Essay Islamic Science in the Medieval Era.pdfEssay Islamic Science In The Medieval Era

Essay Islamic Science in the Medieval Era
There are many terms used to describe the period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance,
three main terms being the Middle, Medieval, and Dark Ages. In general, these terms are used
interchangeably, but are these fair substitutions? In recent years the term "Dark Ages" is becoming
less and less acceptable as a phrase which describes the span of years it is meant to refer to. The use
of the term "dark" implies a period of stagnation, which is becoming a questionable concept. In
particular, the span of time referred to in this paper is 530–1452 BCE, with specific attention paid to
the scientific discoveries and innovations rather than art or literature. These dates are significant
because in 529 the Academy and Lyceum in Athens ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One might assert that the ideas of Islamic science during this period were not of value because if the
innovations were so great, and the halt of progress in Europe was so encompassing, a knowledge
vacuum would have been created, and the ideas would have poured into the knowledge starved
areas. Further more, Europeans would expand outward to the Middle East in search of new–found
knowledge due to the stagnation present in Europe. However, this is not the case, so therefore it is
logical to assume that the knowledge in the Middle East was not that significant. In opposition, I
would assert that major scientific innovation in some area in the world during a given time period is
enough to remove the negative connotation of "dark". The scientific discoveries do not have to be
world–wide. Furthermore, the reason there was no spread of knowledge to Europe during this time
was due to the isolation of the two very different cultures from one another, not the insignificance of
Islamic ideas. The language barrier alone would be enough to interfere with natural flow of
technology. Translations of texts and therefore ideas takes time, and any cooperation between these
two groups prior to the tenth century would be halted for hundreds of years by the Crusades. Also,
the church's relationship with young men not only occupied them thereby inhibiting their thought,
but also their exploration, explaining the lack of European pro–activity in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Ibo People Essay examples
* The Ibo people have a civilized community because they have an organized structure to their
society with rules and laws. A society that employs morals, ethics, and accountability for peoples'
actions cannot be considered savage. The Ibo are highly religious; the base of most of their daily life
revolves around religion, whether it is how they raise their families or how they grow crops, such as
yams. * In a savage setting, the parents would usually not bother to educate their children or
abandon them at a very early age to fend for themselves. In the Ibo culture, the children learn
socially complex skills, morals and discipline, which shows evidence of a civilized society. * They
have complicated rituals involving masks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many uncivilized places would have left the injured member to fend for themselves.
* Did you guys want to use this since its about government? The society itself is organized mostly
by a person's title, which states their place in a sort of government. The Egwugwu act much like
"judges" and the people themselves try to settle things peacefully between each other.
Draft
Intro: The Ibo people have a civilized community because they have an organized structure to their
society with rules and laws. A society that employs morals, ethics, and accountability for peoples'
actions is not uncivilized. The importance of religion and communication, showing through art and
music, shows their advanced mindset as a whole society. The Nigerian country also shows these
qualifications, despite many beliefs that African countries are uncivilized, they are civilized as well.
Family must play a large part in the "civilized" culture. This shows civilization by explaining how
each member in a society is watched after and taken care of. Religion also must be taken seriously,
and there must be a majority of one religion in a society, or else the culture is too diverse. This
separates them from each other, halting any possible growing as a civilization.
Sociologist/Cultural Body Paragraph: The Ibo have a highly religious culture; the base of most of
their daily life revolves around religion, whether it is how they raise

Essay about The Dome of the Rock
Essentially unchanged for more than thirteen centuries, the Dome of the Rock remains one of the
world's most beautiful and enduring architectural treasures. Adorned with its magnificent gold dome
and elaborate quranic inscriptions, the structure intimately represents the world's second largest
religion in a city historically associated with the three Semitic faiths. Representation, however, is not
the only effect of this site. Despite its intended purpose, the Dome of the Rock inherently stands as
the focal center of a millennium–old religious controversy. Located on what is essentially the
world's holiest site (obviously a speculative assertion) and inscribed with proclamations of Islamic
religious superiority, the Dome symbolizes far ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cyril Glasse discusses such in her work:
"In the case of the Dome of the Rock, the symbolism of its Quranic forms echoes the significance of
the Temple Mount as the site of the Temple of Solomon. It is the culmination of the revelations of
Moses and Jesus in the restoration of the primordial Abrahamic unity which is Islam the
calligraphic inscriptions recall the relationship between Jerusalem and Jesus, and the apocalypse to
come."
In addition to the structure's architectural composition, elaborate Quranic inscriptions further
elaborate this message of religious superiority. Carole Hillenbrand alludes to such:
"The Dome of the Rock, which had been built in 72/691 as a triumphant statement of the superiority
of Islam over other faiths, especially Christianity, displays a careful selection of Quranic inscriptions
which tilt at the Trinity and the Incarnation. Islam's uncompromising monotheism is emphasized in a
long band of inscriptions measuring around 240 metres in length: the message is unambiguous:
‘There is no god but the One God and He has no partner.'"
Artfully constructed and etched in Quranic verse, the Dome sits upon its ominous perch and serves
as the center of Jerusalem. Regardless of one's religious or political slant, the sheer magnificence of
the building cannot be ignored – nor can its intrinsic message. From an uninfluenced perspective,
one cannot help but observe the Dome as an attempt to

Essay Conflicts in the novel Segu
Controversies and conflicts are many ways to emphasize key characters and plots in many novels.
Authors such as, Maryse Conde use change and the effects of change, to help the reader better
understand the underlying themes. In the novel Segu, Conde does just this. The controversy of
change in religion creates a fairly large civil conflict amongst the Bambara people. This same civil
conflict eventually boils over into the controversy of change in people and trade. The effect of this
change would later be described as the world's lowest point of society.
"On the other hand, Islam was dangerous: it undermined the power of kings, according sovereignty
to one supreme god who was completely alien to the Bambara universe" (41).
Was Islam the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Islam used its powers and privileges to the fullest extent. It threatened and terrified the morale of
inferior religions.
Tiekoro used the Islamic religion to his advantage. Although his people disliked his decision, he
somehow managed to make a bad situation into a perfect one. The idea that first intrigued Tiekoro
was the idea of learning how to read and write. Learning to read and write was an opportunity to
become more social and involved in the affluent society. He saw this as a way to expand his horizon
and someday leave the country of Segu. Tiekoro's true motivation came in the form of a man. This
man was his father.
"...Tiekoro looked up to his father as a god. He had admired him much more then the Mansa. When
had he started to think of him as a barbarian and an ignorant drinker of dolo? It was when the
achievements of the Muslims had begun to acquire importance in his life. But the fact that he'd
stopped admiring his father didn't mean he didn't love him anymore...Tiekoro suffered from a
conflict between his heart and his head, between instinctive feelings and intellectual reasoning" (22).
Tiekoro saw his father, and the way he lived. From that point onward, he told himself that he would
not turn into a man like that. He told himself that he would turn into a respected and well–rounded
man. Eventually, Tiekoro did just that, becoming a saint to those who adored him in the Islamic
community. Even though he

Veever's Speech On Women Equality
Without economic opportunities and freedom women remain impoverished and are unable to secure
any type of social mobility. According to statistics from the UN, "'poverty has a women's face' and
that 70 per cent of the world's poor were female... poverty is lack of income, but it also consists of
lack of access to services and opportunities for human development, lack of a voice in political life
and decision making, and social subordination and exclusion" (Bhat 639). When women have access
to financial security they can improve their quality of life, their newfound economic independence
allows them to create a new lifestyle where they will not be disappointed by unreliable people.
Veever's speech uses specific stories to highlight the importance of investing in women so they can
feel successful and independent. Zora Rakhmatullaeva was a disabled woman who used to sit at
home feeling useless, but when she was given the opportunity to create a viable business she gained
confidence in her ability to do something productive. She is now the head of the Association of
Business Disabled Women demonstrating how investing in women results in important social and
economic mobility for vulnerable women (Veever 1). Economic independence is not the only
solution for fighting gender equality, but it is an important first step that will allow for future major
changes to occur. Achieving economic success motivates women to push for more advancements in
society including changes

British Colonize Nigeria Essay
British Colonizing in Nigeria
In the late 19th and early 20th century, Europeans had raced to colonize the country Africa. Great
Britain was the leaders at this time in colonizing the land filled with rich natural recourses. These
recourses were considered a necessity to the industrialization of the world, specifically Nigeria.
During this colonization that Great Britain was doing in their new land, you could imagine that the
locals were not too happy about this. The British had no respect for the culture or Nigerian
traditions. The longer they stayed the more that they adopted for each other's cultures. However
even with the cultural exchanges between the two countries, there was much conflict for the people
of a dark colored skin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The attitudes of both parties involved in the colonization were most defiantly not alike. The
Nigerians had started as many separate tribes. The largest three tribes were the Hausas, Igbos, and
the Yoruba people. They were all very different tribes and did not particularly care for one another.
However with the imperialism in Nigeria imposed by the British they then started to see themselves
as all Nigerians in a common struggle against their new colonial rulers. The invaders of Nigeria
viewed the Africans as a lesser race, in a way, less human, maybe not even human at all. The British
treated the Nigerian people as if they were children, like they didn't know what was best for their
people or for their own country. The people of a lighter skin tone and more narrow features had a
huge priority over the darker colored people. The evidence of racism is so strong it is where true
differences between the battle between Caucasian and African people would start and last for
hundreds of years. The people of Nigeria finally came together as one to stand up against the racist
colonizers who overpowered them; disrespected their culture, their land, and most importantly their
people. When one country takes over and colonizes another, it is inevitable for cultural exchanges to
occur. A lot of African people, including the Nigerians, had picked up quite a few British customs.
The influence of Great

Zeitoun Rhetorical Essay
Cortnie Schierman
Fijacko
English 111
5 October 2012
Rough Draft: Rhetorical Analysis Essay
David Eggers, in Zeitoun, shows a story of a Muslim American family living through many
challenges. After 9/11 Muslim families, like the Zeitouns, face many problems living in America.
Eggers wants to inform other Americans on the situation of Muslim living in the United States,
present day. People who are uneducated about the Muslim religion need to be informed on how
similar lives are of other people all around the United States. These people throw out stereotypes
and aim judgments wrongly at the Zeitoun family. Unjust treatment of the Zeitoun family is a cause
of assuming and stereotypes. In this biography, Eggers helps inform his readers about ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many examples of pathos in Zeitoun because Eggers uses a lot of charged language,
stories, and objects that create an emotion in the readers.
There is less of the logical appeal, logos, in Zeitoun but Eggers does present it. Using cause and
effect, comparisons, and statistics, Eggers supports his argument through this logical appeal. An
example of cause and effect would be the 9/11 example. Since this tragedy happen, many more
stereotypes were brought upon Muslims, especially those living in America. After 9/11, Zeitoun
found it more difficult to live in New Orleans. The cause was 9/11 and the effect was how the
Muslim Americans were treated after the happening. Eggers also makes comparisons between the
Muslim religion and the Christian view. These facts appeal to the reader's intelligence and could also
build upon their education of each religion. When Kathy is converting, Eggers states the similarities
of each religion; "At first she was simply intrigued by the basic things she didn't know, and the
many things she'd wrongly presumed. She had no idea, for instance, that the Qur'an was filled with
the same people as the Bible–(Eggers, 61)." Eggers goes on to compare Christianity to the Muslim
faith, and points out that there are many different types of Muslims just like there are many types of
Christians. Along with comparisons, the book has many statistics referencing to the hurricane. An
example would be, by date, the death toll when Kathy is waiting

A Rationale of the Outline Scheme of Work for Key Stage 3
A rationale of the outline scheme of work for Key Stage 3
Planning is a key part of teaching. Without a coherent plan lessons may lack structure and direction.
Long and medium term planning are an important part of this and in this rationale I hope to
demonstrate that my planning does indeed have all of these qualities.
The first element to be considered when rationalising this scheme of work is whether or not it meets
the needs of Key Stage 3 pupils. I believe that it does because the attainment focus is all within Key
Stage 3. However, this is only the very simplest level by which we can measure this criterion.
Firstly, we can also measure it by matching the scheme of work to the programme of study. If we
look at this we can see ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So for example, in the topic about the good life pupils will study Buddhist monks and nuns. In this
way I think the scheme of work as greater coherence and pupils will be able to see clear reasons for
study topics.
At this point I think it would be a good idea to return to some of the philosophy behind the scheme
of work. Mainly it is thematic in approach. This is where religions are sub–divided into categories
and taught like this. For example, festivals, or Holy Books may be used as themes to teach across
the religions. One strength of the thematic approach is that it points to similarities between religions
and I think that this is where most value in RE comes from. However, these similarities are often far
too superficial and can even be slightly arbitrary . For example, some schools may teach 'spring
festivals' when the similarities between these festivals are not the time of year at which they are held
but something far more consequential. If this approach could move past this problem it would be far
more useful. Of course, we must remember that, once again this is only how the approach is used
rather than the approach itself that causes the problem. I have tried to avoid this problem in my
scheme of work by choosing topics that point to deeper similarities such as the idea of duty or the
good life. Another problem that I have tried to avoid is confusing pupils with lots of

Compare and Contrast: Hinduism and Islam Essay
Religion: Hinduism and Islam Every society is based on different religion. Different people follow
different types of religion according to their birth or by choice. The major religions of the world are
Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Judaism. Each religion is similar and
different from one another in terms of festivals, practices and beliefs. Apart from Christianity,
Hinduism and Islam are the two most widely practiced religions in the world today. They have their
own traditions, beliefs and practices. These two religions are similar to some extent and differ in
terms of the God they worship, religious text and the place where they offer their prayers. The major
difference between Hinduism and Islam is the God ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, "The Ramayan," the story of Ram and Sita, and "The Mahabharat," the story of the
Kauravs and the Pandavs, are epic tales that teach people about the way of life a person should lead.
Conversely, Muslims have only one religious text called the Qur'an. It is considered literal
undistorted word of god, and is regarded as God's final revelation to humankind and view it as the
closest thing to a part of God in the world. Qur'an also talks about the relationship between God and
his creatures and also about wisdom, doctrine, worship, and law (Understanding Islam and the
Muslims). Besides that it teaches Muslims about the complete way of living their lives. It teaches
discipline to be followed everyday which helps the Muslims to make their life easy. Although
Hindus believe in many religious texts at the same time Muslims believe in only one text. Moreover,
all of these texts try to teach their followers the same thing about the general way of living and
about the general behavior and conduct expected from individuals at different times in their life.
Similarly, Hindus and Muslims differ in terms of the place where they offer their prayers. Hindus
offers prayers at "Mandirs" popularly known as temples whereas Muslims offer prayers at "Masjids"
popularly known as mosques. As Hindus believe in offering prayers to statues and posters, each
mandir is dedicated to a specific god or goddess and

Has Political Islam Failed In Algeria? Essay
Has Political Islam Failed in Algeria?
The question whether Political Islam has failed or not due to the internal structure of the Islamic
political movement, in either Algeria or any other country in the Islamic World, is an important
question for the analysis of the politicized Islamic phenomena. Olivier Roy sees the movement as a
failure, not only in Algeria but also in the whole area from Casablanca to Tashkent, the movement
has resulted in failure due to many reasons that are seen as common among all the divisions of the
movement regardless of their different socio– economic and political background that are more or
less responsible of the generation of such movements. The Algerian case is the best ... Show more
"The masses that took the streets of Algerian cities, in October 1988, were not only Islamists but
workers, students, secularists, leftists, feminists and Berberists, all demonstrating their
disillusionment with the FLN (National Liberation Front). " The FLN government responded by the
Army intervention and the arbitrary arresting of the protesters. They used torture against people
which ultimately created a high measure of resentment and destruction of the government
legitimacy. Moreover, the government doctrine to reform the Algerian economy was so much
supportive to those who had money already, which gave no benefit to the crushed masses that were
striving under poor standards of life, which is the case in most countries that undergo transitional
periods of economic reform where the desperate need for investment forces the government to grant
the investors more rights and less duties to assure an attractive business environment. However, the
corrupt regime seemed to do that for its own benefit since most of the rich Algerians were
practically either government officials or having strong connections with the authority. Thus, the
economic reform fired back on the FLN.
Meanwhile, there was another severe problem that affected the countries domestic politics; the
problem of identity. As a French colony under the French
authority,

Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood
The Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood is the largest Islamist organization in Egypt. It was founded in the 1920s
by Hassan Al–Banna. The movement was a model of political activism combined with Islamic
charity work. At first, it only aimed to spread Islamic morals, but soon became involved in politics.
While the Muslim Brotherhood claims that it supports democratic principles, it aims to create a state
ruled by Al Shariaa. Al Shariaa is the Islamic law stated in the Quran. The Brotherhood's mostly
used slogan is "Islam is the solution", and it is known worldwide. It officially opposes violence to
achieve goals; however, some of the movement's members were involved in massacres, bombings
and assassinations of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movement is currently seeking to avoid full authority. It is, however, focusing on the longer
term. The Brotherhood is aiming for a leading role in the process of writing a new constitution.
Indeed, it is not clear if the old strategies of the Muslim Brotherhood will guide their actions through
the coming days (Brown). Another cause to the success of the Muslim Brotherhood is that its offices
acted as social service agencies. During winter people used to drop in asking for blankets, which the
party handed them out along with their brochures. They as well helped several people in paying their
medical bills (Kristof).
According to interviews I have conducted with different Freedom and Justice Party's supporters, I
have discovered some of the reasons why they voted for them in the elections. Some people believe
that Islam is the only solution for building a new, better and safer Egypt after the 25th of January
revolution. They believe that if the candidates are God–fearing and obeying they won't be corrupt.
Another reason is that some members of the Freedom and Justice Party offered financial help for
those who would vote for them. Most of the people I interviewed were from a low social standard;
therefore, they were in need of this help. In fact, the Muslim Brotherhood exploited poor people to
gain more votes. That is mostly how they attempted to win most of

What Are the Ethical Teachings of Al-Ghazali and How...
What are the ethical teachings of al–Ghazali and how important and relevant are they to
contemporary Muslims? Critically discuss.
Imam al–Ghazali (d.1111) remains perhaps the most important religious authority in Islam after the
first three generations of Muslims. The title, 'Proof of Islam', conferred upon him by the majority of
Muslims, is a reflection of the complexity of his work, which included jurisprudence, theology,
philosophy, psychology, and mysticism. This essay will demonstrate how al–Ghazali synthesised
concepts of tawheed (unity of God), islam (ritual worship, virtue, ilham (Godly inspiration) and
tasawwuf (Sufism) in a broad ethical theory. His ethics, as illustrated in the Ihya Ulum id–Deen, can
be applied by common ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The significance of external acts lies in both their being rewarded as obedience, and their
contribution to cultivation of virtues (Hourani 1976, p. 77). Good action cultivating virtues indicates
a key agenda in Ghazali's ethics: the restoration of balance between the outward and the inward
states of people (Murad 2002). He realised that this balance could be best pursued in the purification
of the inward, which requires first the elimination of vices. Vices are spiritual ailments of the qalb
and include harmful traits such anger, envy, lust, and riya (ostentation). They form impediments to
spiritual progress. The method of removing these impediments is mujahada (Ameur 2009, p. 4) or
what is commonly described by Sufis as jihad al–nafs (struggle against the self). Mujahada is a
concept covering a broad array of practices used in tasawwuf to purify the nafs including: tafakkur
(introspection); muraqaba (self–awareness); dhikr (meditation); and zuhd (asceticism).
The previous two aspects of purification are not possible without knowledge. For al–Ghazali,
knowledge is of two types: (a) one that is learnt in tenets of faith and rules of Islamic law; (b) one
that is known through the qalb (Ameur 2009, p. 4). The first type is all knowledge required to
perform good action. This includes the basic tenets of faith, and worldly and religious activities
including social

Understanding Islam
My reading choices – Saleh A. Alsulaiman
‫قراءاتي‬ ‫من‬ ‫‫متارات‬
‬
Understanding Islam
Knowledge is Freedom – ‫نور‬ ‫‫العلم‬
‬
‬
Islam is a world religion and the people who practice it are called Muslims. All Muslims share the
same essential beliefs, values and God centered approach to the world. Islam is practiced by people
from many different cultures. The Qur'an is the prime source of Muslims' faith and practice, and the
wording has not been changed from when it was originally transcribed fourteen centuries ago. The
five pillars of Islam are the basis of a Muslim's life. They are: Belief that there is only one God and
that Muhammad (pbuh*) is His Last Prophet and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fasting is regarded principally as a method of self–purification. It is believed that by cutting one's
self off from worldly comforts, a person gains true empathy with the poor and needy. Over
Ramadhan the Imam, an Islamic scholar, recites the whole of the Qur'an – a little each evening
during the last prayers. The fasting month has a very rigorous routine, so participants often feel
tired. Id–ul–Fitr marks the end of Ramadhan. During Id–ul–Fitr, presents are given and food is
offered to the poor. The Hajj pilgrimage occurs approximately two months and 10 days after Id–ul–
Fitr. The end of the pilgrimage is marked by Idul–Adha, another special celebration. Muslims use a
lunar calendar having 12 lunar months in a year of about 354 days – so Islamic holy days usually
shift 11 days
Building positive connections
Greetings It is important to remember that male and female Muslims do not greet each other by
shaking hands. As a good tip, when greeting a Muslim person for the first time, follow their lead by
responding to what they do. Touching Touching a person of the opposite sex, even in a gesture of
goodwill or comfort, is not common practice among Muslim people.
Knowledge is Freedom – ‫نور‬ ‫‫العلم‬
‬
‬

Social occasions Muslims do not drink alcohol, nor do they eat pork, ham or bacon. When issuing
an invitation for a social event, it is appreciated if some information

Religion and Women Essay
Religion and Women
Religion can be seen to act as a social control over women to a large extent. The feminist
perspective argues religion serves the interests of men and cements patriarchal power. Karen
Armstrong points out the ways in which God has been redefined by each era, by men to continually
meet their needs. We can see this in relation to two main ideas, the nature of religious imagery. In
most religions, women tend to be portrayed in terms of their "traditional" social characteristics. The
"Virgin Mary" in Christian religion for example. Although a powerful figure her power, is
ideological rather than political – the virtues of purity, chastity, motherhood and so forth are
personified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are told they are close to God as they produce a soul of god when they are mothers but this is
used to control them and they in turn socialize the children into the religion and the ideology,
ultimately not recognising their inequality and it all benefits men. The nature of religious
organisation is another issue when stating the extent to which religion is used as a social control
over women. While women, feature strongly in both religious participation and to a certain extent,
imagery, it is evident that there has been a very noticeable inequality between males and females in
terms of positions of power and authority within religious organisations. Although some sects have
allowed women to preach and spread the word, the majority of the world's major religions have
tended to relegate women to relatively subordinate roles, in terms of their power, authority and
influence in their organisation (which further reflects women's experience in the social world).
However the extent to which religion has been used vas a social control over women can be
questioned as in relation to Christianity, the decision in 1994 by the Church of England to ordain
women as priests and to allow them to take charge of Church services is a significant development
to note. Also some religions do not convey the same ideology as others and are more egalitarian
such

Islam and Diane Frost Essay example
Islamophobia: Links between terrorism, Muslim and "race hate''.
By Mbalu Sillah
English 101
Professor Caldwell
16 June 2011
Thesis: Millions of people from different races, nationalities and cultures around the world are
united by their widespread Islamic faith.
Introduction
I. What is Islamaphobia? A. What cause it? B. Where it was use the most? C. Who did it affect the
most? 1. Muslims 2. United State 3. Europe II. Terrorism A. September 11, 2001 B. Europe
bombing 2005 III. Media A. Effect on Islamaphobia B. Spread of racism IV. Discrimination A.
Muslims B. At work C. Home D. Public Places V. Conclusion A. Damage B. Effect in community ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CPS stated that at the beginning of 2005 it had dealt with 4,728 cases of "racially aggravated''
crimes in the past 12 months; More than half of the victims were Asian, with Islam the "actual or
perceived'' religion of those attacked. The criminal attacked and insulted victims of Muslims
because Muslims were view as supporters of Osama bin laden or Saddam Hussein. Muslim
communities have been targeted in various forms, since the 2001 attacks either because of this or the
combination of factors. Moreover, when London was bombed in July 2005, this could only mean an
increase in anti–Muslim emotion and an increase in race hate against Muslims nationally. According
to the Metropolitan police, religious hate crimes, mostly against Muslims, rose 6–fold in London in
the three weeks after the July 2005 bombings. Many of these involve verbal abuse and minor
assaults, and damage to mosques and property with a great "emotional impact'' was also part of the
report. This includes assaults, criminal damage or public order offences, and included four murders
(BBC News, August 4, 2005). The independent (2 April, 2005) reported the research into the effects
of september11 and the invasion of Iraq found "Islamophobic tendencies'' filtering down into the
younger generation, including school children as young as 13. Kundnani has look at the after effects
on one Muslim community following the 9/11 attacks;

Terrorism Essay
Terrorism: Cause and Responses
Answer 1
Our world has been a victim of terrorism and terrorist acts since the civilized human life began on
this planet. There have been radicals and extremists who have been unhappy about something or the
other all along during the development of our world. It can be seen that the ways how these people
terrorized the world has changed along with time. Terrorists have always used the path of violence
to get their voice heard to the world. With the technological innovations these groups also adapted
their means of violence.
One of the examples of the traditional terrorist group (which I must clear that any Indian would not
believe it to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The party was recognized with a central committee and with provincial and district committees
under it. All decisions were to be taken in these committees, majority decisions were to be binding
on all. HSRA did many violent acts to fight against the British government, they looted a train in
Kakori which was carrying lots of government money, they also murdered a British officer, and the
biggest act was the bombing in the Legislative Assembly. By this time most of the young generation
of India had started believing in Bhagat Singh and were joining HSRA. Bhagat Singh was labeled a
terrorist and to prove the British government wrong he did the bombing in the legislative assembly
and turned himself in, so that he could bring the reality of the corrupt government in front of the
people of India by fighting his own case in the court. Bhagat Singh believed that the perception of
the existence of class cleavages in society also led to the understanding that violence would be
imperative to bring about a change in the social structure. It was a violence that destroyed to build.
The Communist Party of India was formed in 1925–26 and had to almost immediately go
underground. Within the next six years Bhagat Singh was executed and it remains one of the big ifs
of history whether he would have joined the party as his companions did.
On the other hand if we talk about

The Middle East: A Brief Overview Essay
"Erased/deleted old title which did not make sense within body of essay"
The Middle East is a region in Southwest Asia that includes the countries of Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
Oman, U.A.E., Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan.
The aspects that make up all that is geography in the Middle East include physical geography,
economic geography, religion, and human history. The Middle East is known for its physical
geography, being the largest area of dry climate in the world.
Southwest Asia is mostly desert and steppe climate because of subtropical high pressure over the
area which keeps the region dry and the air warm. Some places around ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Commercial farming is found in a few places, mostly Israel, but is widespread only in Europe. In the
Middle East, they grow barley and wheat, citrus fruits, olves, figs, nuts, and grapes. Livestock is
also kept on these farms. On these private desert farms, the practice of irrigation was first developed
centuries ago.
What does one think of when the Middle East? The popular answer is "oil." Oil is the
region's richest mineral resource, and is found mainly along the shores of the Persian Gulf, and in
Iraq. Since a lot of the world's oil comes from this region, those countries with abundant oil supplies
joined together to create the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to better control the
world oil prices. But even with the great oil economy in other countries, Israel is the only developed
country in the Middle East because of te lack of other resources in the area.
The historical geography of the Middle East is great, and here, in the wetter river valleys of the
region, called the Fertile Crescent, the world's first civilzations arose in the area once known as
Mesopatamia. The region has been known for many great contributions to the modern world,
including the domestication of many common farm animals of today, writing, developed by ancient
Sumerians, iron weapons from the Hittites, the first trading networks were formed by Phoenician
merchants along

Values of Different Religions
MGT3020 – Business Ethics
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
COMPARATIVE ETHICS [B–H–J–I]
MGT3020–Section 1
Matric No. 0935401 First name: Ziat Abdel–Jallal Gender: Male
Matric No. 0920015 First name: Mohamed Sheikh Ali Musse Gender: Male
Matric No. 0913681 First name: Mohamed Abdi Muse Gender: Male
Due date: 9–12–2011 Submission date: 8–12–2011
Output: Hardcopy Softcopy
Responsibility: Group
E–mail of sender: aj.ziat@gmail.com Submission: Softcopy e–mail attachment; and hardcopy
Destination e–mail: mgt3020@gmail.com
Introduction
An executive tends to interact with people from different religions and races. He/she is bound to
encounter conflict with colleagues, subordinates, and superiors due to different values, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is only on Sunday that the Christians gather in churches to pray and sing to the Lord. That is the
only commemoration present nowadays in Christianity. Others, like Christmas, Easter and All
Saints' Day are obviously not having any effect on the workplace. Food is definitely not a matter as
well.
Description
My group members and I equally divided the work, in the sense that Mohamed Sheikh Ali Musse
and Mohamed Abdi Muse interviewed the different persons by interacting with them through e–
mails, although it was hard to get anyone from Judaism or Sikhism in Malaysia but we will make an
assumption for Judaism. Abdel–Jallal Ziat compiled everything in a comprehensive report which
shows how the different religions interact between each other. We appreciate the fact that all of these
religions are connected to the Islamic dogma in their message of peace, harmony, and fairness. It
simply shows how Islam is the root of everything and that people deviated from the True Path for
whatsoever reasons. We have been spending two weeks to finalize this assignment even though we
did not really meet for several reasons (other assignments, lack of time) and fortunately it was

enough for us to understand each other and be in tune with the differences and reconcile them. We
faced difficulties to interview Hindus

Nature and Authority of Sharia Law Essay
PAGE 1 – THE NATURE AND AUTHORITY OF THE SHARIA
PAGE 2 – HOW THE WILL OF GOD MAY BE KNOWN REGARDING CONTEMPORAY
ISSUES
PAGE 3 – AUTHORITY
PAGE 4 – IMPORTANCE (GUIDE TO LIFE, ACCURACY)
PAGE 5 – DIFFERING UNDERSTANDINGS OF IJTIHAD
PAGE 6 – GLOSSARY
Nature and Authority of the Shari'a
In technical terms it is a clearly defined way of following the guidance of God that was left as a
pattern for Islamic living by each of the messengers: Muhammad [SAW] left a Shari'a left for the
Muslims that was based on the rules and regulations of the faith. We have seen this through the way
Muslims pray five times a day keep the fast, obtaining the five pillars. The Shari'a is never an
arbitrary law made up by the prophets or by a vote ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A mujtahid is an Islamic scholar who is competent to interpret sharia by Ijtihad.
The Qur'an commands Ijithad in early Islam as it was the common practice and later it was
combined with early Islamic philosophy. Slowly it fell out of practice in the Sunni fiqh for many
reasons.
A western scholar called Joseph Schacht stated that the close of the door of Ijtihad had occurred by
the beginning for the 10th century.
Other scholars such as Wael Hallaq demonstrated that Ijtihad has remained an essential part of the
Sunni Muslim tradition, despite the emphasis on the taqlid. Hallaq wrote that a minority always
claimed that a properly–qualified scholar must have the right to ijtihad at all times. Long after the
10th century the principles of ijtihad continued to be discussed in the Islamic legal literature.
Qiya's;
In Islamic jurisprudence, Qiya's is the process of deductive analogy in which the teachings of the
Hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Qur'an, in order to apply a known injunction
to a new circumstance and create a new injunction. The ruling of the Sunnah and the Qur'an may be

used to solve or provide a response to a new problem that may arise. This, maybe the only the case
providing that the set precedent or paradigm and the new problem that has come about will share
operative causes (illah). Illah is the specific set of circumstances that trigger a certain law into
action.
Sunni Islam and Shia Islam share

Essay 9/11 and Its Affects on Americans Views on Islam
"Who are you?"(Eggers 206) were the first words that Abdulrahman Zeitoun heard from the police
officers that had surrounded him and his friends with their guns drawn as he walked out of 5010
Claiborne that he owned. He had been stopping by the house to use the telephone once a day to call
his wife Kathy, who was in Arizona with their four children to escape Hurricane Katrina, a catagory
5 hurricane that had hit New Orleans, the city they lived in. Abdulrahman Zeitoun had stayed home
to protect his many properties that he and his family had required in the sixteen years since he had
moved to the city. He was a general contractor and owner of Zeitoun Painting Contractors, LLC. He
also owned several rental houses around the city and had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Ahmaad, a fellow Muslim man, had someone in mind, but he had already earmarked her for
introduction to another friend. He assured Zeitoun that if things didn't work out between them, that
he would introduce them to each other. After many months of fruitless introductions to other woman
from around the country, Ahmaad kept his word and introduced him to Kathy Delphine, the woman
who Ahmaad had already introduced to another friend. Her relationship had come to an end and
agreed to meet as well. At first Zeitoun was apprehensive. He was a Muslim man that was looking
for a woman of the Islamic faith to raise children with. Ahmaad quickly told him that she was an
American that had converted to Islam. After observing her from afar, including a funny incident that
resulted in a nervous Zeitoun hiding from Kathy in his car so as to not get caught watching her at
work, Zeitoun and Kathy met at a friendly bar–b–Que with Ahmaad and his wife Yuko, who just
happened to be Kathy's best friend. While Kathy decided that she was not ready for another serious
relationship just yet, 2 years later she had a change of heart and began dating Zeitoun. They were
married soon after and had three children to add to the one Kathy had from her first marriage. They
had very few experiences with discrimination, but they did experience some. People would call their
company

President Islam Karimov Left His Country
Uzbekistani President Islam Karimov left his country as he ruled it: plagued by inconsistencies in
news reports, government cover–ups, and incorrigible deceit. While Karimov reportedly died on
September 2nd at the age of 78 due to a brain hemorrhage, he likely passed away well before his
government's official announcement. The full extent of Karimov's critical condition was not
revealed to the media until his daughter, Lola Karimova–Tillyaeva, announced it on her Instagram
profile. Then, after days of speculation, the Uzbek government finally confirmed that Karimov had
passed away. Following a few hours of leadership contention, Nigmatilla Yuldashev, the chairman of
the upper house of Parliament and next in the line of presidential succession, stepped aside to allow
long–time Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev to become the interim leader.
The government's postponement of broadcasting Karimov's death may raise eyebrows, but rather it
sheds light on the fears of the regime. Considering that in its 25 years of existence, Uzbekistan has
never held democratic elections and that nearly half of the country's 32 million citizens have only
lived under Karimov, such a delay in announcing the Uzbekistani leader's death signifies that the
regime is concerned about maintaining the status quo. Unfortunately for its citizens, its neighbors in
Central Asia, and leaders around the world, Uzbekistan's status quo is malicious, progressively inert
and undeniably criminal. Though it has been

The Spread of Islam and the Slave Trade Essay
The Spread of Islam and the Slave Trade
"Segu is a garden where cunning grows. Segu is built on treachery. Speak of Segu outside Segu, but
do not speak of Segu in Segu" (Conde 3). These are the symbolic opening words to the novel Segu
by Maryse Conde. The kingdom of Segu in the eighteenth and nineteenth century represents the rise
and fall of many kingdoms in the pre–colonial Africa. Therefore, Segu indirectly represents the
enduring struggles, triumphs, and defeats of people who are of African decent in numerous countries
around the world. There are three major historical concepts that are the focus of this book. One is
the spread of the Islamic religion. Another is the slave trade, and the last is the new trade in the
nineteenth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two men represent the struggle that many faced in Segu and ironically, are brothers. There are
basically three standpoints when it comes to the Islamic religion. One could embrace it, and
completely follow it like Tiekoro. One could simply follow it because they may feel pressured to, or
one could reject it, and stand up for what they believe in. Unfortunately, it is basically a two to one
scenario and the spread of Islam is inevitable.
An example of the people who just followed the religion because they felt pressured were the people
who sent their children to the schools that were set up to learn the religion. For the children who
already had a religion, their parents sent them there to convert them, which also made the parents
look good socially. If they did this, they usually got privileges and they fit in as well.
Another focal point in Segu was slavery and the slave trade. There was a strong demand for slaves
during this time period and the fact that human beings were being traded physically tore families
and communities apart. Sadly, the younger the slave, the better they were for labor and the higher
they were on demand by slave traders. A typical slave was between ten and thirty years old. The
people trading the slaves viewed them as property, with absolutely no regard for their feelings or
their families. The consistent trade of the slaves caused much fear and the people became alienated.
"What reason could there be for

Vegetarianism Philosophy Essay
Vegetarianism is a custom practiced in six out of the seven continents and has become more popular
over the years. Vegetarianism can be defined as the exclusion of animal products such as meat and
fish from one's diet. Dairy products and eggs are often times excluded as well. Although there are
many reasons one may decide to become a Vegetarian or follow such a code of ethics, the most
common include: moral, religious or health reasons.
Morally, one may feel obligated to exercise Vegetarianism due to the inhumane treatment of animals
throughout the farming process. The issue is that roughly ten billion animals are raised for United
States food consumption alone. Animals such as cows, fish, chickens, pigs, and turkeys are
subjected to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is not an argument of which life holds more value. The argument is that it is immoral to
subdue animals to inhumane conditions for the purposes of efficiency and human food consumption.
For some, the choice of Vegetarianism is decided based on religious beliefs or practices.
Vegetarianism is compatible with the major world religions–the Eastern Religions (Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Taoism) and the Abrahamic Religions (Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and Bahá'í
Faith). Among these, it is most commonly practiced by those of the Buddhist, Christian and Islamic
faith. Vegetarianism within the Buddhist culture is taught along with the "Four Noble Truths," which
focus on the acts of suffering. Since the Buddhist faith accepts the idea of karma, it is believed that
in order to maintain a life of peace and happiness and remain free of suffering, one must refrain
from the harming, injuring or killing of any living being. As part of the Christian faith, animal
cruelty is forbidden. The teachings of Jesus Christ focus on the ideas of love, compassion, mercy
and acceptance. Although the question of eating meat is not directly addressed in Christian doctrine
it can be implied that since animals are a creation of God and the idea of love for all of God's
creations is heavily stressed in the Christian faith, then out of Christian love on should lead a life

A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flanney O'connor Essay
Literally Analysis The story "A Good Man is Hard to Find", by Flannery O'Connor, is about nuclear
family in the 50's who decided to go to East Tennessee for vacation instead of Florida. The
grandmother said that the way Tennessee opposes the Misfit, a criminal who escaped from jail, was
one of the main reasons for her choice. On the way, the grandmother suggests going to an old
mansion she once visited by deceiving the kids to force Bailey to seek out the place but the
grandmother made a mistake with the location. Embarrassed, the grandmother jerks her feet and
Pitty Sing, the cat, escapes the basket and surprises Bailey, who wrecks the car. Later, the family
meets the Misfit and his partners and the Misfit kills them all after the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the grandmother seems to care less about poverty and the sufferings of lower class people. For
example, when the old women spots a poor Negro child in the street naked without any pants, she
says, "Wouldn't that make a picture now?" (A Good Man...). The author connects the grandmother to
the real world where a lot of people pay more attention to their outward appearance to impress
others than to beautify their inner self first. Also, the family in the story has a car in an era where
having a car was perceived as a higher class possession. Although the grandmother shows a
prejudice behavior towards the little Negro child with her comments, O'Connor mean to emphasize
the class difference that exists in the American society and the negligence and the lack of assistance
from higher class to less fortunate class. Additionally, the grandmother shows superiority in her
actions and poor judgment towards others. In the story, the grandmother answer Red Sammy Butts
question about why he let those guys fuel their tank without paying by saying he does it because he
is a "good man". Also, when she when she realizes that the Misfit is a threat to her life, she
repeatedly tells him that he is a "good man". This way O'Connor highlights the moral codes that the
grandmother built on the characteristics she believes that make people "good". Although, it seems
that the grandmother sees the goodness in people and has an open–hearted

A Visit to A Mosque In America Essay
A Visit to A Mosque In America
Driving along the highway, all eyes are drawn as a magnet to the unique building with its golden
dome and unusual architecture. The Islamic Center is located at the base of a residential street in a
small neighborhood. The center houses an Islamic school, a community center, an international
school and the Mosque, which is the place of worship for Muslims.
There are many misconceptions regarding Islam and Muslims. In reality most Muslims are non–
Arabs and most live outside the Middle East. There are five million Muslims in the United States.
There are an estimated 10,000–15,000 Muslims in the area.
Passing through the wrought iron gate, my eyes rivet to the cluster of flags to the right, one to ...
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The International School offers grades K–8 and has a teacher/student ratio of 1:15 along with a
Montessori pre–school and is available to Muslims and non–Muslims. The most beautiful building
among these is the Mosque. The Mosque was built in early 1990's and is American built, almost
entirely by local architects and local artists. There is a fountain in front of the Mosque and a second
fountain inside the vestibule. These fountains have come from as far away as Egypt, Syria and Saudi
Arabia and are merely for decoration though in older times fountains were used for washing before
prayer.
Upon entering the Mosque, I enter into a vestibule with a decorative fountain in the middle and a
hallway to each side lined with a shelf for shoes. Shoes are not worn in a Mosque because it is a
place of worship to Allah, the Arabic word for God, where cleanliness is all–important. Shoes will
have dirt on them. One cannot go before God in such a state.
After my shoes are removed I proceed through the vestibule. On each side of the fountain are
restrooms, one for men, one for women. Inside the restrooms is where differences begin. Each
houses a wash basin which reminds me of when I was a young girl in elementary school and the old
round sinks we used to wash our hands. This is the same. It is here that Muslims perform wudu.
Wudu is the cleansing done before

Examine the Boko Haram Saga in Nigeria and Provide a...
UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL STUDIES (GRADUATE STUDIES)
EXAMINE THE BOKO HARAM SAGA IN NIGERIAAND PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO
POLICY MAKERS.
BY
NAME: BABALOLA OLUBUKOLA
COURSE TITLE: RELIGION AND MODERN CHANGE IN AFRICA
COURSE CODE: RCS 502.2
According to the Wikipedia Boko Haram refers to People Committed to the Propagation of the
Prophet's Teachings and Jihad. Better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram, it is a Salafist jihadist
terrorist organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. It is an Islamist movement which strongly
opposes man–made laws. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001 or 2002, the organisation is a
Muslim sect that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish a Sharia ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The centre had ulterior political goals and soon it was also working as a recruiting ground for future
jihadists to fight the state. The group includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and
Niger and speak only Arabic.
In 2004 the complex was relocated to Yusuf's home state of Yobe in the village Kanamma near the
Niger border.
The group conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its
existence. That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the
group's activities following reports that its members were arming themselves. Prior to that the
government reportedly repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the
organisation, including that of a military officer.
When the government came into action, several members of the group were arrested in Bauchi,
sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700
people. During the fighting with the security forces Boko Haram "fighters reportedly "used fuel–
laden motorcycles" and "bows with poison arrows" to attack a police station. The group's founder
and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was also killed during this

Islam vs. Christianity Essay
Islam and Christianity seem to have very little in common; however, the two actually show strong
likeness, principally in the central areas. Both Muslims and Christians are monotheists, believing in
one God. While both believe in the same God, He is called by two completely different names. He is
referred to as "Allah" by Muslims and "God" by Christians. Although Islam and Christianity are two
different religions, their similarities in beliefs and prayers make them comparable in many aspects.
Muslims and Christians have distinct prayers that correspond. Both prayers are sacred to the
religions and follow the same pattern. This pattern is adoration, submission, and supplication. The
Lord's Prayer, prayed by Christians, starts by saying, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also believed in both religions that God will judge humans when the world has ended. Their
dwelling will be based upon their actions in fulfillment with a moral code which is addressed in the
Covenant, or agreement, which God made with his people. Angels are believed to exist and are
sometimes believed to be messengers of God. Muslims and Christians both believe that Satan, called
Shaitan by Muslims, and the evil spirits who follow him exist. They are known as enemies of
humanity. Muslims and Christians alike have faith that Jesus Christ was born to the virgin Mary
through immaculate conception and will return at the end of the world. The two religions have many
similarities in their moral code and practices as well. Intoxication, homosexuality, and suicide are
strictly forbidden and are considered morally unacceptable. Likewise, the two practice fasting,
charity, and good works. The biggest difference in Islam and Christianity is that Muslims don't
believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, which is the basic foundation of Christianity. Muslims
believe that Jesus was a servant of God as well as a prophet. Muhammad is believed to be a prophet
and a servant of God also; however, Muhammad is said to be the last prophet sent by God to guide
humanity. On the contrary, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and is therefore viewed as
God

Explain Why the Arab Invasions of 710 and 711 Were so...
Explain why the Arab invasions of 710 and 711 were so successful. In answering this question we
must first appreciate the difficulty historians face in discovering the real truth of the early Arab
invasions, a fact well demonstrated in the varying estimates of Arab invasion forces (ranging from
1,700–9000 in current publications). Scant contemporary evidence exists beyond a short narrative
present in a Spanish chronicle of 754, a vital surviving Islamic administrative document of the time,
and some archaeological remains. Our knowledge of the invasions is largely founded on the works
of later Islamic historians, the Ajbar Machmua text for example and the works of Ibn Idhari and al
Maqqari. Unfortunately there are fewer Christian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The existence of a rival claimant caused dangerous divisions throughout the kingdom and in
Akhila's demesne land of Tarragona and Narbonne coins were minted without the king's image, a
clear measure of defiance. It is also reported in some sources that during the invasion Akhila
conspired with the Arabs to depose Roderic. Some go as far as to say that during the final battle a
wing of Roderic's army loyal to Akhila turned on him in the midst of the fighting. Whether this is
true can hardly be proven but something catastrophic must have happened for the King's army
supposedly far larger than Tarik's (Estimates 24,000–30,000 ) to suffer such a devastating defeat.
Many historians support the idea that elements within the Visigothic nobility gave assistance to the
invaders probably as a means of removing Roderic. It is unlikely however that they foresaw the long
term implications of the invasion and the extension of Muslim presence in Iberia. It is argued that as
well as the problems the succession dispute posed, the very fabric of Visigothic society itself was
weak. It is suggested that the Visgothic nobility of the time, who had placed themselves above the
native Hispano–Roman population in terms of rights and privileges, were suffering a backlash from
the lower sections of society. Incidents of rebellion had increased as had the number of slaves
deserting their Lords. Many runaways turned to outlawry and as a consequence

Re Essay: ‘There Has Always Been Wars and There Will...
When we think of war we think of torture, cruelty, suffering and hell. Indeed, there is no denying
that war is terrible. The desire for war is generally caused by man's ego, which is part of the physical
man, as opposed to the spiritual man. Physical man is another way of describing man's "human
nature." Man naturally has great tendencies to do according to his desires, and has other people act
in agreement to his desires, cultures, and philosophies. As a civilization of a particular culture
grows, it is a part of that civilization's nature to dominate the choices of surrounding peoples, in an
attempt to bring these peoples into less than one great rule. If need be, man will wage war to
forcibly bring others to the awareness of a more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of Jihad is often misread by non–Muslims who then see Islam as not being a pacifist
religion. Another idea in Muslim that relate to war is Harb al–Muqadis, which is Holy War. Muslims
are allowed to fight in self–defence, however they are forbidden to begin in a fight. Therefore, the
aim of fighting is to create a circumstance where Muslims are free to worship Allah and live in
peace. One aim of Holy War may be to create equality where people are free to live their lives
without beliefs and politics being forced on them. There must be no hatred or vengeance in the
fighting. As soon as peace is offered, fighting must stop. Once peace has been re–established the
differences between people must be resolved. "Hate your enemy mildly; he may become your friend
one day" suggests that we shouldn't hate our enemies so much as they could help us in life–saving
situations. People never know that sometimes your worst enemy can be your friend. We should put
aside our differences are combine our thoughts and feelings, and resolve an understanding.
On the other hand, even though there have been wars, should we be the ones to continue with them?
Should we be the ones who strike our swords in the face of peace? Can't we be the ones who make
peace and shake hands with one and another? Even though there were wars before, there were also
non–violent ones.

The meaning and Concepts of Jihad Essay
The Holy of Holy Wars: Jihad
In light of recent events in the global community, one word that is used frequently but rarely truly
understood is the Islamic word Jihad. Jihad has become a very volatile word, so it is necessary that
those who use it should understand exactly what it means, what it entails, and what significance it
has in current global events.
There are many interpretations of the word Jihad, but the most common literal translation from
Arabic to English is "struggle." Many interpret the idea of a Jihad as a holy war. While holy war
may be part of the struggle of Muslims, it is not the entirety of Jihad. In its primary sense, Jihad is
an internal struggle to rid oneself of debased actions or inclinations and devote ... Show more
Following the attacks on the Pentagon and Word Trade Center on September 11th, 2001, many
Muslim Clerics praised the attacks and many denounced them as the work of extremists. So
although there may be violent Muslims, Islam itself promotes a very peaceful practice and a loving
and forgiving God.
Millions of Americans and people around the globe consider the terrorist bombings all over the
Earth to be the work of cowards who can only execute such murderous acts because of the
knowledge that they won't live to face the repercussions. However, while the actions of these people
can never truly be justified, they are within the general spectrum of Islamic teachings. If these men
believed that their faith was under attack by America, they raised the "sword" to defend it. As the
Quran once again states, "Fighting is obligatory for you, much as you dislike it. But you may hate a
thing although it is good for you and love a thing although it is bad for you. God knows, but you do
not" (Van Voorst 312). Muslims are taught that any martyr who dies in defense of Islam has the
rewards of life multiplied many times over waiting for him in Heaven. "Allah has given those who
fight with their goods and their persons a higher rank than those who stay at home" (Sherif 166–
168). However, the idea of martyrdom and a beautiful afterlife for martyrs is not exclusive to Islam,
but present in many other religions, including Christianity. The teachings of Islam are not to blame
for

Bible vs. Koran
Niccole Culver
World Literature I
Professor Walker
March 20, 2007
The Bible and The Koran
A Comparative Analysis Christianity and Islam have several similar aspects. Both religions praise
the same God, although they each have a different given name. Muslims refer to their god as Allah,
and Christians simply refer to their god as God. Both religions are monotheistic, and both even have
a set of religious laws that all who are righteous abide by. Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam,
while Christians follow the Ten Commandments. Both religions even have their own religious texts:
The Bible and The Koran. Christian missionaries declare that The Bible consists of true narratives
based on actual revelations, and establish that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contrary to The Koran, although he was a man who walked with God, Noah was not a prophet. In
The Koran, Noah's sons were unbelievers, but The Bible portrayed them differently. In fact, all three
of Noah's sons entered the ark along with their wives. It was they, along with Noah and his wife,
who Christians claim replenished the earth after the flood. It is hard to believe that only eight people
could replenish the entire earth. Another distinct difference between the stories of Noah in The Bible
in and in The Koran is that the Bible speaks of the mixing of races that took place between the sons
of God, and the daughters of man. This was supposedly a very important factor that led to the flood.
The Koran, on the other hand, never mentions anything about race mixing, and according to the
creator of "The Bile of The Koran," Savasan Yurtsever, there was no
Culver 4 race mixing at all. In fact, the only reason the flood took place was to punish those who
ignored Noah's prophecy.
Lastly, Noah's curse is explained in complete detail in the Bile. The Koran, however, says nothing
about any such curse. It is also a claim in The Bible that the "Mountains of Ararat" as the resting site
of Noah's ark. Conversely, "Al–Judi" is where Noah's ark can be found according to The Koran. In
short, the Prophet Noah was given commandments by God just as the Prophet Muhammad was after
him. Christians argue that the reason for similarities between the two stories is because

Muslim Religion Paper
| The Muslim Religion | Marlia J. Kegler | | Hum 130 Religions of the World | Professor John L.
Meeks |
|
Religion has become one of the biggest diverse topics in today's society. Throughout the last weeks
we have taken the journey to learn about different religions and in this paper I will attempt to take
you on that journey with me learning about the Muslim religion. The Muslim religion dates all the
way back to 570 BC when the prophet Muhammad was said to be born. Muhammad is considered
by Muslims to be the last continuing chain of prophets who has come to restore what they consider
real religion. (Fisher, 2005, Para. 1). The Muslims scared book is called the Qur'an, which according
to the Muslims revealed a series ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon arrival to the Mosques it looks like it was covered in snow because it was all white with just a
little of silver trimming on the edges. It is nothing spectacular there are no bright windows or a big
cross to signify what it is like most churches I have seen. The inside was just as simple, out of
respect there are no shoes worn in the Mosque praying areas and there were also separate room for
prayer based on gender. There was also a common area with books for learning. Although it was
simple the Mosques was very pretty and it was very refreshing to see a place where all that seems to
matter was praise and worship and not who has the best what. After having a tour of the Mosque I
sat down with a young Muslim by the name of Asja Jackson, she is twenty–four year old and had
converted from being a Baptist and here is a summary of the interview.
Me: Good Afternoon, How are you?
Asja: Good how are you?
Me: I am doing just fine, first before we begin let me first thank you for taking the time out of your
day to talk to me and answer my questions.
Asja: You are welcome.
Me: Ok, the first question I'd like to ask is; how long have you been a practicing Muslim?
Asja: I have been an active practicing Muslim for 9 years.
Me: That is a long time, what made choose to practice Islam over other religions? You were a
Baptist at one point correct?
Asja: Yes I was. However when I was practicing Christianity while growing up I wasn't able

Compare and Contrast Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Essay
Compare and Contrast Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Human beings have always been curious
about the meaning and purpose of life. Religions try to answer the curiosity people have about there
being a higher source, typically identifying this greater domination as God. Some beliefs teach that
there is only one G–d this is defined as a monotheistic religion. Some examples of monotheistic
religions are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Although each sect has a different perspective on
teachings and beliefs they have one common thread; the belief in a singular deity. Each religion has
a different perspective but most important is where the religions generated from. Major religions
started in various parts of the world. Judaism, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Christianity is broke in to three divisions Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant. In 1054 a major break
in Christianity took place, giving birth too two major sects. The major sects were called Catholic
and Orthodox. In the 16 century another split became, and that sect was called Protestant. The issue
of religious authority continues to be a fundamental difference and perspective between the sects of
Christianity. For example, the Pope was not acknowledged by the Orthodox as a worldwide
supremacy. Comparison is the Catholic's religious structure cored around the Pope. Thus
Christianity has multiple sects and is far more complex. Christianity has numerous sects; in
comparison, Islam has only two major branches. The main sects of Islam are Sunni and Shi'a. The
partition between these two sects is the disagreement over authority. For example Sunni believes
authority is political. On the other hand, Shi'a believes authority is political and religion. Another
major disagreement between the Shi'a and Sunni was over the idea of salvation. The Islamic
community, it was believed, would only win G–d's mercy on the Day of Judgment if the community
as a whole lived according to G–d's law.(66) The discrepancies with the main ideas cause the split in
Islam as we see it today. Each religion has a different way in obtaining salvation. Jewish and
Christian community, the Islamic community has different views on salvation as well as beliefs. It is

Essay Women in Islam
In my research paper, I will try to argue that the way that Muslim extremists treat women in Islam,
couldn't be further away than what the Islam preaches. Misinformation and misconception about
Muslim women is the main reasons why so many Westerner's have the picture of Islam, especially in
America, associated it with bad images of oppressed women hiding in their hijab,, or walking
behind their husbands. What does Islam say about women and their right's. Do Islamic countries
follow Islamic teaching when dealing with women's issues? Beliefs about how Muslim women are
treated and blame the religion instead of the culture from which they came from. I hope that instead
of falling into the typical stereotypes and cultural innovation, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The men will take excerpts completely out of context and use this to justify the maltreatment. This
has been a growing problem within the culture and women still to this day are going without their
basic rights for education and kjklfjdkl. husbands, and or family for the sake of religion. oppressed
by their husbands or family for the sake of religion. Many of those extremists argue that this is the
direct word of God and I intend to prove that it's not. I believe that in order to understand true Islam,
we need to go back to the root's and study the original teaching and apply that to today's society.
American's and other westerners think that Muslim women are forced into the dress code of
covering from top to bottom, but most of the Muslim women who dress in the traditional hijab,
choose this because they feel so liberated, and quite often, it's a personal choice according to their
own convictions.
What is the Koran and when was it first revealed? The Koran is the sacred text of Islam, divided into
114 chapters: revered as the word of God, dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel, and
accepted as the foundation of Islamic law, religion, culture, and politics. This book encompasses any
problem a Muslim faced from the time of it's revelation 1400 years ago until the end of time; still
remains

The Crusades of the High Middle Ages Essay
The Crusades of the High Middle Ages The Crusades of the High Middle Ages (a.d. 1050–1300)
was a period of conquest or rather, reconquest, of Christian lands taken from Muslims in the early
Middle Ages. It is an era romanticized by fervent Christians as the time when Christianity secured
its honorable status as the true religion of the world. The affect of the Crusades is still with us today.
It sailed from Spain and Portugal to the Americas in the fifthteenth century aboard sailing ships
carrying conquistadors who sought new territory and rich resources. They used the shield and sword
of Christianity to justify a swift conquest of mass territory and the subjugation of the indigenous
peoples; a mentality learned, indeed, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Muhammad died a caliph, or successor, assumed leadership. The two caliphs succeeding
Muhammad furthered the Islamic cause by conquering vast territory. Their culture infiltrated lands
"from the Pyrenees and Atlantic coast in Spain to the Indus Valley of India and China's far western
borders (Andrea 88)." Their world community called Dar al–Islam spread across land and included
non–Muslim peoples. Muslims allowed the Christians living in this realm to continue practicing
Christianity. However, the Pact of 'Umar, a political document, succinctly laid out the requirements
of Christian observance within the presence of Muslims. Although it was a restricted existence for
the Christians, the Muslims did practice and offer tolerance towards this disparate religion. At least
the Muslims didn't savagely murder Christians, which was the strategy for the Christian crusaders.
How did the Christian crusaders re–conquer the territory they considered to be theirs? The Islamic
leaders slowly lost control over their lands due to internal factional differences. Therefore, the
Christians were able to make advancements towards the campaign of the re–conquista, the conquest.
Although the Christian crusades were slowly fought, in fact, it took over three centuries to re–
acquire their lost territories (A.D. 1000–1300), they secured their presence within the region by
utilizing tactics

Gay Marriage and Religion Essay
Although the gay marriage topic has been pretty hot this year and during the Presidential debate, it
has been around for a while, but people tended to ignore it. In contrast, today the topic has gained
national attention. Not only has it been an interesting topic to look at in terms of same–sex weeding
but also due to religious means. Some opponents object to same–sex marriage on religious grounds,
arguing that extending marriage to homosexual couple's undercuts the conventional meaning of
marriage in various traditions, and does not fulfill and procreation role. Writers have coined the term
"marriage" to be restricted to a religious context and that state and federal government should not be
involved in the religious practice. This could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provides one of the great outlets for social intercourse and enjoyment." In Islam, Ph. D. Farah
expresses from the previous quote is that the jointment of marriage serves to emphasize the
significance attached to family life as a force for unity in Islamic society. "The and they have
taken a strong pledge (Mithaqun Ghaltihun) from you?" The Quran specifically refers to marriage as
"Mithaqun Ghalithun," which means "a strong agreement." The seriousness of this of this covenant
becomes very obvious when one finds the same term, Mithaqun Ghaltihun, being used for the
agreement trade between Allah and the Prophet before granting them the responsibility of
Parenthood. Like anything else in their society that the Muslim does, marriage is taught not to be
undertaken until gaining an understanding of all that Allah has prescribed in terms of rights and
obligations as well as gaining a understanding of the wisdom behind the institution. A Muslim is not
to engage in something that is important as marriage unless there is a full understanding of the
purpose of marriage in Islam. Furthermore, from a reader's standpoint, the purpose of marriage is
not simply to produce any child that will live in the next generation but a child who will be obedient
to Allah. This is impossible to achieve when there are two people of the same–ex

Islamic Culture Essay
MUSLIM CULTURE Muslim culture generally reflects the traditions and customs of Muslims that
they adopt for a perfect and respectable life in the society according to the lessons of Quran. Muslim
culture is a giant combination of diverse cultures, That's because Muslims live in various countries
all over the world. Most of the practices are common faiths and guidance for all Muslims no matter
what country or even content they reside in.. These basic faiths and belives are based on the
teachings of Islam. The Muslim culture is a subject of debate for many people who lives in different
parts of the world and belong to diverse communities. Muslim culture represents the unification of
brotherhood where all Muslims are bound to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These five pillars are Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm and Hajj. A life of a Muslim revolves around
these five pillars of Islam. Islamic culture represents different aspects of Islamic life, which includes
wedding traditions, clothing, foods, arts and crafts etc. (Kirabaev, 2000).There are many sources of a
well–defined Muslim culture. Three of them are: Local tradition , The Hadith and , The Quran.
Muslim culture is derived from Quran, Hadith and the local customs. The word Islam means
submission to the will of Allah. Islam is considered to be the second largest religion having one
billion followers. 2.7% Muslim population have been recorded in the United Kingdom (Murray,
2004).
Muslims have a faith that Islam revealed in Mecca (Arabia) about 1400 years ago. Islamic culture is
a resource academia for the illustration of cultures and traditions of Islamic people. Arabs were the
first to depict and demonstrate Muslim culture to the world. Islam originated in Arabia in the
seventh century. Islamic empires have been expanded and Muslims got assimilation from different
cultures like Indonesian, Berber, Malay, Indian, Pakistani, Turkic and Persian (Kirabaev, 2000).
Arabs never used force to invite people from other religions into their sect. some embraced Islam in
the reign of Holy Prophet P.B.U.H while many are converters. Arabic language is a common
language of this religion. Arabians were living in

Essay about Post 9/11 Racial Profiling of Muslim Americans
For a second, the U.S. stood still. Looking up at the towers, one can only imagine the calm before
the storm in the moment when thousands of pounds of steel went hurdling into its once smooth,
glassy frame. People ran around screaming and rubble fell as the massive metal structure folded in
on itself like an accordion. Wounded and limping from the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center,
America carried on, not without anger and fear against a group of innocent Americans, Muslim
Americans. Nietzsche's error of imaginary cause is present in the treatment of Muslim Americans
since 9/11 through prejudice in the media, disregard of Muslim civil liberties, racial profiling,
violence, disrespect, and the lack of truthful public information about ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By continually representing the Muslim or the Arab as the heartless villain, even cartoon movies
contain a biased perspective against the Muslim image in America. All that glitters is not gold, and
this is true for films fresh off the reels of Hollywood, as some contain an unfair perspective of
Muslims. Today one does not even have to wait for a movie to be released. Simply click the "ON"
button on a remote and suddenly, thousands of news and television shows are available for one to
enjoy. Muslims are also the target of prejudice in these news broadcasts and programs. One such
television program released was a drama titled "24." Issues and Controversies reports: "The show,
which deals with a counterterrorism unit based in Los Angeles, featured a group of Muslim terrorist
characters who were plotting to detonate nuclear weapons in the U.S. At the end of one episode, the
terrorists successfully detonated a small bomb in a Los Angeles suburb, killing about 12,000 people"
("Race and Ethnicity in Entertainment"). This fictional show wrongly spreads the stereotypical
image of Muslims and their clichéd image of the fundamentalists on 9/11. By adding the title and
image of "Muslim" to the phrase "terrorist" the program wrongly advertised that potentially every
Muslim could be a terrorist. This stereotypical image is similarly expressed in news broadcasts
through the use of terrorism news. By increasingly using terrorism and Muslims in top

The Islamic Movement Of Uzbekist Case Study
Background Content
History and Operating Environment The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) was first
established in 1997, but can draw its routes from the Adolat (Justice) movement formed in 1991 by
Juma Namagani and Tahir Yuldashev in Namagan, Uzbekistan (Jane's World, 2014). "Adolat
declared Namangan an independent Islamic entity and attempted to enforce sharia (Islamic law)
using vigilante methods" (Jane's World, 2014, Group Formation para. 1). The President of
Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, nervously tried to negotiate with Adolate, but later forced the group out
of Uzbekistan (Sanderson, T., Kimmage, D., & Gordon, D., 2010). The Adolate fled arrest in
Uzbekistan and moved to Tajikistan where it supported the United Tajik Opposition ... Show more
The IMU fought alongside the Taliban during the U.S.–led invasion of Afghanistan and suffered
heavy losses, as a result of these the IMU was forced to leave its safe–haven in Afghanistan and to
enter the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan (Sanderson et al, 2010). The IMU
conducted several operations in Pakistan to free jailed militants, which were particularly successful;
one of the operations freed over 300 prisoners, 30 of which were IMU members (Jane's World,
2014). The IMU continued to operate out of South Waziristan, Pakistan with the Taliban until a
Pakistani Military offensive pushed the group north into North Waziristan, Pakistan (Sanderson et
al, 2010). Each of the operations that forced the IMU to move its operating base caused heavy losses
in the group, but the Pakistani Military announced its offensive in Waziristan nine months in
advance allowing many IMU members the opportunity to move to safer areas (Sanderson et al,
2010). It is suspected that the IMU is currently operating out of North Waziristan, Tajikistan, and the
Afghani Provinces of: Balkh, Samangan, Kunduz, Baghlan, and Takhar (Jane's World, 2014).
Objectives and Goals The IMU was originally formed to overthrow the Uzbek government and oust
President Islam Karimov (Jane's World, 2014). When the IMU allied itself with the Taliban, most of
their activities shifted from Uzbekistan to helping the Taliban fight and regain control in

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