This report presents and compares the most popular control schemes for the Three Phase Two-Level Boost Type Pulse Width Modulated Rectifier. The main schemes presented are Voltage Oriented Control (VOC) and Direct Power Control (DPC). In VOC the decoupled Proportional Integral (PI) synchronous current controller is presented. For both VOC and DPC, line voltage sensor elimination techniques are presented using Power estimation and Virtual Flux estimation - Virtual Flux Oriented Control (VFOC) and Virtual Flux based Direct Power Control (VF-DPC). To overcome the variable switching frequency and high sampling frequency drawbacks of DPC, Virtual Flux based Direct Power Control with Space Vector Modulation (VF-DPC-SVM) is presented. The performance of VF-DPC-SVM is found to be comparable with VOC and VFOC.

1. Control Schemes for Three-Phase Boost
Type Pulse Width Modulated Rectifier
Nereus Fernandes
441406
Guide : Mrs. Harshada Bhosale
Special Seminar
on

2. Advantages of Boost Type PWM Rectifier
• Regulation of output dc voltage
• Regulation of input power factor to unity
• Bi-directional Power Flow
• Reduced DC Filter Capacitor Size
Applications of Boost Type PWM Rectifiers
• Active Front End for Motor Drives with Regeneration
• Low-voltage Grid Interface for Renewable Energy Sources
• Active Filters / Active Line Conditioner to compensate for
reactive power and harmonics

3. PWM-R Control Schemes
Mariusz Malinowski, Marian P. Kazmierkowski and Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski (2003), A Comparative Study of Control
Techniques for PWM Rectifiers in AC Adjustable Speed Drives, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,
VOL. 18, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2003
Direct Power Control
Voltage Oriented Control
Direct Torque Control
Field Oriented Control
PWM-R Circuit
PWM-R Phasor Diagram for
Unity Power Factor Rectification

4. VOC and DPC Variants
Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, Pedro Rodrıguez (2012) , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd GRID CONVERTERS FOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND POWER SYSTEMS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN: 9781119963981

5. Voltage Oriented Control (VOC)
Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, Pedro Rodrıguez (2012) , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd GRID CONVERTERS FOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND POWER SYSTEMS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN: 9781119963981
VOC Phasor Diagram

6. DPC – Classical – Sensorless - Nogouchi
• Power is estimated using measured Line Current, DC voltage
and instantaneous converter switch states
• Line Voltage is estimated from Power
• Large inductor is needed to suppress steep current ripples
caused by converter switching
• High sampling frequency required as finite differences have to
be calculated at 10 times the switching frequency
 
      3
3
1









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









bacbacbacbaDCa
c
c
a
ccbbaaDCc
c
b
b
a
a
iiSiiiSiiiSVi
dt
di
i
dt
di
Lq
iSiSiSVi
dt
di
i
dt
di
i
dt
di
Lp
1
22 












 

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
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

q
p
ii
ii
iiv
v





7. DPC-Classical-Block Diagram
Toshihiko Noguchi, Hiroaki Tomiki, Seiji Kondo and Isao Takahashi (1998), Direct Power Control of PWM Converter
Without Power-Source Voltage Sensors, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 34, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 1998

8. Abdelouahab Bouafia, Jean-Paul Gaubert and Fateh Krim,(2008), Analysis and Design of New Switching Table for Direct Power Control of Three-Phase
PWM Rectifier, 13th Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2008. EPE-PEMC 2008
DPC-Improved Switching Tables
 
 
61
1
3
cos
1
3
cos
2
3 2
ton
Pntu
L
U
dt
dQ
P
L
R
ntu
L
U
u
Ldt
dP
L
dc
L
dc
L




















Slopes of Active and Reactive Power vs
Grid Voltage Vector for Rectifier voltage
Vectors [9] [16]

9. Virtual Flux (VF)
• Electrical Grid considered to be a virtual induction motor
• Grid voltages Ua, Ub, Uc are considered to be the back-emfs
induced by a rotating “Virtual Flux” vector ψL
• Integration of the grid voltages gives the virtual flux
• Virtual Flux Vector lags the Voltage Vector by 90 deg
Mariusz Malinowski, Marek Jasinski, and Marian P. Kazmierkowski (2004), Simple Direct Power Control
of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier Using Space-Vector Modulation (DPC-SVM), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 51, NO. 2, APRIL 2004

10. Virtual Flux based DPC with Space Vector
Modulation (VF-DPC-SVM)
 
 
2
1
2
1
3
2
cbdcS
cbadcS
DDUu
DDDUu










sincos
cossin
*
*
*
*






















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



Sq
Sp
LL
LL
S
S
u
u
u
u






dt
dt
di
Lu
dt
dt
di
Lu
L
SestL
La
SestL





















)(
)(
 
 



LLLL
LLLL
iiq
iip


Power Estimation
Reference Vector to SVM
Mariusz Malinowski, Marek Jasinski, and Marian P. Kazmierkowski (2004),
Simple Direct Power Control of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier Using Space-Vector
Modulation (DPC-SVM), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,
VOL. 51, NO. 2, APRIL 2004

11. PWR Control Comparison
Feature VOC VFOC DPC VF-DPC VF-DPC-SVM
Direct Control of Line Currents Line Currents Line Powers Line Powers Line Powers
Estimation of Power, Line
Voltage
Virtual Flux,
Power
Power, Line
Voltage
Power, Line
Flux
Power, Line
Flux
Co-ordinate Transform Two Two - - One
PI Controller Yes Yes No No Yes
Decoupling Block Yes Yes No No No
SVM Modulator Yes Yes No No Yes
Computational Effort High High Low Low Middle
Line Voltage Sensorless Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
High 50KHz Low 10KHz
Variable 4KHz
(average)
Constant 10KHz
( fixed )
Sampling Frequency Low 5KHz Low 5KHz High 80KHz
Switching Frequency Constant
5KHz
Constant
5KHz
Variable 5KHz
(average)

12. Results and Conclusions
• VOC and VFOC most widely used
– Lower sampling and fixed switching frequency
– Good static and dynamic response
– Unbalanced voltages can be handled by addition of
Negative Synchronous Reference Frame (NSRF)
• Switching Table DPC, VF-DPC has fewer users
– High sampling and variable switching frequency
• VF-DPC-SVM
– Has lower sampling and fixed switching frequency
– Performance comparable with VOC, VFOC
– Less computations than VOC, VFOC
– Can be used as alternative to VOC, VFOC

13. References - 1
1. Mariusz Malinowski, Marian P. Kazmierkowski and Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski (2003), A Comparative
Study of Control Techniques for PWM Rectifiers in AC Adjustable Speed Drives, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 18, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2003
2. Steffan Hansen, Mariusz Malinowski, Frede Blaabjerg,Marian P. Kazmierkowski (2000), Sensorless
Control strategies for PWM Rectifier, IEEE APEC 2000
3. Mariusz Malinowski (2001), Sensorless Control Strategies for Three - Phase PWM Rectifiers Ph.D.
Thesis Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw
4. MARIAN P. KAZMIERKOWSKI, R. KRISHNAN, FREDE BLAABJERG (2002), Control in Power
Electronics - Selected Problems, Elsevier Science (USA), Academic Press ISBN 0-12-402772-5
5. Mariusz Malinowski, Marek Jasinski, and Marian P. Kazmierkowski (2004), Simple Direct Power
Control of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier Using Space-Vector Modulation (DPC-SVM), IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 51, NO. 2, APRIL 2004
6. Jose Rodriguez and Patricio Cortes (2012), PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF POWER CONVERTERS
AND ELECTRICAL DRIVES, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN: 9781119963981
7. Toshihiko Noguchi, Hiroaki Tomiki, Seiji Kondo and Isao Takahashi (1998), Direct Power Control of
PWM Converter Without Power-Source Voltage Sensors, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS, VOL. 34, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 1998
8. Mariusz Malinowski, Marian P. Kazmierkowski, Steffan Hansen, Frede Blaabjerg and G. D. Marques
(2001),Virtual-Flux-Based Direct Power Control of Three-Phase PWM Rectifiers IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 37, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2001

14. References - 2
9. Yongchang Zhang, Zhengxi Li, Yingchao Zhang, Wei Xie, Zhengguo Piao and Changbin Hu (2013),
Performance Improvement of Direct Power Control of PWM Rectifier With Simple Calculation, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 7, JULY 2013
10. Jiefeng Hu, Jianguo Zhu and D.G. Dorrell (2011) , A Comparative Study of Direct Power Control of
AC/DC Converters for Renewable Energy Generation, IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference on IEEE
Industrial Electronics Society
11. Abdelouahab Bouafia, Jean-Paul Gaubert and Fateh Krim,(2008), Analysis and Design of New
Switching Table for Direct Power Control of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier, 13th Power Electronics and
Motion Control Conference, 2008. EPE-PEMC 2008
12. Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, Pedro Rodrıguez (2012) , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd GRID
CONVERTERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND POWER SYSTEMS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,
ISBN: 9781119963981
13. Hong-seok Song and Kwanghee Nam (1999), Dual Current Control Scheme for PWM Converter Under
Unbalanced Input Voltage Conditions, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL.
46, NO. 5, OCTOBER 1999
14. J. Rodrıguez, J. Dixon, J. Espinoza,and P. Lezana, (2005), PWM Regenerative Rectifiers: State of the
Art,IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Year: 2005, Volume: 52, Issue: 1, Pages: 5 – 22
15. ABB, (2003), ACA 635 IGBT Supply Sections 260 to 4728 kVA, ACS 800-17 Line-side Converter 120
to 1385 kVA, 3BFE 64013700 REV D EN EFFECTIVE: 07.07.2003
16. Jaime Alonso-Martınez, Joaquın Eloy-Garcıa Carrasco and Santiago Arnaltes (2010), Table-Based
Direct Power Control: A Critical Review for Microgrid Applications, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010

15. Thank You

16. Additional Information
• Not Covered in the Seminar due to shortage of
time

17. PWM Control Comparison
Mariusz Malinowski, Marian P. Kazmierkowski and Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski (2003), A Comparative Study of Control Techniques for
PWM Rectifiers in AC Adjustable Speed Drives, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 18, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2003
THDi Vs Input Voltage Imbalance THDi Vs Input Voltage Distortion
THDi Vs Error in Line Inductance used in calculations

18. Direct Power Control (DPC) – Table Based
• No Internal Current loops
• No Modulator
• Active and Reactive Power are directly controlled
• Converter Switching States are selected from Switching
Table based on the instantaneous errors between the
commanded and estimated values of active and reactive
power
• Since this method deals with instantaneous active and
reactive power, the line current follows the reference
voltage waveform
• In case of sinusoidal input voltage, the current waveform
is controlled to sinusoidal with unity power factor

19. Virtual Flux based Direct Power Control with
Space Vector Modulation (VF-DPC-SVM)
• Switching Table DPC and VF-DPC have the disadvantage of
variable switching frequency and high sampling frequency (
70KHz)
– Difficulty in input filter design
– High Speed ADC required
• VF-DPC-SVM is a modification to achieve constant switching
frequency and lower sampling frequency ( 10KHz) however
additional complexity is introduced
– PI controller required
– One additional Coordinate Transform required
– Modulator required

20. Virtual Flux based Direct Power Control (VF-DPC)
• Flux vector is used to locate sector
• Flux is used to calculate power
• VF-DPC produces sinusoidal line current even with distorted and
unbalanced supply voltage
 
 cbdcS
cbadcS
SSUu
SSSUu








2
1
2
1
3
2


dt
dt
di
Lu
dt
dt
di
Lu
L
SestL
La
SestL

















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

)(
)(
 
 



LLLL
LLLL
iiq
iip


Mariusz Malinowski, Marian P. Kazmierkowski, Steffan Hansen, Frede Blaabjerg and G. D. Marques (2001),Virtual-Flux-Based Direct Power Control of
Three-Phase PWM Rectifiers IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 37, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2001

21. PWR Control Comparison
Feature VOC VFOC DPC VF-DPC VF-DPC-
SVM
VOC, VFOC with Positive Synchronous Reference Frame was used for the tests
Performance
with
unbalanced
line voltages
Increased
current THD,
Vdc ripple,
Power ripple
Lesser
sensitivity
than VOC
Most
sensitive as
compared to
all other
methods
Less
sensitive
Less
sensitive
Sensitivity to
Line Voltage
Disturbances
More due to
differential
equations in
power
estimation
Less due to
integral
equations in
flux
estimation
More due to
differential
equations in
power
estimation
Less due to
integral
equations in
flux
estimation
Less due to
integral
equations in
flux
estimation
Impact of Line
Inductance
value Error
Low – only
impacts
position of
voltage
vector
Low – only
impacts
position of
virtual flux
vector
High –
impacts both
position of
the voltage
vector and
calculated
power
High –
impacts both
position of
the virtual
flux vector
and
calculated
power
High –
impacts both
position of
the virtual
flux vector
and
calculated
power

22. PWM-R Circuit
Mariusz Malinowski, Marek Jasinski, and Marian P. Kazmierkowski (2004), Simple Direct Power Control
of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier Using Space-Vector Modulation (DPC-SVM), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 51, NO. 2, APRIL 2004

23. PWM-R Vector Diagram
Single Phase Equivalent Circuit
By controlling converter input voltage us, phase
and amplitude of line current iL can be controlled
and hence active and reactive power can be
controlled.
MARIAN P. KAZMIERKOWSKI, R. KRISHNAN, FREDE BLAABJERG (2002), Control in Power Electronics
- Selected Problems, Elsevier Science (USA), Academic Press ISBN 0-12-402772-5

24. PWM-R Vector Diagram
Rectification at Unity Power Factor Inversion at Unity Power Factor
MARIAN P. KAZMIERKOWSKI, R. KRISHNAN, FREDE BLAABJERG (2002), Control in Power Electronics
- Selected Problems, Elsevier Science (USA), Academic Press ISBN 0-12-402772-5

25. Voltage Oriented Control (VOC)
• Sync. Ref. Frame d-axis aligned with line voltage
vector uL
• Active and Reactive power “indirectly” controlled by
the line current iLd and iLq components

26. VOC Block Diagram
VOC Vector Diagram
Jose Rodriguez and Patricio Cortes (2012), PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF POWER CONVERTERS AND
ELECTRICAL DRIVES, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN: 9781119963981

27. VOC – Decoupled Current Control
In the synchronous reference frame there is coupling between the d and q circuits
due to the inductors, hence PI controller will be unable to accurately track the
commands - so decoupling circuit is needed. Also voltage feedforward is used to
reduce the PI gains.
Mariusz Malinowski (2001), Sensorless Control Strategies for Three - Phase PWM Rectifiers Ph.D. Thesis
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw

28. VOC – Sensorless
Line Voltage Estimation
3
3














a
c
c
a
c
c
b
b
a
a
i
dt
di
i
dt
diL
q
i
dt
di
i
dt
di
i
dt
di
Lp
1
22 












 







q
p
ii
ii
iiu
u
I
I




 
 
2
1
2
1
3
2
cbdcS
cbadcS
SSUu
SSSUu










IsL uuu 
Jose Rodriguez and Patricio Cortes (2012), PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF POWER CONVERTERS AND
ELECTRICAL DRIVES, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN: 9781119963981

29. Virtual Flux Oriented Control (VFOC)
• Electrical Grid considered to be a virtual induction motor
• Grid voltages Ua, Ub, Uc are considered to be the back-emfs
induced by a rotating “Virtual Flux” vector ψL .
Mariusz Malinowski, Marek Jasinski, and Marian P. Kazmierkowski (2004), Simple Direct Power Control
of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier Using Space-Vector Modulation (DPC-SVM), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 51, NO. 2, APRIL 2004

30. VFOC Vector Diagram
• Sync. Ref. Frame d-axis aligned with Virtual Flux vector ψL
• Active and Reactive power “indirectly” controlled by the line current iLq and
iLd components
Mariusz Malinowski, Marek Jasinski, and Marian P. Kazmierkowski (2004), Simple Direct Power Control
of Three-Phase PWM Rectifier Using Space-Vector Modulation (DPC-SVM), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 51, NO. 2, APRIL 2004

31. VFOC
• The integration of the grid voltages gives the virtual flux vector
• The grid voltages can be estimated as the sum of the PWM converter
input voltage and the voltage drop across the inductors
• Due to integration the flux waveform is smoother and less affected by
noise






LS
L
SestL
LaS
La
SestL
Lidtudt
dt
di
Lu
Lidtudt
dt
di
Lu
















)(
)(

32. VFOC Block Diagram
MARIAN P. KAZMIERKOWSKI, R. KRISHNAN, FREDE BLAABJERG (2002), Control in Power Electronics –
Selected Problems, Elsevier Science (USA), Academic Press ISBN 0-12-402772-5

33. VOC with Dual Current Control
Hong-seok Song and Kwanghee Nam (1999), Dual Current Control Scheme for PWM Converter Under Unbalanced Input Voltage Conditions,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 46, NO. 5, OCTOBER 1999

34. VOC with Dual Current Control
• Voltage Imbalance creates
– 100 Hz ripple on the DC link
– Increases reactive power exchanged by the system
– Negative sequence appears as 100 Hz AC in (P)SRF requiring larger
controller bandwidth, increased controller gain and danger of instability
• Dual Current Control has
– Positive and Negative Synchronous Reference Frame Current
Controllers (PSRF & NSRF)
– No additional hardware is needed for adding the NSRF
– The current commands appear as dc in their frame, and there is no need
to build a tracking controller for an ac signal.
– Positive and negative sequence currents are controlled independently
due to superposition principle of a linear system

35. Power Components due to Voltage Unbalance
  
     
     
 
 
 
 
 
 p
q
n
q
p
d
n
d
n
q
p
q
n
d
p
ds
p
q
n
d
p
d
n
q
n
q
p
d
n
d
p
qc
n
q
n
d
n
d
n
q
p
q
p
d
p
d
p
q
n
q
n
q
n
d
n
d
p
q
p
q
p
d
p
ds
n
q
n
q
n
d
n
d
p
q
p
q
p
d
p
dc
n
q
n
q
n
d
n
d
p
q
p
q
p
d
p
d
sc
sc
p
dq
tjp
dq
tjp
dq
tjp
dq
tj
IEIEIEIEQ
IEIEIEIEQ
IEIEIEIEQ
IEIEIEIEP
IEIEIEIEP
IEIEIEIEP
tQtQQtQ
tPtPPtP
IeIeEeEeS








 
5.1
5.1
:Power ZeroReactiveAverage
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
:dCompensatebetoComponents
2sin2cos
2sin2cos
2
2
0
2
2
0
220
220



• All components could not be
compensated due to limited
degrees of freedom
• Pc2 and Ps2 set to zero to
eliminate DC link ripple
• Q0 set to zero to have average
reactive power as zero

36. PSRF and NSRF Current References
 
 
 
 
         
  dcdcdcdcdc
n
q
n
d
p
q
p
d
n
q
n
d
p
q
p
d
p
d
p
d
n
q
n
d
p
d
p
q
n
d
n
q
n
d
n
q
p
d
p
q
n
q
n
d
p
q
p
d
n
q
n
d
p
q
p
d
VVPIVIVP
EEEED
where
E
E
E
E
D
P
P
EEEE
EEEE
EEEE
EEEE
tI
tI
tI
tI





































































****
0
2222
0
0
1
3
2
0
0
0
3
2

37. PWM-R Four Quadrant Operation
Rectifier Operation at Unity p.f.
Inverter Operation at Unity p.f.
Capacitor Operation at Zero p.f.
Inductor Operation at Zero p.f
J. Rodrıguez, J. Dixon, J. Espinoza,and P. Lezana, (2005), PWM Regenerative Rectifiers: State of the Art,IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
Year: 2005, Volume: 52, Issue: 1, Pages: 5 – 22

38. Current Waveforms
Mains Current
Transisitor Current
Diode Current
DC Link Current
Boost Operation During Rectification
TNx turned ON during positive voltage
cycle - Ls charges through TNx, DNy
TNx turned OFF – LS discharges through
DPx, DNy and supplies C and Load
J. Rodrıguez, J. Dixon, J. Espinoza,and P. Lezana, (2005), PWM Regenerative Rectifiers: State of the Art,IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
Year: 2005, Volume: 52, Issue: 1, Pages: 5 – 22

39. ABB Drive Active Front End –
ACA 635 IGBT Supply Unit with DPC
ABB, (2003), ACA 635 IGBT Supply Sections 260 to 4728 kVA, ACS 800-17 Line-side Converter 120 to 1385 kVA, 3BFE 64013700
REV D EN EFFECTIVE: 07.07.2003
Application
Specific
Integrated
Circuit

40. ABB ACA 635 IGBT Supply Unit –
Charging Circuit
Initially DC Link Capacitor is discharged and PWM-R starts with uncontrolled
rectification through the IGBT free-wheeling diodes
ABB, (2003), ACA 635 IGBT Supply Sections 260 to 4728 kVA, ACS 800-17 Line-side Converter 120 to 1385 kVA, 3BFE 64013700
REV D EN EFFECTIVE: 07.07.2003

41. Three Phase PLL
• Here the “q-axis” of the Sync. Rot. Ref. Frame
is aligned with the input vector