design of the motor is simple and robust
 It does not suffer from corrosion damage resulting from the battery.
 Less manufacturing and maintenance costs.
 The tanks used in an air compressed motor can be discarded or recycled
with less contamination than batteries.
 The tanks used in a compressed air motor have a longer lifespan in
comparison with batteries, which, after a while suffer from a reduction in
performance.
 Refuelling can be done at home using an air compressor or at service
stations. The energy required for compressing air is produced at large
centralized plants, making it less costly and more effective to manage
carbon emissions than from individual vehicles.
 Reduced vehicle weight is the principle efficiency factor of compressed-
air cars. Furthermore, they are mechanically more rudimentary than

traditional vehicles as many conventional parts of the engine may be
omitted. Some plans include motors built into the hubs of each wheel,
thereby removing the necessity of a transmission, drive axles and
differentials. A four passenger vehicle weighing less than 800 lbs. is a
reasonable design goal.
 One manufacturer promises a range of 200 miles by the end of the year at
a cost of € 1.50 per fill-up.
 Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production by about
20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs,
transmission, axles, starter motor, or mufflers.
 Most compressed air engines do not need a transmission, only a flow
control.
 The rate of self-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that deplete
their charge slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be left unused
for longer periods of time than electric cars.
 Lower initial cost than battery electric vehicles when mass produced. One
estimate is €3,000 less.
 Compressed air is not subject to fuel tax.
 Expansion of the compressed air lowers in temperature; this may be
exploited for use as air conditioning.
 Compressed-air vehicles emit no pollutants.
 Possibility to refill air tank at home (using domestic power socket).
 Lighter vehicles would result in less wear on roads.
 The price of fuelling air powered vehicles may be significantly cheaper
than current fuels. Some estimates project only $3.00 for the cost of
electricity for filling a tank.

Chapter-10
Disadvantages
Just like the modern car and most household appliances, the principle
disadvantage is that of indirect energy use. Energy is used to compress air,
which - in turn - provides the energy to run the motor. Any indirect step in
energy usage results in loss. For conventional combustion motor cars, the
energy is lost when oil is converted to usable fuel - including drilling,
refinement, labor and storage. For compressed-air cars, energy is lost when
electrical energy is converted to compressed air.
Further disadvantages:
 According to thermodynamics, when air is expanded in the engine, it
cools via adiabatic cooling and thereby loses pressure, reducing the
amount of power passed the engine at lower temperatures. Furthermore, it
is difficult to maintain or restore the temperature of the compressed or
compressing air using a heat exchanger due to the high rate of flow. The
ideal isothermic energy capacity of the tank will therefore not be realized.
Low temperatures may also encourage the engine to ice up.
 Refuelling the compressed air container using a home or low-end
conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours. Service stations
may have specialized equipment that may take only 3 minutes.
 Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks;
the only published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was
limited to a range of 7.22 km.

Chapter-11
Conclusion
The technology of compressed air vehicles is not new. In fact, it has been
around for years. Compressed air technology allows for engines that are both
non-polluting and economical. After ten years of research and development, the
compressed air vehicle will be introduced worldwide. Unlike electric or
hydrogen powered vehicles, com-pressed air vehicles are not expensive and do
not have a limited driving range. Compressed air vehicles are affordable and
have a performance rate that stands up to current standards. To summit up, they
are non-expensive cars that do not pollute and are easy to get around in cities.
The emission benefits of introducing this zero emission technology are obvious.
At the same time the well to wheels efficiency of these vehicles need to be
improved.
This is a revolutionary engine design which is not only eco-friendly, pollution
free, but also very economical. This addresses both the Problems of fuel crises
and pollution. However excessive research is needed to completely prove the
technology for both its commercial and technical viability.

References:
 GANESAN, V. “Computer Simulation of Spark Ignition Engine
Processes” University press, 1996.
 GANESAN, V. “Computer Simulation of Compression ignition Engine
Processes” University press, 2002.
 HEYWOOD, J.B., “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals”;
McGraw-Hill Book Company, SA, 1988.
 GUEY NYGER, MDI “The Compressed air Engine” Barcelona, Spain,
2002.
 GUEY NYGER, MDI “the Articulated Con Rod”, Barcelona, Spain,
2002
 SAE 1999-01-0623, Schechter.M., “New Cycles for Automobile
engines.”
 Internet website, www.theaircar. Com.
Internet website, www.peswiki.com

report of air powered cars

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