Analysis Of Time Domain Analysis

Analysis Of Time Domain Analysis
After the real time data is collected from the sensors, the first important step for condition
monitoring and faults detection is to develop efficient signal analysis algorithm that can be used to
extract useful information from raw data for further diagnostic and prognostic purpose. Several
useful algorithms that widely used for faults detection purpose will be discussed in this section
which includes time–domain analysis, frequency domain analysis, time–frequency analysis and
wavelet transform. These techniques are the fundamental of health monitoring methods. Time–
domain analysis Most of the signals from sensors are in time series form for example vibration
signal, temperature signal and current signal of an induction motor. Time–domain ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The signals after TSA indicate the feature information related to the faults which need to be
detected. The TSA is usually applied to detect faults with known repetitive frequency of desired
signal (Mcfadden and Toozhy 2000). For example, faults in rolling bearings, shaft and gears with
known defect frequencies. TSA is given by follow equation: Where s ̅(t) represents the signal, T is
the averaging period and N is the number of samples for averaging. Frequency–domain analysis
Frequency–domain analysis is the most common signal processing algorithm used for online
condition monitoring which is based on the transformed signal in frequency domain. Many electrical
and mechanical faults of motor generate "noise" signals at other frequencies which can be
determined from knowledge of motor parameters. These fault signals in presence of large noise
appear in different sensor signals such as current, vibration and flux. By using frequency analysis,
different types of faults information can be provided. Because some faults results in similar faults
frequencies, to differentiate them, other information is required. Compared with time–domain
analysis, frequency–domain analysis is easier to identify and isolate certain frequency components
of interest. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) (Burgess 1988) is the most widely used conventional
diagnosis technique to
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ECT114 Week3 Homework Essay
ading Summary
These are the automatically computed results of your exam. Grades for essay questions, and
comments from your instructor, are in the "Details" section below.
Date Taken:
7/24/2014
Time Spent:
5 h , 44 min , 39 secs
Points Received:
20 / 26 (76.9%)
Number of Attempts:
0
Question Type:
# Of Questions:
# Correct:
Multiple Choice
15
12
Matching
1
1
Grade Details – All Questions
Question 1.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the Boolean expression at TP1 with respect to the corresponding inputs.
Student Answer:
Instructor Explanation:
TP1 is the output of an OR gate. The Boolean operator for the OR gate is + and the inputs are A and
B. Refer to Chapter 3 of the textbook for more information.
Points ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

Points Received:
2 of 2 Comments:
Question 10.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the correct output waveform for the circuit below.
Student Answer:
YOptionA
YOptionB
YOptionC
YOptionD Instructor Explanation:
Y should be HIGH (when A = 0 AND B = 1) OR (when C NAND = 1). YOptionD is the only
waveform that meets those criteria.
Points Received:
2 of 2 Comments:
Question 11.
Question :
Student Answer:
TP1 is the output of an XOR gate. The Boolean operator for the AND gate is  and the inputs are A
and B. Refer to Chapter 3 of the textbook for more information.
Points Received:
1 of 1 Comments:
Question 12.
Question :
Student Answer:
TP2 is the output of an XNOR gate. The Boolean operator for the XNOR gate is , the XNOR gate
requires an inversion bar over the entire expression, and the inputs are C and. Refer to Chapter 3 of
the textbook for more information.

Points Received:
1 of 1 Comments:
Question 13.
Question :
(TCO 3) Determine the VHDL assignment statement at X with respect to the inputs.
Student Answer:
X <= (A XOR B) OR NOT (NOT B OR C);
X <= (A XOR B) OR (NOT B NOR C);
X <= (A XOR B OR NOT B OR

Joint Tactical Radio Systems
Tactical Radio Systems: The Joint Tactical Radio Systems can be described as inexpensive radio
systems that are software programmable and offer reliable, secure, data, multi–channel voice, and
video communications for mobile users in the military. The tactical radio systems provide an all–
inclusive, safe, and multi–channel mobile communications network ability for ground vehicles. The
deliver communications networking capabilities that enable the transfer of several megabits of data
per second on moving ground vehicles at the tactical edge. Consequently, the systems places total
power and control of the Global Information Grid into the warfighters and take the situational
awareness of network beyond the center for tactical operations (Simonsen, 2011). Due to its huge
impact, the tactical radio systems have been touted as the next generation radio for voice and data
services that will be used by the United States military in their field operations after 2010. The
reason for this consideration is the fact that the systems will work with most of the current military
and civilian radios because they incorporate integrated encryption and networking software that
facilitate the development of mobile ad hoc networks. These systems have been developed on the
software communications architecture, which is a framework that provides information to designers
on how software and hardware can function in harmony. One of the main advantages of this
framework is that it manages the

Arterial Catheter Lab Report
As a respiratory therapist depending on the facility you may be required to insert an arterial catheter
and manage its hemodynamic. It is important for the respiratory therapist or any clinician at the
bedside to know how manage arterial catheters and be competent with blood pressure monitoring as
well as troubleshooting. Arterial cannulating with continuous pressure waveform display remains
the primary choice for monitoring blood pressure of hemodynamically unstable patients (Pittman,
Ping, & Mark, 1998). If the therapist notice the arterial waveform is dampen first assess the patient
than the respiratory therapist should check arterial tubing for possible obstruction due to air bubbles,
blood clots, or blood in the system. If the problem

Nt1310 Unit 8 Lab
The eighth lab was about the RC Circuit Analysis. The purpose of the experiment is to examine the
resistor, capacitor circuit for different voltage inputs and study circuits charging and discharging
behavior depending on the input function. To do the lab, first set up the circuit as shown in the
figure. The first part of this lab will be analyzed a resistor and capacitor circuit with a DC voltage
input (steady state). When we applied the DC voltage, the output behavior shown on the
oscilloscope was just an impulse and rest of the graph was a steady line. We clearly saw that the 5
volts drop across the capacitor which was the steady line. When in an RC circuit connected to a DC
voltage source, the current decreases from its initial value of

Essay about Acoustic Theory and Synthesis
Acoustic Theory and Synthesis
Frequency:
Frequency means the number of cycles per second and depending on the amount of cycles per
second determines how high or low pitched the sound is and the time that it takes to complete one
cycle is called the period. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). And An average human is able to
hear sounds between 20Hz and 20,000Hz.
As the cycles per second increases, the smaller the wavelengths become, therefore there is a higher
frequency which will cause the pitch of the sound to increase or get higher.
If there is frequency of say 20KHz then it is going to be a much higher pitch than a 20Hz because
there is a lot more cycles per second.
Fundamentals:
A fundamental is the lowest frequency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sustain: This is how long the volume is sustained for during the main event of the sound. Release:
The is how long it take for the sound to fade out. An Example of a slow and fast release can be
found on track 7 and 8 of my logic session which is with my assessment. Filters: Filters can either
emphasize or reduce some frequencies from a signal. There are different types of filters that can be
used. There are different types of filters that can be used. There are also filters that can reject
frequencies within a certain frequency band e.g. band bass or band reject.
High Pass Filter: A High Pass filter lets through all the frequencies above the cutoff and eliminates
the ones below the cutoff frequency. An example of a HPF can be found on track 10 of my logic
session. !
Low Pass Filter: A Low Pass filter lets through the frequencies below the cutoff frequency and
eliminates the ones above it. An Example of a low pass filter can be found on track 9 of my logic
session which is with my assessment.
!
ESM

The ESM synthesizer is a very basic synth to create simple bass and lead sounds that can emulate
the Roland – TB 303 synth because it is a monophonic synth and you cant play chords . With the
ESM you can only choose between a saw tooth and square wave and it only

The Oscilloscope
The Oscilloscope
Objectives:
1.To become familiar with the construction and use of the oscilloscope.
2.To gain experience in making simple measurements using this equipment.
Materials and Equipment Needed: Dual Trace Oscilloscope with probes
Instructions:
Please read this experiment carefully so when you come to the lab you understand some of the basic
ideas of an oscilloscope. Become familiar with the documentation for this experiment and the
location of the various buttons and knobs on the oscilloscope.
Throughout this lab there are capitalized words and abbreviations which refer to the controls (knobs,
buttons, dials, ect.) on the instrument.
Upon completion of this lab the student will be able to: 1. Use an oscilloscope and ... Show more
Connect the red of the coax cable from CH1 to the PROBE COMP lug just below the WAVEFORM
OFF button to the left of the CRT screen. The ground clip on the probe can be left unconnected in
this part of the experiment. The square wave calibrating signal should now be displayed on the CRT.
Manipulating the Waveform:
Locate the VERTICAL POSITION knob directly above the VERTICAL MENU button and observe
the effect of this control on the display. Repeat this procedure for the SCALE knob directly below
the HORIZONTAL MENU button.
Bring up the vertical menu on the CRT display by pushing the VERTICAL MENU button directly
below the VERTICAL POSITION knob. The COUPLING DC menu item should be highlighted in
the lower left hand corner of the CRT display. The buttons on the right of the CRT screen allow the
user to choose the type of input signal coupling. Observe the effect of switching between DC and
AC coupling by pushing the DC and AC ~ buttons on right hand side of the CRT screen. The GND
buttons places a short across the input of the scope which allows the user to determine the 0 volts
reference trace. Observe this effect by pushing the GND button. The remaining items in the vertical
menu will not be covered at this time. Clear the CRT screen by selecting the CLEAR MENU button
in the lower right hand corner of the CRT panel.
Return to the standard configuration by executing the following

Simulation of Dynamic Responses of First Order and Second...
Objectives:
As part of the experiment requirements, we were required to simulate the dynamic response of a
first order and a second order linear system with the help of LabVIEW. One of our first objectives of
this experiment was to observe the response of the first order system to the input step signal and
then relate it to the time constant of that specific first order system. The second objective of this
experiment included observing the second order system to the input step signal and then relating it
to the damping ratio of the specific second order system. The third and most important objective of
this experiment was to use different functions of LabVIEW including loop execution control,
LabVIEW formula node, LabVIEW graph, LabVIEW ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A shift register was then used to store the y value for the next iteration (y(n–1)) in case of the first
order system while a 2 stacked shift register, in case of a second order system, was used to store the
y values from previous iterations (y(n–1) and y(n–2)). A formula node was used in order to input the
formula required to program the algorithm for each of the first and second order systems
respectively. After providing the required number inputs and outputs (as per the requirement of each
of the formula respectively), a waveform function was used to create the waveform data from the
output data and determine the time interval of the input waveform. After using an array to contain all
the input and output waveforms, a graph indicator was finally added to the VI to display the final
graphical representation of the output data.
After saving, each of the VI were run separately set at different time constants (for the first order
system) and different damping ratios and 100 Hz undamped natural frequency (for the second order
ratio).
Results:
After creating the VI for first order differential systems in LabVIEW, we ran the VI using five
different time constant values (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1) and received the following graphs:
Figure : LabVIEW generated graph of amplitude against time for

Wheatley Et Al. ( 2011 ) Study
The goal of this study was to evaluate the N170/VPP and LPP responses across three stimuli
conditions and compare the results to Wheatley et al.'s (2011) study. During the Ag/AgCl EEG
recording of P10 and AFz, the 13 right–handed undergraduate participants actively viewed grayscale
images of clocks, doll faces, and human faces. Post–recording, the waveforms were analyzed to
determine the extent of the N170 component and the LPP response. Based on previous research, we
hypothesized that the participants would not show a significant difference in N170 amplitude at P10
between the doll and human faces (Wheatley et al. 2011). We also hypothesized that the LPP
waveform amplitudes at AFz would be significantly more positive in amplitude for ... Show more
However, this is consistent with Wheatley et al.'s (2011) study which reports no p–values less than
0.01 when comparing N170/VPP across the two conditions. Overall, this result is consistent with our
hypothesis and Wheatley et al.'s (2011) results. Also, the statistical analyses did not find a
significant difference (p > 0.05) in LPP response between the doll and human face stimuli (t(12) = –
1.76, p = 0.10). This result is not consistent with our hypothesis and Wheatley et al.'s (2011) study,
which found a significant difference between the human and doll faces with a p–value less than
0.01.
As mentioned before, a more recent study by Balas and Koldewyn (2013) compared N170
amplitudes between real and artificial faces of dogs and humans. In result, Balas and Koldewyn
(2013) only found a significant difference in N170 amplitude between dogs and humans when the
active task was species specific. Overall, the researchers did not report a difference in N170 across
conditions. However, as our study involves different active tasks and less conditions (i.e., only
human faces and doll faces) a direct comparison should be taken lightly.
To help improve the experimental design of this and Wheatley et al.'s (2011) study for the future,
multiple solutions can

Project Objectives Of Femtosecond Light Fields
Project objective and Excepted Significance:
This work aims to demonstrate petahertz optical–field–induced current signal control in electronic
nanocircuit utilizing synthesized femtosecond light fields. That promises an increase in the speed of
data processing and information encoding on rates that exceed 1 Pbit/sec, million times faster than
the current technology. It will likely extend the frontiers of modern electronics and information
processing technologies into the PHz realm. This work will have a broad impact on the
advancements of nanophotonics technologies, most notably in fiber–based telecommunications
networks and the photonic computing field and opening a new realm of information technology.
Basic principle: In this work, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The produced net charge can be detected by ammeter connected to the two electrodes. This
photoinduced current signal inside the nanocircuit is following the driver laser field
instantaneously3–5. Therefore, it can be controlled by tailoring the driving electric field1,2.
Experimental approach:
Light field synthesis. The PI is very capable to lead this project to the ultimate success. He
engineered and developed the unique LFS device (Fig. 1). Also, he demonstrated a full control of
synthesizing light field waveforms from the LFS with attosecond (10–18s) temporal resolution on
demand in (Nature 530, 66–70, (2016). The basic idea of the LFS apparatus (Fig. 1) is based on
dividing a supercontinuum laser light ( 2 octaves) into four different laser spectral channels. The
laser pulse of each channel is compressed to their Fourier limit (shortest duration) before all the
pulses coherently superimpose at the exit of the apparatus and forming one laser broadband–short (2
fs) pulse. The tailoring of the waveform at the exit is possible by controlling the relative phases and
intensities of the four spectral channels inside the synthesizer. This tailoring process is automatized
to obtain the desired waveform of the output electric field by a programming code developed by the
PI1,2. This unique device is

A Comparative Analysis Of MESFET
4.1 Comparative analysis of GaAs MESFET parameters 4.1.1 Comparative analysis of V–I
characteristic of MESFET for A1, A2 & A3 device.
Fig 16: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET for A1 Device Fig 17: Comparative
analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET for A2 Device
Fig 18: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET for A3 Device
4.2.2 Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different Gate width W and VGS
Fig 19: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different W & VGS = 0.0V
Fig 20: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different W & VGS = –0.2V Fig
21: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different W & VGS = –0.4V
4.2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Design of required device model i.e of NAND gate is initialized with the help of pencil and paper.
Above designed paper model is implanted in LTSPICE IV through various tools present in editor
toolbar like components, label net, ground, draw wires, resistors, drag & move. Fig 22: Circuit
design for simulation of GaAs MESFET as NAND gate
Physical input parameters are fed in this model.
Now, circuit simulation is performed with the help of Run tool present in editor

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Analog Signal Processing
Firstly I will explain what is signal ,signal processing ,analogue viruses digital signal types of signal
processing their advantages and disadvantages and their comparison .I–e which one is better
.......why analog signal processing (ASP) is replaced with digital signal processing (DSP). What is
Signal???
Any physical quantity that varies with time or any other independent variable is called signal.
What is signal processing???
Signal processing is concerned with the improvement of quality of a signal that is under observation.
Its particular aim is to reduce noise that will not reduce by the careful design of measurement
system.in signal processing we basically apply some algorithm on analogues and digital signal to
make them higher quality signal as compere to original signal.
Mostly we deal with two following two type of signal processing
1) Analog signal processing
2) Digital signal processing
First I will explain what is analogue signal and digital signal their advantages and disadvantages and
their application .then I will explain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its implementation is very easy but its difficulty in calibration and maintains increases as the order
of filter increases.one can easily design and modify a filter using digital signal processing
(DSP).Filter function in digital signal processing (DSP) is software based, flexible and repeatable. In
digital signal processing (DSP) filter with higher order only require software modification .whereas
in analogue circuit we need additionally hardware implementation also. In short digital signal
processing (DSP) is defined as the converting the continuously changing waveform (analog) into a
series of discrete levels

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bldc Motor
Abstract: A dc Brushless Motor uses a permanent magnet external rotor, three phases of driving
coils, one or more Hall Effect devices to sense the position of the rotor, and the associated drive
electronics. The coils are activated, one phase after the other, by the drive electronics as cued by the
signals from the Hall effect sensors, they act as three phase synchronous motors containing their
own variable frequency drive electronics. A simplified current controlled modulation technique for
BLDC motors is presented. The advantages of this strategy are: 1. Very simple control scheme. 2.
Phase currents are kept balanced. 3. The current is controlled through only one DC component 1.1
Brush Less Dc Motor: Brushless DC electrical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an outer rotor style, the windings are situated within the core of the motor. The rotor magnets
surround the stator coil windings as shown here. The rotor magnets act as an dielectric, thereby
reducing the speed of heat dissipation from the motor. Because of the situation of the stator coil
windings, outer rotor styles usually operate at lower duty cycles or at a lower rated current. The first
advantage of an outer rotor BLDC motor is comparatively low cogging force. In an inner rotor style,
the stator coil windings surround the rotor and are mounted to the motor's housing as shown here.
The first advantage of an inner rotor construction is its ability to dissipate heat. A motor's ability to
dissipate heat directly impacts its ability to provide force. For this reason, the overwhelming
majority of BLDC motors use an inner rotor style. Another advantage of an inner rotor style is lower
rotor inertia. Advantages: High Speed Operation – A BLDC motor can operate at speeds
approximately ten thousand revolutions per minute under loaded and unloaded conditions.
Responsiveness – Inner rotor Brushless DC motors have low rotor inertia, allowing them to
accelerate, decelerate, and reverse direction

Principal Component Analysis Paper
Abstract–Spike sorting, the method which could separate multiple neuron signals contained by the
extracellular recordings, has been widely used in neuronal activity studies. In this project, we
successfully applied our own primitive spike sorter to analyze extracellular data from recordings in
the primary motor cortex of nonhuman primate. We first built the spike sorter using principal
components analysis (PCA), and then clustered the data using k–means clustering method. We also
compared the waveforms of the first day to the waveforms of the second day. Our results showed
that spike sorting could be successfully realized by PCA and k–means clustering. Besides, we also
found that the first day's data and the second day's data probably are obtained ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As it is an extracellular recording, the sign of the voltage trace of the action potential is reversed.
Besides, the amplitude is much smaller than for intracellular recordings. Then, we used Matlab to
extract the waveforms from the first day and the waveforms from the second day from these
extracellular data. The total number of observations for the first and second day's data are 120407
and 80397, separately. B. Principal Components Analysis Principal component analysis (PCA) is
one of the most widely used multivariate statistical techniques. PCA could be used to extract the
important information from the data table that contains the observations described by dependent
variables. Then, PCA used a set of new orthogonal variables, which called principal components
(PCs), to express the important information. Besides, PCA could also represent the pattern of
similarity of observations and of the variables by drawing them as points in maps [5]. To figure out
the appropriate number of PCs, there are several strategies that could be used. In our study, we
plotted the eigenvalues of covariance matrix to see where is the point that the slope of the graph
goes from 'steep' to 'flat'. To show our results of PCA, we plotted the projection of the data on the
lower dimensional space for both first day's waveforms and the second day's

Hearing Loss On Spectral And Temporal Aspects Of Sound...
Study Purpose
The purpose of the hearing research experiment is to understand the effects of experimentally
induced conductive hearing loss on spectral and temporal aspects of sound transmission through the
ear. The ability to hear is a critical aspect to understanding the world around us. The hearing process
occurs by sound waves entering the auditory canal, coming in contact with the eardrum and causing
it to vibrate. These vibrations cause sound waves which are then passed through the ossicles that
lead to the inner ear. As the vibrations are passing thought through, the motion is setting fluid into
the inner ear moving the inner hair cells. This processes into vibrations to the nerve impulses which
are then carried to the brain by the auditory nerve and is transmitted into the sound that we hear
however many people do not experience this due to hearing loss. Causes of hearing loss may be
congenital of which would be hearing loss at birth or acquired hearing loss which would be hearing
loss after birth. Other causes may be severe ear infections, extreme noise, ototoxic medications, and
chemical exposure effects. The type of hearing loss that the study focused on was conductive
hearing loss that occurs when "sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the
eardrum and the tiny bones (ossicles) of the middle ear" (ASHA 2015). What is significant about
this type of hearing loss is that due its normality of a reduction of sound level or the ability to

The Electrolaryngograph ( Egg ) Is A Non Invasive Device...
The electrolaryngograph (EGG) is a non–invasive device used to measure phonatory behaviour,
specifically vocal fold contact during speech (Abberton, Howard, & Fourcin, 1989; Baken &
Orlikoff, 2000; Mooshammer, 2010). The operation of the device involves the placement of two
electrodes superficially to the thyroid cartilage at an approximate level to the position of the vocal
folds on either side of the subject's larynx (Baken & Orlikoff, 2000; Winstanley & Wright, 1991).
Time varying impedance between the vocal folds is monitored by the voltage exchange from one
electrode to the other, which occurs relative to the vocal fold vibrations, and is displayed as an
output waveform (Lx = Larynx excitation) as a function of time (Abberton et al., 1989; Baken &
Orlikoff, 2000; Mooshammer, 2010; Winstanley & Wright, 1991). Maximal impedance occurs when
the vocal folds are abducted, and minimal impedance occurs when the vocal folds are adducted
(Baken & Orlikoff, 2000; Mooshammer, 2010).
As many as six different voice qualities have been reported in the literature, however, in this
analysis, only modal, creaky, and breathy voice will be discussed (Abberton et al., 1989; Baken &
Orlikoff, 2000; Laver, 1980; Mooshammer; 2010). Modal voice is characterised as the quality that
includes the range of fundamental frequencies normally used for speaking and singing; its laryngeal
characteristic is a neutral mode of phonation, with moderate adductive tension (Laver, 1980). The
Lx waveform of

What Is The Importance Of Reproduculation?
Accordingly, to ensure long–term stability and reproducibility of the properties of the synthesized
light transient for the synthesizer apparatus, PI Hassan opted for both passive and active path length
stabilization. Long–term stability and reproducibility are of paramount importance for reliable
application in high–precision attosecond and high–field experiments. The four–arm interferometer
of Figure 3(a) was realized as a quasi–monolithic setup in which the mounts hosting the optical
components were directly attached to a thermally–stabilized, casted–aluminum baseplate enclosed
into an aluminum housing that protects the optical setup against air fluctuations. Thermal
stabilization was achieved by water flow through the volume of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Such delay can be introduced alternatively by calcite plates. Consequently, to detect spectral
interference, and to trace the relative delay between the pulses in different channels, a small fraction
(~2.5%) of the broadband beam was directed through a Glan–Thomson polarizer to the entrance of a
fiber spectrometer. Because the Glan–Thomson polarizer projects S–and P–polarized components of
adjacent channels on the same axis, and adjusts their relative amplitude depending on its angle, it
can enable their spectral interference. Spectral fringes were recorded between pulses of ChDUV and
ChVIS–UV, ChVIS–UV and ChVIS, as well as ChVIS and ChNIR. Once the two beams were
brought to interference, spectral interferometry was used to derive the relative delays between pulses
in adjacent channels. In order to compensate for the detected drifts in the optical paths among
different channels, a computer program analyzed spectra in real time, and accordingly adjusted the
position of the piezoelectric translational stage in each channel to stabilize their relative optical
length. Utilizing this approach, the achieved (measured) standard deviation of the phase stability
between ChDUV and ChVIS–UV, ChVIS–UV and ChVIS, and ChVIS and ChNIR was ~π/20,
~π/30, and ~π/60, respectively. Thanks to the efficiency of the passive stabilization scheme referred
to above, the active stabilization module was expected to correct drifts at mHz rates only–i.e., delay
adjustments once every few seconds.

Motor Unit
Introduction
1. a. What is a motor unit (Reference your answer)? (1 mark) What does the EMG actually record?
(2 marks)
a. A motor unit is made up of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates.
Motor units aid muscle contraction. The muscle fibers which are contained in a motor unit are
spread throughout the whole muscle. When a motor unit is recruited, all the muscle fibers supplied
by this neuron contract at the same time and this causes contraction throughout the whole muscle.
Recruitment of a greater number of motor units results in stronger muscular contractions (Sherwood
2008; Shiel).
b. The EMG records the electrical activity in muscle when motor neuron recruits muscle fibers for
muscle contraction. The electrical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The muscles of the heart contract regularly in a set rhythm. This gives the discrete waveform. The
electromyogram measures electrical activity of skeletal. Skeletal muscle does not contract regularly
and therefore the waveform produced is irregular.
5. How did the EMG trace change when you added weights to your arm? (1 mark) What do your
results indicate? (1 mark)
When weights were added to the arm, the EMG trace displayed higher amplitudes of electrical
activity. The peaks on the trace were much higher.
These results indicate that there was more electrical activity in the muscle, as more motor units were
required to produce a greater amount of force and resist the weight placed on the arm. As the weight
increased, a greater amount of force was needed.
6. Describe coactivation (1 mark) (Reference your answer). Why do you think this phenomenon
occurs? (1 mark)
Coactivation is when antagonistic muscles – muscles which carry out opposing functions at a
particular joint – are activated at the same time (Ervilha et al 2012).
I think this phenomenon occurs to make a joint more stable. Varying degrees of contraction in
antagonistic muscles could also allow for more precise movements to

Ecg Complex Waveform Patterns
.1 Explain the ECG complex waveform pattern (PQRST)
The ECG waveform allows us to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and how the mechanical
side of it is functioning. At the beginning of the ECG wave form is the P complex which is when the
depolarisation of the atrial cells and when the SA (Sino atrial) node induces an electric wave that
travels throughout the heart to cause the muscle cells to contract. After the P wave there is the PR
interval, it is a flat line as the ventricles in the heart are filling up with blood which roughly takes 0.2
seconds. In addition to this the PR interval is also when electrical activity is moving to the ventricles
by being conducted through the bundle of hiss then through the purkinje fibres which ... Show more
Premature beats that occur in the atria are called premature atrial contractions, or (PACs), premature
beats that occur in the ventricles are called premature ventricular contractions or (PVCs). Another
type of arrhythmia is tachycardia also known as fast heart rate, there are numerous of arrhythmias
that fall under this category such as atrial fibliration, which means that the electrical signal don't
begin at the SA node instead they begin near the atria or nearby the pulmonary veins. The electrical
signal will spread throughout the atria in a rapid disorganised way causing it to fibrillate hence
tachycardia. Another type of tachycardia arrhythmia is Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome or
(WPW) syndrome is a condition in which the heart's electrical signals travel along an extra pathway
from the atria to the ventricles. This extra pathway disrupts the timing of the heart's electrical signals
and can cause the ventricles to beat very fast and can be life threatening. Another class of arrhythmia
are Bradyarrhythmias which cause a slow irregular heartbeat, as an example is sinus pause this
condition is when the heart pauses for brief milliseconds it may miss a beat because its natural
pacemaker fails to conduct the electric signal to the rest of the heart causing

Notes On ' Let A ! '
Let a_0 = 0. Using equations 2 and 3, after canceling terms,
∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"f" ("x" )" " "sin" ⁡
〖"πkx" /"T" 〗 " dx= " 〗 "b" _"k" "T"
"b" _"k" "= " "1" /"T" ∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"f" ("x" ) "sin" ⁡
〖"(" "πkx" ⁄"T" ")" 〗 "dx" 〗
The process to derive "a" _"k" was much simpler than deriving "b" _"k" , since I simply multiplied
the original equation by "cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" 〗 and then used the orthogonality conditions.
"f" ("x" )"=" "a" _"0" "+" ∑_"k=1" ^"∞" ▒("a" _"k" "cos" ⁡
〖"πkx" /"T" 〗 "+" "b" _"k" "sin" ⁡
〖"πkx" /"T" 〗 )
∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"f" ("x" )" " "cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" 〗 " dx= " 〗〖∫_"0" ^"T" ▒"dx" "a" 〗_"0" " "
"cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" 〗 "+ " ∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"dx " "cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" 〗〗 ∑_"k=1" ^"∞" ▒("a"
_"k" "cos" ⁡
〖"πkx" /"T" 〗 "+" "b" _"k" "sin" ⁡
〖"πkx" /"T" 〗 )
∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"f" ("x" )" " "cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" 〗 " dx= " 〗〖∫_"0" ^"T" ▒"dx" "a" 〗_"0" "
cos+ " ∑_"k=1" ^"∞" ▒∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"a" _"k" "cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" "cos" ⁡
〖"πkx" /"T" "+"
∑_"k=1" ^"∞" ▒∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"dx " "b" _"k" "cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" "sin" ⁡
〖"πkx" /"T" " " 〗〗〗
_" " " " 〗〗〗_" "
Using equations 1 and 3, simplifying the equation,
∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"f" ("x" )" " "cos" ⁡
〖"πmx" /"T" 〗 " dx= " 〗 "a" _"k" "T"
And after replacing m with k,
"a" _"k" "= " "1" /"T" ∫_"0" ^"T" ▒〖"f" ("x" ) "cos" ⁡
〖"(" "πkx" ⁄"T" ")" 〗 "dx" 〗
The T represents the period of the function, while the k represents the frequency number, where k is
a positive integer. Whenever an instrument plays a sound, it does not only

DNA Barcoding Project
DNA Barcoding Project – Individual DNA Sequence Analysis Worksheet
Please answer the following questions for each sample that you had sequenced:
(DO NOT USE TRACK CHANGES)
Sample (Sequence) Name: 08–03–MJ–A_COI_FOR.ab1
1. At what base pair (bp) does the good quality sequence start (e.g. G35)? _____C46______ Do not
crop the sequence until Step 4. Highlight the first base, take a screen shot of the waveform (should
be full length, not just a few bases) and paste in a screen shot of this region of the DNA sequence
waveform highlighting the start base here:
2. At what bp does the good quality sequence end (e.g. C655)? ______A653________
Highlight the base, take a screen shot of the waveform, and paste in a screen shot of this region of
the DNA sequence waveform highlighting the start base here:
Crop the poor quality regions from 5' and 3' ends of the sequence.
3. Are there any bases (Ns) that need to be edited? Yes: ___ No: __X__
a) If yes, then make the appropriate changes to ALL the Ns in the sequence. Include a screen shot of
the waveform for the first three changes you made.
Save the edited waveform so that you can go back to it later. Paste the edited sequence here:
b) If No changes need to be made to the sequence, save the cropped waveform so that you can go
back to it later. Paste the cropped sequence here:

Carotid Artery Essay
The pathological changes of the carotid artery can affect the brain and on another hand the
hemodynamic changes at the heart, aorta and brain can be detected at carotid artery. For example, if
the narrowing of the carotid arteries becomes severe enough to block blood flow, or a piece of
atherosclerotic plaque breaks off and obstructs blood flow to the brain, a stroke may develop.
Therefore, this is a strong rationale to consider that cardiovascular event may ultimately be more
closely related to carotid artery rather than brachial artery [5]. Carotid arteries, the major vessels
supplying the brain are directly connected to aorta closer than peripheral arteries such as brachial
and radial artery (Figure 1). Currently research is more focused on non–invasive determination of
pressure waveform measured at carotid artery [12].
The pulse examination of the human artery has been practiced in assessing health since the history
of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the 6th century BC [13]. Pulse palpation is an important part of
the vascular physical examination. The pulse can be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be
compressed against a bone, such as carotid artery at the neck, brachial artery on the inside of the
elbow, radial artery at the wrist and femoral artery at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The technique of non–invasive pulse wave analysis, as described here, depends on different
principles and type of the pulse wave. Pulse wave analysis in clinical practice is commonly used by
the hand–held tonometry probe. It is simple to use, a non–invasive and accurate method using a
small strain gauge sensor detects the force on the artery wall [2]. The principal of applanation
tonometry is a partial compression of a pulsating carotid artery against muscle and vertebral body of
the neck and its pulse wave spreading in the skin impacts the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Switchs
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES DIODE– CLAMPED Requires a single DC source. Does not
need auxiliary capacitors. Best suited for back–to–back intertie application. Unequal power
distribution among switches. Balancing problems while delivering real power above 3–levels.
Requires a large number of diodes which is a quadratic function of the number of levels. The diodes
reverse recovery time can become problematic for high switching frequencies. CAPACITOR–
CLAMPED Requires only one DC source. Significantly reduced number of components compared
to the NPC inverter. Redundant switching states allow for both active and reactive power
conversions although purely reactive is problematic. Cannot balance the DC link capacitors under
purely reactive operation. Requires a large number of clamping capacitors. The number of redundant
switching states increases quadratic ally with the number of levels, making the control schemes very
complex CASCADED H–BRIDGE (CHB) Requires the fewest number of components out of the
three fundamental topologies. Can deliver both reactive and active power. Can be used in
coordination with renewable energy sources. Requires multiple isolated DC sources. Table 3.4 lights
the need of number of main switches and main diodes in inverter to achieve voltage levels.
Implicitly, the multilevel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In general, SDM is assigned by adding a sample and hold block to a basic DM modulator as
depicted in Fig. 3.13. It is adapted in power conversion processes using analog to digital (ADC) and
digital to analog converters (DAC). A multilevel SDM generates multi–bit data sequence and
decodes the output states which are further implemented to control on/off state of switch of
multilevel inverter. Fig.3.14 depicts the block diagram in which the interaction of SDM modulator
and inverter is managed using a multilevel decode logic block that adopts the quantized SDM
signals and decodes to switching signals for

Speech Pathology And Audiology : Science Behind Our Voices
In today's modern society advancements in the technological aspect of Speech Pathology and
Audiology has begun to change the way clinicians test, treat and asses their clients. Without the
science behind our voices, we only have the perception of what we hear to rely on to study them.
This can be a problem because not everyone perceives sounds the same way. Instruments help set a
universal understanding of speech science by providing accurate images, measurements and
assessments of sounds. In clinical practice popular instruments such as the oscilloscope, visi–pitch
and pratt have immensely influenced and aid in enhancing the field of Speech pathology. The use of
instrumentation is extremely important in this health care field because they show the difference
between physical and psychological phenomenon. The psychological aspect has to do with the
unique individual that is hearing the sound. For example, everyone can hear the same note but hear
all different pitches and intensities. Although the note being played only has one volume and
frequency some people think it is louder than others and some thing it is higher than others. It is
important to have the physical map and exact measurements of what we are hearing because we all
hear things differently. This concept is relative to the cycle known as the speech chain. The speech
chain incorporates both physical and psychological aspects of thinking, hearing, listening, and
producing

Nt1310 Unit 5 Exercise 1
Figure.10 (a) Hardware test bench set up (b) Gating pulses for 70 KHz from DSP processor (c) Input
voltage and input current waveforms for 230Vrms (d) Input voltage and input current waveforms for
110 Vrms (a) (b) Figure.11 Waveforms showing power factor for (a) 20% load and (b) 75% load. (a)
(b) Figure.12 THD of input current at full load showing (a) third and (b) fifth harmonics. (a) (b)
Figure.13 (a) Power factor Vs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is observed that the power factor is maintained closer to unity when the input voltage is reduced
from 230V to 110Vrms. Figure 11 (a) and (b) shows the power factor correction of controller for
various load condition such as 20% (60W) and 75% (230W). The power factor for the system is
found to be 0.84 for light load condition and 0.99 for full load condition. The THD of input current
at full load with predominant third and fifth harmonic components are shown in Figure 12(a) and
(b).Third harmonics is found to be 4.8% and fifth harmonic component is 4.9% which are well
within IEC 61000–3–2 standard during wide range of load variations. The variation in power factor
with load is shown graphically in Figure 13(a). It can be inferred from the graph that improved
resettable control operates at high power factor for all load condition whereas the conventional PI
control has poor power factor under light load conditions. Figure 13(b) shows the comparison
between the efficiency of the converter for varying load conditions with the conventional control
method and the resettable integrator control. The converter's efficiency is maintained at 92% for
light load conditions and 96% for fully loaded condition with integrator control technique. Thus the
improved resettable integrator controller provides a very simple and reliable solution for power
factor correction and

Unit 1 Assignment 1-ADC: An Electronic Circuit
1– ADC is an electronic circuit which transforms analog signals such as a sound picked by a
microphone or light entering a digital camera to digital output, to binary number's system. DAC
does the reverse of ADC. Inputs are binary numbers and outputs are an analog voltage or current
signal.
Generally, both ADC and DAC are used in many applications. For example, the voice is converted
into an analog electrical signal by a microphone, then the analog signal is converted to a digital
stream by an ADC. After some operations on computer, DAC converts this back into an analog
electrical signal, which drives an audio amplifier and loudspeaker, and finally sound is produced.
Applications:
For DAC: Most of audio signals are stored in digital form (for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this mode, screen is blank until trigger event occurs. If oscilloscope finds a trigger, then it
acquires and displays one triggered screen of signal and then stops.
5– In order to produce correct waveform, oscilloscope probes must be properly compensated. In
other words, proper match of the input impedance of the oscilloscope's vertical input channel
circuitry is required.
Overcompensated Compensated correctly Undercompensated
6– AC coupling blocks the DC component of a signal. Therefore, we see the waveform shifted down
and centered at 0 volts.
7– Digital oscilloscopes have a special feature called horizontal trigger position control. When we
change the position of it, we can see the preceding signal before triggering event called pre–trigger
viewing. When we select pre–samples, the record length that counts the number of samples
measured will divide into pre and post triggering

Impulse Generator and Lightning Characteristics Simulation...
Lightning as a phenomenon of electric discharge between the charged particles among the clouds or
between the clouds to earth is seen as a natural occurrence in our day to day life. The veracity and
wrath of this natures activity also has to be faced by the mankind in form of death, destruction and
total power outage. In today's world it is hard to imagine life without electricity. Also it incurs heavy
losses to the power distributors and consumers. The losses amounts from few hundred thousands to
millions like how the lightning storm caused power outage in Minnesota that lasted for 19 hours. [1]
It was Franklin in 1744–1750, who first carried out experiments on lightning [2]. From then on
significant studies have been made in the past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse generator comes into business here.Studying the lightning characteristics by creating
the similar impulse using the impulse generator helps in assessing the strength of the electrical
equipment's against transient and lightning impulse. This has been practiced by industrialists and
researchers for so many years. Massive and extremely large test apparatus are used for the impulse
wave generation. To ease down the process with reliable and accurate results, here for the design
4A, a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based software for impulse generator and lightning
characteristics simulation. This would be the only prototype standalone software which caters to the
impulse waveforms studies. The GUI will have the text entry fields to input the circuit parameters
and there will be plotting space where the impulse waveform will be plotted.
The framework of the software will be the mathematical model of the impulse generator circuit. For
different input values, the corresponding waveforms will be obtained. The main focus of this
research will be towards accessing waveforms and its characteristics that corroborates the industry
standard and laboratory experimental values with expected accuracy not lesser than 60%.This
software will be made available to work in cross platform operating systems such as Windows,
android, Mac etc. so that the user can download and install the application in their favourite media
device at

Reaction Paper On ECG Waveform
BioMedical Matlab Thesis – ECG Waveform Jessica Garcia,
BioMedical MatLab,Thesis Final Prof. Jonathan Ibera 11–9–17
An ECG, or electrocardiogram, is a waveform generated by the natural sinus rhythm of the heart. It
is an electrical representation of the heart beat in form of what is known as a "PQRST" Complex.
The physical generation of this sinusoidal heart rhythm waveform is generated by the expansion and
contraction of the four different chambers of the heart that work collectively to pump blood through
the human body.
The biomedical piece of equipment used to measure this electrical activity of the heart is an Electro
Cardiogram machine, also widely known as an ECG. This electrical signal is acquired by electrodes
placed on the human body. On screen, the heart rate appears in form of a wave in which each pulse
and different peaks if the waveform, known as the PQRST waveform, represents a small amount of
an electrical signal.
These signals have different peaks, which are representations of different levels of electrical
intensity, are detected by the electrodes that then transmit the energy to a sensor that helps the
processor measure the actual value of this peak. Below is a representation of the heart rate
waveform and its named peaks.
Upon analysis of these waveforms collected by medical professional, they are able to tell many
things. They are able to analyze and assess regular heart rhythms as well as any other abnormal

Physics Experiment On Diodes And Bridge Rectifiers Essay
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Laboratory Experiment Report #2,3, & 4
Experiment # 2 – Semiconductor Diodes
Experiment # 3 – Diodes and Bridge Rectifiers
Experiment # 4 – Zener Diode Voltage Regulator;
Diode Clippers and Clampers
Author: Joshua Lewis
Date: October 18th, 2016
This report was submitted in compliance with UNCC POLICY 407 THE CODE OF STUDENT
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY, Revised November 6, 2014
(http://legal.uncc.edu/policies/up–407) ___JL____. (Student's Initials)
Experiment #2 Semiconductor Diodes
Objective
The diode is a common fundamental electronic circuit element. By itself the diode has many uses,
such as regulating and rectifying signals. It also serves as a springboard for the majority of all other
solid state devices. In this lab we explore the current and voltage characteristics of the regular diode
and Zener diode. We also explore some of their basic uses.
Equipment List
Agilent U8031A DC Power Supply
Agilent 34461A Digital Multimeter
Agilent Function Generator
Elvis Board/Bread Board
Resistors: 100Ω, 1kΩ, 10kΩ
Decade Resistor Box
Caps: 100 uF
Regular diode: 1N4002
Zener diode: 1N5228
Relevant Theory/Background Information Any diode is made up for two separate layers or parts.

There is the positive (p type) part and the negative (n type) part. The positive side is called the anode
and the negative side is called the cathode. The diode can operate in three

Nt1310 Unit 8
1.What does the vertical axis represent? The vertical axis represents the voltage scale. (how many
volt or amp per division). 2.What does the horizontal axis represent? The Horizontal axis represents
the Time scale. (the sweep speed). 3.Altering time physically changes the horizontal axis how? It
will increase or decrease each division to the choosing time which will change the horizontal axis
per screen. 4. When using an amp clamp, what type of reading (volts, amps, ohms) appears on the
vertical axis? Explain the basic process the scope uses to obtain this type of reading. With an amp
clamp amps appear on the vertical axis. The scope obtains this type of reading from the magnitude
of AC and additionally the phase and waveform can also be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What feature may be utilized to see specific detail of an event and may also be useful for observing
intermittent issues? The reduced rearm delay which is provided by digital triggering, together with
segmented memory allows the capture of events that happen in rapid sequence. Rapid triggering can
capture a new waveform every microsecond until the buffer is full. 6. A repeat trigger is being used
to read a pattern. After the trigger is moved on the screen, the pattern disappears. What is the most
likely problem? The most likely problem for the reason the info (pattern) disappears is that your
readings are out of parameters that you have set it to. 7. What is the advantage of using the repeat
mode for a trigger vs. the automatic mode? The advantage of using Auto mode is that when you're
looking at your wavelength and readings, they are consistent. If at any time the readings go out of
parameters it will still display the readings. If this was to happen in Repeat mode... where your
readings go out of parameters the data would simply not be there it would be a blank reading on the
screen. 8. What is the term used to describe number of frames recorded. The term used to describe
the 1–1000 frames recorded is called a your Complete Record. 9. A high sample rate does what to
the

Compound Muscle Action Potential
Introduction. Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) scan is a noninvasive promissory
technique for neurodegenerative pathologies diagnosis. It allows a quick analysis of the muscle
action potentials in response to motor nerve stimulation, by electrical stimulation applied on the
surface of the motor nerve and response evaluation by surface Electromyography (sEMG) at muscle
level. Each motor unit (MU) of muscles has a different stimulus intensity (SI) at which it is
activated, meaning that MUs have different thresholds. Varying the intensity of the stimuli applied,
gradually increasing from subthreshold to supramaximalvalues, will sequentially activate all MUs in
the muscle. This way, it is possible to obtain a graphical representation of the evoked action
potentials amplitude in the muscle versus the stimulation intensity. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To be used as clinical tool, stimulation parameters must be standardized and quantified in order to
enable uniform collection and comparison of data. Several studies have been made recently to verify
the potentiality of this technique, investigating the influence of different parameters in the quality of
the CMAP scan. In this work new CMAP scan protocols were implemented to study influence of
electrical pulse waveform on peripheral nerve excitability. Methods. A total of 13 healthy subjects
were tested. Stimulation was performed with an increasing intensities range from 4 to 30

Video Theory Essay: Odaeyan Parumaul
Video Theory Essay – Odaeyan Parumaul
Video Theory Essay – Odaeyan Parumaul
In the Audio and Video industry, it is important to have fluent integration to achieve the end end–
product timeously. In my essay I will be focusing on the following topics. File Interchange formats,
Dolby–E specifications and the different Video scopes.
Audio and Video Files are the greatest asset of a broadcast and production company. As there are
many different file formats, it is a real hassle to keep up with the ever changing invention of new
standards that exist in the world. The need that exists in these environments is to have advanced,
distributed workflows such as collaborative editing and cloud based media distribution. The formats
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Audio Engineers need reliable mechanisms to be
able to increase productivity and ensure that workflows are on top form. With the Creation of AAF
and AES3 1–3 this has helped tremendously. These have been created and were specified by many
organizations like Disney. AAF (Advanced Authoring Format) is design to represent compositional
metadata. It includes which pieces of material are used , when they are used and what effects are
applied to them. This material includes animation,text, graphics and more. On the other hand AES 3
1–3 is an audio only interchange file format and is used in post production providing effecient
pathways and condition to integrate with audio equipment.
There is also a format that is called MXF(Material exchange format) which has the means to

interchange essence data which includes sounds, pictures and other data. This has to be done in a
more independent way and have good efficiency. It adds capabilities without changing the main
format. MXF has some very important concepts such as Essence containers ,which are important

Phase Correlation Research
Phase correlation is simply a measurement of how the waveforms that you've recorded line up with
one another.This becomes important when using multiple microphones to record the same sound
source.
The reason phase issues occur in the first place has to do with the speed of sound in relation to the
distance of each microphone from the source.For example, if we're recording an acoustic guitar in a
great sounding room, we may want to capture not only the sound of the guitar but also the sound of
the room. Most of the time for this scenario we would use at least two microphones. If it's an electric
acoustic, we may also use a DI. If so, we now have three independent sources recording the same
instrument. Because the mics are at different distances ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So how do I know if my tracks are out of phase, and what can I do about it if they are?
The easiest way to determine whether one out of two tracks is out of phase is by reversing the
polarity on one of the tracks. This can be easily done with a polarity plugin or with most channel
strip plugins. If the tracks are out of phase,as soon as you switch the polarity on one of them, they
will instantly sound better.You'll hear a more focused sound and often times the bass tones will be
enhanced. The overall sound of the combined tracks will be more full and will more closely
resemble the instrument's live sound.
A place where this trick is especially useful is in checking the phase of drums. Since most of us use
multiple microphones when recording drum kits, it's common for drum mics to be out of phase. I
typically check this by making sure that the overhead drum mics are in phase with one another. Then
I'll bounce them to a bus and compare that bus to each of the other drums individually. Typically,
when I A/B them, the combination with the fullest bass sound is the recipe that's closest to being in

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Field Oriented Control
FIELD ORIENTED CONTROL The main drawback of sinusoidal commutation is that the motor
currents are controlled which are time variant and thus PI controllers have to operate on limited
bandwidth. Hence using field oriented control the currents in a, b, c reference frame are transformed
to d–q reference frame. Thus controllers are not subjected from time variant currents and voltages
and limitation of controller frequency response and phase shift on motor speed and torque is
eliminated. Using Field Oriented Control, current control is largely unaffected by speed of rotation
of the motor[6].In the scheme of filed oriented control motor currents and voltages obtained from
the motor are transformed into d–q reference frame. Measured currents from three stator phases
these currents which are now in the stator reference frame are converted into two phase using Clarke
transformations which are further converted into the corresponding rotor reference frame using Park
transformation. The resultant current obtained is dc which is easier for the PI controllers to operate.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. Fig.3 Field Oriented Control Scheme The advantages of Field Oriented Control are transformation
of a complex and coupled AC model into a simple linear system , independent control of torque and
flux, fast dynamic response , good transient and steady state performance ,high torque and low
current at start up and high Efficiency[2]. Clarke Transformation Equation Fig.4 Clarke

Speech : Speech Polarity Detection
Title Speech Polarity Detection submitted by Yadav Swati Satyadev IU1351070011 supervised by
Hemant A. Patil ASOCIATE PROFESSOR Thesis Submitted to Indus University Master of
Technology DIGITAL COMMUNICATION INDUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY RANCHARDA, AHMEDABAD Certificate Acknowledgements I would like to
express my deep sense of respect and gratitude towards my guide Dr. Hemant. A. Patil who has been
the guiding force behind this project. I want to thank him for giving me the opportunity to work
under him. I consider it my good fortune to have got an opportunity to work with such a wonderful
person. Without his experience and insights it would have been very difficult for quality work. I am
deeply indebted to my guide Prof. Vrushank Shah for his constant motivation. I am also thankful to
the authors whose works I have consulted and quoted in this work. My affectionate thanks are due to
my family and my seniors at DA–IICT who made me able to do such work. SWATI YADAV
(IU1351070011) List of Figures Figure 1: Glottal flow with its Derivative Adapted from [B1] 1
Figure 2: Speech Production Model. Adapted from [B1] 3 Figure 3: Framework of speech polarity
detection [4] 8 Figure 4: Algorithm of Iterative Adaptive Inverse Filtering [8] 10 Figure 5: (a)
original speech signal, (b) negative polarity speech signal 12 Figure 6: (a) glottal wave of positive
speech signal,

The Principle Of Ultrasound Imaging System
DESCRIPTION:
PRINCIPLE OF ULTRASOUND IMAGING SYSTEM:
The main principle of ultra sound imaging system is to transmit ultra sound burst signals into the
particular organ and produced echo is processed for imaging.
The entire system is mainly classified as two PCB boards:
i. FPGA based transmitter board and control. ii. AWG and transceiver.
 The system architecture mainly includes
i. Transducer array ii. 8–Channel Transmitter iii. 8– Channel Transceiver iv. High voltage pulse
v. Digital TX beam former vi. FPGA device vii. User interface (Computer) viii. Analog front
end(AFE) ix. Signal processing modules
a. Transducer array. Medical ultra sound imaging transducer are excited in two modes
i. Linear array mode ii. Phased array mode
Linear array mode: Subset of transducer elements are excited
Phased array mode: All elements are excited to focus at the sharp ultra sound beam at the defined
focal point.
 For the transducer array; the parameter piezo–electric element (electric charge generated with
respect to the applied mechanical stress) pitch size is to smaller than that of half of the wavelength.
Figure () : PIEZO–ELECTRIC EFFECT REPRESENTATION
 In transducer arrays, ultra sound transducer are arranged in the form of an array
DIAGRAM
A large piezo–electric element by crystal is divided into smaller active elements. These elements are
placed in different compartments which can be prevented

Ecg Waveforms
An electrocardiogram, or ECG, is a visual representation of the electrical impulses of the heart. An
ECG is performed with an electrocardiograph, which uses electrodes to record the electrical
impulses of the heart. The ECG represents the heart's electrical impulses as positive or negative
deflections which creates the ECG waveforms. These waveforms are a represented on an ECG as
the P–QRS–T sequence. One of the wave forms is the QRS wave complex. The QRS wave complex
consists of three waves; the Q wave, the R wave, and the S wave. The QRS complex represents
ventricular depolarization or systole. Each individual wave in the QRS complex represents a
different deflection. The Q wave is the negative deflection that occurs before the R

Thomas Edison: The Most Powerful Inventor Of Music
Introduction Dating back as late as the 17th century there exists accounts of musicians and scientists
alike who managed to find ways to capture sounds. In many such cases, as with Wilhelm Weber in
1830 or Jean Duhamel in 1837, the purpose of capturing sound was to demonstrate, graphically,
vibrational waveforms (Brock–Nannestad and Fontaine 2008). Yet, today, there exist numerous
ways to record sound for the purpose of playing it back. A closer look at the history of sound
recording unveils some remarkable designs, brilliant inventors, and devious machinations – when it
comes to who should be taking credit for history's advances in sound recording technology – all of
which made sound playback possible. As we travel back in time to examine ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It wasn't until the 1900's, however, that the current way of storing and playing back music – with
digital audio – became a thing (Millard 1995). As far as digital audio is concerned, the first method
of digitally representing analog vocal or audio signals was developed all the way back in 1937.
Pulse–code modulation, as it was called, pioneered digital audio recording that is used to this day
(Reeves 1942; Black and Edson 1947). The way it works is like this: a recording of an analog signal
(such as the auditory waveforms produced by a phonautograph or gramophone) can be sampled by a
computer algorithm; the algorithm assigns arbitrary binary numbers (binary meaning zeroes and
ones) to each sample measurement of the analog waveform and collects them all as a function of
time. This process of sampling, called digital modulation, has two crucial parameters: sampling rate,
or how many samples of the audio waveform are taken per second, and bit depth, or quantity of
possible digital values (Techopedia 2016). To make this easier to understand, consider the following
graph ("File:Pcm.svg," Wikimedia

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