The document provides a detailed history of the automobile from its early origins to modern developments. It discusses key milestones and inventors including: - The first self-propelled road vehicle in 1769 powered by a steam engine. Early vehicles relied on steam power but were inefficient. - Inventors in the late 1800s who developed early gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines, including Nikolaus Otto's 1876 four-stroke engine and Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach's 1885 vertical cylinder engine with a carburetor. - Karl Benz's 1885 patent for the first practical three-wheeled automobile and his later four-wheeled designs in the 1880s, considered the first modern

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AUTOMOBILE
ENGINEERING
K.G.MAHESWARAN
Automobile Engineering
Automobile engineering is a branch of
engineering which deals with everything
about automobiles and practices to
propel them
Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal
combustion engine and it is used for
transportation of passengers and goods on
the ground.
Automobile can also be defined as
“A vehicle which can move by itself”
Today- seven custom-equipped self-driving GOOGLE cars
200,000 miles on the road without crashing
Toyota--Automated Highway Driving Assist (AHDA) system
lets vehicles communicate wirelessly to avoid running
into each other
1672-First steam-powered vehicle as a toy presented to
Emperor of China
HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
History of Automobiles The automobile as we know it was not invented
in a single day by a single inventor.
It is estimated that over 100,000 patents
created the modern automobile
The first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle
that had been drawn up by both Leonardo da
Vinci and Isaac Newton.

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The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern
automobile – with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German
inventor Carl Benz
2010
19561771
1885
2015
1876 - Nikolaus August
Otto invented and later
patented a successful
four-stroke engine,
known as the "Otto
cycle”
1769 First self-propelled road vehicle
(military tractor)
French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 – 1804)
Powered by steam engine
Speed of 2.5 mph on only three wheels
The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to
build up steam power.
The steam engine and boiler were separate from the
rest of the vehicle and placed in the front .
Cugnot’s Steam Car

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Old Engraving depicting the 1771 crash of
Nicolas Joseph Cugnot's steam-powered car
into a stone wall
•In 1789, the first U.S. patent for a steam-powered land
vehicle was granted to Oliver Evans
•In 1801, Richard Trevithick built a road carriage
powered by steam - the first in Great Britain
•In Britain, from 1820 to 1840, steam-powered
stagecoaches were in regular service
•Steam-driven road tractors (built by Charles Deitz)
pulled passenger carriages around Paris and
Bordeaux up to 1850
•In the United States, numerous steam coaches
were built from 1860 to 1880
•Amedee Bollee Sr. built advanced steam cars
from 1873 to 1883. The "La Mancelle" built in
1878, had a front-mounted engine, shaft drive to
the differential, chain drive to the rear wheels,
steering wheel on a vertical shaft and driver's
seat behind the engine. The boiler was carried
behind the passenger compartment.
•In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics
at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case
Company built a working steam car that won a
200-mile race
•1680 - Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens designed (but never built)
an internal combustion engine that was to be fueled with
gunpowder.
•1807 - Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented an internal
combustion engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen
for fuel.
•1824 - English engineer, Samuel Brown adapted an old Newcomen
steam engine to burn gas, and he used it to briefly power a vehicle
up Shooter's Hill in London.
•1858 - Belgian-born engineer, Jean JosephÉtienne Lenoir invented
and patented (1860) a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal
combustion engine fueled by coal gas. In 1863, Lenoir attached an
improved engine (using petroleum and a primitive carburetor) to a
three-wheeled wagon that managed to complete an historic fifty-mile
road trip. (See image at top)
A brief outline of the history of the internal combustion engine
includes the following highlights:
•1862 - Alphonse Beau de Rochas, a French civil engineer, patented but
did not build a four-stroke engine (French patent #52,593, January 16,
1862)
•1864 - Austrian engineer, Siegfried Marcus*, built a one-cylinder
engine with a crude carburetor, and attached his engine to a cart for a
rocky 500-foot drive. Several years later, Marcus designed a vehicle that
briefly ran at 10 mph that a few historians have considered as the
forerunner of the modern automobile by being the world's first gasoline-
powered vehicle
•1873 - George Brayton, an American engineer, developed an
unsuccessful two-stroke kerosene engine (it used two external pumping
cylinders). However, it was considered the first safe and practical oil
engine
•1866 - German engineers, Eugen Langen and Nikolaus August Otto
improved on Lenoir's and de Rochas' designs and invented a more
efficient gas engine
•1876 - Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a successful
four-stroke engine, known as the "Otto cycle".
•1876 - The first successful two-stroke engine was invented by Sir
Dougald Clerk.
•1883 - French engineer, Edouard Delamare-Debouteville, built a
single-cylinder four-stroke engine that ran on stove gas. It is not
certain if he did indeed build a car, however, Delamare-Debouteville's
designs were very advanced for the time - ahead of both Daimler and
Benz in some ways at least on paper.
•1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the
prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with
gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first
built a two-wheeled vehicle the "Reitwagen" (Riding Carriage) with this
engine and a year later built the world's first four-wheeled motor
vehicle.

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•1886 - On January 29, Karl Benz received the first patent (DRP No.
37435) for a gas-fueled car.
•1889 - Daimler built an improved four-stroke engine with mushroom-
shaped valves and two V-slant cylinders.
•1890 - Wilhelm Maybach built the first four-cylinder, four-stroke
engine
Mahesh 20
Complementary Technologies for IC Engine-
powered Automobiles
• Pneumatic tires (1888, Dunlop)
• Cheap liquid fuels (Oil industry born in PA 1859)
• Venturi effect carburetor (1892, Willi Maybach)
• Variable mechanical transmission (primitive type by Levassor,
1891)
• Electric starter (Kettering 1912)
The Importance of Nicolaus Otto
One of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus
August Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine. Otto built the
first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine called the "Otto Cycle
Engine," and as soon as he had completed his engine, he built it into a motorcycle.
Otto's contributions were very historically significant, it was his four-stoke engine
that was universally adopted for all liquid-fueled automobiles going forward.
The Importance of Karl Benz
In 1885, German mechanical engineer, Karl Benz designed and built the world's
first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine.On
January 29, 1886, Benz received the first patent(DRP No. 37435) for a gas-fueled
car. It was a three-wheeler; Benz built his first four-wheeled car in 1891. Benz &
Cie., the company started by the inventor, became the world's largest
manufacturer of automobiles by 1900. Benz was the first inventor to integrate an
internal combustion engine with a chassis - designing both together.
The Importance of Gottlieb Daimler
In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler (together with his design partner Wilhelm Maybach)
took Otto's internal combustion engine a step further and patented what is
generally recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine. Daimler's
connection to Otto was a direct one; Daimler worked as technical director of
Deutz Gasmotorenfabrik, which Nikolaus Otto co-owned in 1872. There is some
controversy as to who built the first motorcycle Otto or Daimler.
The 1885 Daimler-Maybach engine was small, lightweight, fast, used a gasoline-
injected carburetor, and had a vertical cylinder. The size, speed, and efficiency of
the engine allowed for a revolution in car design. On March 8, 1886, Daimler took
a stagecoach and adapted it to hold his engine, thereby designing the world's
first four-wheeled automobile. Daimler is considered the first inventor to have
invented a practical internal-combustion engine.
In 1889, Daimler invented a V-slanted two cylinder, four-stroke engine with
mushroom-shaped valves. Just like Otto's 1876 engine, Daimler's new engine set
the basis for all car engines going forward. Also in 1889, Daimler and Maybach
built their first automobile from the ground up, they did not adapt another
purpose vehicle as they had always been done previously. The new Daimler
automobile had a four-speed transmission and obtained speeds of 10 mph.
Daimler founded the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1890 to manufacture his
designs. Eleven years later, Wilhelm Maybach designed the Mercedes
automobile.
*If Siegfried Marcus built his second car in 1875 and it was as claimed, it would
have been the first vehicle powered by a four-cycle engine and the first to use
gasoline as a fuel, the first having a carburetor for a gasoline engine and the first
having a magneto ignition. However, the only existing evidence indicates that
the vehicle was built circa 1888/89 - too late to be first.
The importance of Rene Panhard and Emile Levassor
Built their first car in 1890 using a Daimler engine.
Pedal-operated clutch, a chain transmission leading to a change-speed
gearbox, and a front radiator.
Quickly became the standard for all cars because it gave a better balance and
improved steering
First designer to move the engine to the front of the car and use a rear-wheel
drive layout
Invention of the modern transmission - installed in their 1895 Panhard.
(They are the first true manufacturers of modern automobile)

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The importance of Charles and Frank Duryea
America's first gasoline-powered commercial car manufacturers (bicycle makers)
Built their first motor vehicle in 1893, in Springfield, Massachusetts.
By 1896, the Duryea Motor Wagon Company had sold thirteen models of the
Duryea, an expensive limousine, which remained in production into the 1920s.
The importance of Ransome Eli Olds
1901-The first automobile mass produced in the United States
“Curved Dash Oldsmobile”
Olds invented the basic concept of the assembly line and started the Detroit area
automobile industry.
He produced 425 "Curved Dash Olds" in 1901, and was America's leading auto
manufacturer from 1901 to 1904.
Importance of Henry Ford
Invented an improved assembly line and installed the first conveyor belt-based
assembly line 1913-14.
The assembly line reduced production costs for cars by reducing assembly time.
1908 Model T 93 minutes.
Ford made his first car, called the "Quadricycle," in June, 1896.
1903-Ford Motor Company - third car manufacturing company formed to
produce the cars he designed.
Moving assembly lines in his factory in 1913, Ford became the world's biggest
car manufacturer.
By 1927, 15 million Model Ts had been manufactured.
FORD ASSEMBLY LINE
LOTUS ASSEMBLY LINE
Model T, first produced in 1908, kept the same design
until the last one -- number 15,000,000
How Ford GOT Conveyer system for his automobile industry?
He was inspired by the meat-packing houses of Chicago and a grain
mill conveyor belt he had seen.-
Before him Olds used conveyer in his auto factory
Assembly of the Model T into 84 distinct steps
do time and motion studies
1913, the first moving assembly line ever used for large-scale
manufacturing
German Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888, regarded as the first electric
car of the world

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1885-built Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car to go
into production with an internal combustion engine
Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered
by the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, therefore the earliest engines
used gas mixtures. Early experimenters used gases
The second Marcus car of 1888 at the Technical Museum
in Vienna
Louis Renault in 1903
T-model Ford car parked outside Geelong Library at its launch in 1915
•1966–present Toyota Corolla – a simple small Japanese saloon/sedan
that has come to be the best-selling car of all time.
•1970–present Range Rover – the first take on the combination of
luxury and four-wheel drive utility, the original ‘SUV’. Such was the
popularity of the original Range Rover Classic that a new model was
not brought out until 1994.
•1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class – electronic anti-lock braking
system, supplemental restraint airbags, seat belt pretensioners, and
electronic traction control systems all made their debut on the S-
Class. These features would later become standard throughout the
car industry.
•1975–present BMW 3 Series – the 3 Series has been on Car and
Driver magazine’s annual Ten Best list 17 times, making it the longest
running entry in the list.
History of Important Automobile Models •1977–present Honda Accord saloon/sedan — this Japanese sedan
became the most popular car in the United States in the 1990s, pushing
the Ford Taurus aside, and setting the stage for today’s upscale Asian
sedans.
•1981–1989 Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant — the “K-cars” that
saved Chrysler as a major manufacturer. These models were some of
the first successful American front-wheel drive, fuel-efficient compact
cars.
•1983–present Chrysler minivans – the two-box minivan design nearly
pushed the station wagon out of the market, and presaged today’s
crossover SUVs.
•1984–present Renault Espace — first mass one-volume car of non-
commercial MPV class.
•1986–present Ford Taurus — this mid-sized front-wheel drive sedan
with modern computer-assisted design dominated the American market
in the late 1980s, and created a design revolution in North America

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•1989–1999 Pontiac Trans Sport was one the first of the one-box cars.
•1997–present Toyota Prius, launched in the Japanese market, in
September 2010 reached worldwide cumulative sales of two million
units, becoming the best known hybrid electric vehicle in the world.
•1998–present Ford Focus — one of the most popular hatchbacks
across the globe, also one of Ford’s best selling world cars.
•2008–present Tata Nano — an inexpensive (Rs.100,000), rear-
engined, four-passenger city car built by the Indian company Tata
Motors and is aimed primarily at the Indian domestic market.
•2008–present Tesla Roadster — the first highway-capable all-electric
vehicle in serial production for sale in the United States in the
modern era.
•2010–present, Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt — an all-electric car
and a plug-in hybrid correspondingly, were launched in the U.S. and
Japanese markets in December 2010, becoming the first mass
production vehicles of their kind
2015 ?
TECHNOLOGIES IN GOOGLE CAR-Toyota Prius

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FUTURE ?
QUESTIONS ?