Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State, Nigeria

Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived
Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected
industries in Lagos State, Nigeria
Nachana’a Timothy
Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa, Nigeria
Email: allen.dusa@gmail.com; Tel.: 08130976890
In this study, heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu) concentrations in soil within the vicinity of six
diferent industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries, Pz Cusson, 7up bottling
company, Clay Industries and Chemstar industry) in Lagos State were used to investigate their
influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure pathways. The
result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure pathways, Metal species
and industry type. The Hazard Quotient derived from the inhalation are much higher than the US
environmental protection agency guide lines value. The values of health index for various heavy
metals and the multiple exposure pathway for all the industries were higher than the thresh value
of 1. The ingestion pathway, which account for 65.41% and 97.18% health index for adult and
children respectively was the dominant exposure route for all the metals to local residents. The
cancer risk index falls within the acceptable limit with the exception of Cd for adult as well as Pb
for both adult and children through inhalation. The dermal exposure pathway which account for
99.9% total cancer risk index for both adult and children was the dominant exposure route. The
range of cancer risk was calculated and the results showed higher risk than an acceptable value
of US environmental protection agency (1E-06 – 1E-04) indicating some concern about building
houses, markets and farms near the industries.
Key words: Pathway, Ingestion, Inhalation, Dermal, Non–carcinogenic, Cancer, Adult and Children
INTRODUCTION
The challenge of environmental pollution due to toxic
metals is of major concern in most major metropolitan
cities (Fan et al., 2012; Mlitan et al., 2013; Alexander et al.,
2018; Timothy, 2018). Atmospheric emissions from
industrial establishments are one of the major sources of
environmental pollution (Akenolo et al., 2008; Taspinar
and Bozkurt, 2018 Sulaiman et al., 2018).
Industries have largely been responsible for discharging
untreated effluents containing trace metals such as zinc
(Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd),
mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), Iron (Fe) and
Chromium (Cr) [Colombo et al., 2001; Hu et al., 2013; Xiao
et al., 2017].
Pollution in developing nations is correlated with the
degree of industrialization and the intensity of chemical
usage (Filazi et al., 2003; Mlitan et al., 2013). This is
evident in industrial areas where stationery and mobile
sources release large quantities of heavy metals into the
atmosphere.
Soils and plants in nearby zone of industrial areas display
increased concentration of heavy metals, serving in many
cases as sinks of pollution loads (Addo et al., 2012;
Williams et al., 2018). Soils around industries take up large
quantities of pollutants which exceeding the natural
emission levels (Gupta et al.,2015; Winther and Slentø
2010; Odukoya et al.,2011; Raymond et al., 2011).
Heavy metal pollution of surface soils due to intense
industrialization and urbanization has become a serious
concern in many developing countries (Kovacs et al.,
1993; Wei and Yang, 2010; Yaylal and Abanz, 2011;
Research Article
Vol. 4(2), pp. 062-069, August, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 1822-424X
International Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

Nachana’a T. 063
Mireles et al.,2012; Du et al.,2013). Due to the disturbance
and acceleration of nature’s slowly occurring geochemical
cycle of metals by man, most soils of rural and urban
environments may accumulate one or more of the heavy
metals above defined background values high enough to
cause risks to human health, plants, animals and
ecosystems, (Amore et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2009;
Sharma et al., 2014; Etim,2016; Bwatanglang et al.,
2019).
The radial distribution of the heavy metals from industries
is major health risk factor to communities around industries
exposing the populations to lifetime non-carcinogenic and
carcinogenic health risk (Mishra et al., 2010; Mudgal et al.,
2010; Njoku et al., 2013; Liu et al.,2013; Chen et al., 2015;
Singh et al., 2018).
The measurement of the environmental cost contributed
by industrial activities is one thing and understanding its
multidimensional impacts to health and the entire
ecosystems is another (Winther and Slentø, 2010; Fan et
al., 2012; Patrik and Chioma, 2017 Singh et al., 2017;
Bwatanglang et al., 2019). There is little or no coherent
documented information on human health risk of the
industry derived heavy metals in Lagos. For these
reasons, this study aims to investigate the influence of
heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) concentration in soil
within the vicinity of six different industries in Lagos State
on human health risk through different exposure pathways.
The outcome from the study could be used as guide in
making policy toward regulating settlements around
industries.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Lagos state is located at the South western geopolitical
zone of Nigeria. Its coordinate is 6°35′N 3°45′E. It is
bounded on the north and east by Ogun State. In the west
it shares boundaries with the Republic of Benin. Behind its
southern borders lies the Atlantic Ocean. 22% of its 3,577
km2 are lagoons and creeks (Figure 1). It is Nigeria’s
largest city, chief port, and principal economic, cultural and
industrial center (Adesuyi et al., 2015).
Figure 1: Map of Lagos showing the Industries

Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 064
Data
The data on heavy metal concentrations in soil around six
industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries,
Pz Cusson, 7up bottling company, Clay Industries and
Chemstar industry) (Table 1) used in this study to
investigate the human health risk were obtained from
Adesuyi et al., (2015); while exposure factors used for the
health risk assessment through different exposure
pathways for soil (Table 2) and Reference doses (RfD) in
(mg/kg-day) and Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) for the
individual heavy metals per exposure pathways (Table 3)
from Bwatanglang et al., (2019).
Health Risk Characterization
To predict the possible carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic
risks that may prompt up following the exposure of the
heavy metals in the soil to both the adults and children
residing around the Industries, risk assessment processes
were carried out. This was achieved by integrating
possible exposure pathways to quantitatively estimate the
likelihood of health hazard.
The risk exposure pathways involve taking the average
daily intake (ADI) of the toxic metals (mg/kg day) following
oral ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact route using
the methods described in equations 1-3 (Sun and Chen,
2018; Bwantanglang et al.,2019).
ADIing= 10-6× Csoil× (IngR × EF × ED)/ (BW × AT) …... (1)
ADIinh= Csoil× (InhR × EF × ED)/ (PEF × BW × AT) …. (2)
ADIdermal= 10-6× Csoil× (SA × AF × ABS × EF × ED)/ (BW
× AT) …… (3)
The ADIing, ADIinh, and ADIdermal stand for average
daily intake (ADI) for ingestion, inhalation and dermal
exposure pathways respectively and Csoil is the heavy
metal concentration in the soils around each industry.
Other parameters and their corresponding functions are
described in Table 3 (USEPA, 2004; DEA, 2010;
Bwatanglang et al., 2019).
Hazard Quotient (HQ) was used to analyze the potential
non-carcinogenic effect of the metals in the soils by
relating the estimated ADI of each elements with their
reference dose (RfD) for each exposure pathway as
shown in equation 4 (Liu et al., 2013).
To describe the cumulative non-carcinogenic effect in the
study, the health index (HI), expressed as the sum of the
HQ as described in equation 5 was used (Kamunda et al.,
2016; USEPA, 1997). The RfD for each metal and for each
exposure pathway were presented in Table 3 (USEPA,
2016; Huang et al., 2017; Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
The probability of developing any type of cancer over a
lifetime was represented by the cancer risk index (CRI)
calculated by integrating the ADI with the respective
cancer slope factors (CSF) for each metal as shown in
equation 6 (Sun and Chen, 2018).
HQ = ADIi/RfDi ………………………………………. (4)
HI=∑HQi ………………………………………………. (5)
CRI= ADIi x CSFi …………………………………….... (6)
in which i stands for each metal.
A HQ < 1 or HI < 1 signify no associated risk, meaning the
exposed population is not likely to experience any adverse
health hazard. However, a level of concerns exist, if the
HQ or HI >1 (Bwatanglang et al., 2019). Also CRI is
considered negligible if the CRI < 10-6, tolerable if CRI is
10-6<CRI <10-4 and considered high if the CRI > 10-4. The
complete picture of the cancer risk for an individual
following the combination of all the metals over a lifetime
for all the exposure pathways are described in equation 7.
TCRI= CRI (ing) + CRI (inh) + CRI (dermal) …… (7)
Where, TCRI is total cancer risk index, while CRI (ing), CRI
(inh), and CRI (dermal) are risks contributions through
ingestion, inhalation and dermal pathways respectively
(Kamunda et al., 2016)
Table 1: Heavy metal concentration in soils (mg/kg)
around the six different Industries in Lagos (Adesuyi1 et
al., 2015).
Industry Zn Cd Pb Cu
International Textile 19.58 0.27 32.58 40.20
Chikki Holdent
Industries
14.32 0.19 9.98 0.93
Pz Cusson 49.21 0.02 18.10 18.21
7up bottling company 17.46 ND 1.60 9.09
Clay Industries 0.23 ND 1.12 22.08
Chemstar 54.11 0.15 29.27 31.11
EU threshold value 300 3.0 300 130-140
USEPA threshold
value
300 3.0 300 80-200
UK threshold value 100-200 1.4 70 63
USEPA – US environmental protection agency.
Table 2: Exposure factors used for the health risk
assessment through different exposure pathways for soil
Factor Unit Children Adult
Body weight (BW) kg 15 60
Exposure frequency (EF) days/year 350 350
Exposure duration (ED) years 6 30
Ingestion rate (IngR) mg/day 200 100
Inhalation rate (InhRair) m3/day 10 20
Skin surface area (SA) m2 2100 5800
Soil adherence factor
(AF)
mg/cm2 0.2 0.7
Dermal Absorption factor
(ABS)
0.1 0.1
Particulate emission
factor (PEF)
m3/k 1.3 x 109 1.3 x 109
Conversion factor (CF) kg/mg 10-6 10-6
Average time (AT) days
For carcinogen 365 x 70 365 x 70
For non-carcinogens 365 x ED 365 x ED
(Bwatanglang et al., 2019)

Nachana’a T. 065
Table 3: Reference doses (RfD) in (mg/kg-day) and Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) for the individual heavy metals per
exposure pathways
Elements RfDing RfDdermal RfDinh CSFing CSFdermal CSFinh
Cd 5.60E-04 5.00E-04 5.7E-05 3.80E-01 - 6.30E+00
Pb 3.60E-03 5.25E-04 3.52E-03 8.50E-03 - 4.20E-02
Cu 3.70E-02 2.40E-02 4.02E-02 - - -
Zn 3.00E-01 7.50E-02 3.00E-01 - - -
(Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The non-carcinogenic and cancer risk posed by the
presence of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in soils around six
industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries,
Pz Cusson, 7up bottling company, Clay Industries and
Chemstar industry) in Lagos state through different
exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation and dermal
contact ) are presented in Tables 5 and 6 respectively.
Based on the exposure factors listed in Table 2, the
calculated ADIi values for each element and for each
exposure pathway as presented in Table 4 for both the
adults and children were observed to fall in this order
Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. However, these values were observed to
be higher than their RfD values as listed in Table 3 except
for inhalation exposure pathway. From the result, the
average exposure dose of the three exposure pathways
for both adult and children are observed to increase in the
order of ADIinh< ADIdermal<ADIing. The overall result
showed that adults are more susceptible to higher level of
exposure dose compared to the children.
The hazard quotient (HQ) described in Table 5 for all the
elements following each exposure pathway were observed
to be < 1. The HQing and the HQinh values for both the
adults and children were observed to follow the order Cd<
Pb< Cu < Zn. While the exposure through the dermal route
was observed to follow the ranking, Cd < Pb < Zn < Cu for
both adults and children. More attention should be given
to Zn and Cu pollution. The HQ<1 recorded for all the
elements further suggest no associated risk following the
ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposure for both the adults
and children.
The non-carcinogenic risks posed by combining the
respective HQ values for each exposure pathway were
observed to leads to human health index (HI) values < 1,
which means no associated risks for both the adults and
children. However, the HI values for adult were observed
to be much higher than the children in HIinh and HIdermal
suggesting that, at relatively high levels of exposure,
adults will be more likely at risk than the children. Although
in HIing the value for children was higher. The HI were
observed to fall in this order HIing> HIdermal > HIinh.
The result was observed to fall in similar group with the
findings conducted on the road side soil along Mubi – Yola
highway (Bwatangla et al., 2019), dust in urban parks of
Beijing (Du et al., 2013) and the road dust sample in the
city of Duzce, Turkey (Taspinar and Bozkurt, 2018).
The ingestion pathway, which accounted for 65.41% and
97.18% HI for adult and children respectively, was the
dominant exposure route of all the metal to local residents.
Therefore, for the non-carcinogenic risk, we can fastly
reduce their hazards from ingestion.
The non-carcinogenic risk of all the heavy metals through
different exposure route for each industry were determined
(Figure 2). In this study area the main portion of non-
carcinogenic risk resulted from inhalation. The HQ of
International Textile, Chikki Holdent Industry, Pz
Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay Industries and
Chemstar derived from the inhalation are much higher
than the US environmental protection agency guide lines
value Showing that the above mentioned industries are
unsafe for local residence. Another prime non
carcinogenic risk stems from ingestion of soil, with dermal
absorption soil relatively low hazards.
Figure 3 summarizes the separate non carcinogenic risk of
four metal pollutants. Among the metals Cu and Zn
showed relatively higher potential health risk followed by
Cd and Pb. It is notable that Cu presented higher non
carcinogenic risk in soils from International Textile, Pz
Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay Industry and
Chemstar than in the Chikki holden industry. Cadmium
concentration can be considered to be saved for people
living around 7up bottling Company and Clay industry due
to their low non-carcinogenic risk. Thus we can even
ignore the effect of Cd on human health. Also heavy metal
(Pb) risk from Chikki holden industry and clay industry
were far less than the toxic threshed hold by US
environmental protection agency.
The total non-carcinogenic indices (HI) for various heavy
metals and the multiple exposure pathway for each
industry was summarized in Table 7. The risk from all the
industries were higher than the thresh value of 1. The
heavy metals in soils around all the industries will cause a
problem as a result of high HI value. Therefore, local
residents should not settle near the industries in order to
reduce the toxicity.
The lifetime cancer risk (CRI) for the adults and children
are presented in Table 6. The cancer risk was analyzed
only for Cd and Pb (because the result for Zn and Cu were
not available) for the ingestion, inhalation and dermal
exposure pathways. For regulatory purposes, a cancer risk
in the range of 10-6 to 10-4 is considered acceptable (Sun
and Chen, 2018). From the results presented in Table 6,
the CRI fall within the acceptable limit with the exception

of Cd for adult as well as Pb for both adult and children
through inhalation. Dermal exposure pathway was found
to be within the range that pose cancer risk (>10-4). The
CRI for all the exposure pathways for both age categories
were observed to be in the order of Pb>Cd (Table 6).
The CRI for both inhalation and dermal exposure
pathways were observed to be higher in adults than the
children. However, in ingestion exposure pathway in
children was higher than adults. The dermal pathway
which account for 99.9% TCRI for both adult and children
was the dominant exposure route of all the metal to local
residents as compared to ingestion and inhalation
exposure route. The proportions of different exposure
routes for each industry as indicated from the potential
cancer risk assessment are shown in Figure 4. The risk
level exposure pathways in all the industries are in the
order inhalation > ingestion > dermal. Hence as with the
non-carcinogenic risk inhalation was the dominant
exposure pathway causing cancer risk when compared to
the other routes
Figure 5 shows the result of the cancer risk for individual
element. Compared to the other three metals, (Zn, Cd and
Cu) Pb seems to be predominant contaminant that created
a relatively high risk followed by Zn, Cu and Cd. The
cancer risk exited in all the soils which varied from the
minimum value of 0.01 For Cd to the maximum value of
1.8 for Pb in Pz cusson soil.
The comprehensive assessment result of cancer risk in
soils from different industries are shown in Table 8. The
wide range of cancer risk was calculated from 5.01E13 –
5.42E14 in clay industry and chikki Holden industry
respectively .By the US environmental protection agency,
our results showed higher risk than an acceptable value of
1E-06 – 1E-04. The total combined risk for residents show
the following decreasing order Chikki Holden industry >
Chemstar > International textile > Pz cusson > 7up Bottling
company > Clay industry for 5.42E14, 2.45E14, 1.98E14,
1.83E14, 6.02E13 and 5.01E13 respectively.
The result should be considered in urban planning
procedures such as land use structure adjustment, for
example polluted soils could be used for roads and other
construction purposes. Soil remediation approaches could
also be applied .The most important first step is to control
the pollutant from the source to prevent the pollution from
entering into the soils around the industries. This would
provide a powerful balance between environmental
protection and health risk reducing (Howared and Sammy,
2012; Peter et al., 2012; Adesuyi et al., 2015; Gupta et al.,
2015).
Table 4: Average daily intake (ADI) values in mg/kg/day for adults and children in soils around the industries in Lagos
Elements ADIing ADIinh ADIdemal
Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children
Zn 4.50E-01 7.23E-01 6.95E-04 2.78E-07 1.83E-01 1.53E-01
Cd 1.84E-03 2.24E-03 2.83E-07 1.13E-09 7.46E-03 6.17E-04
Pb 2.70E-01 4.32E-01 4.14E-06 1.66E-08 1.10E-01 9.08E-02
Cu 3.55E-01 5.68E-01 5.46E-05 2.18E-07 1.44E-01 1.19E-01
Average 2.69E-01 4.31E-01 1.80E-04 1.28E-07 1.11E-01 9.09E-02
Table 5: Hazard quotient (HQ) values for heavy metals in adults and children of soils around the industries in Lagos
Elements HQing HQinh HQdemal
Zn 1.50E-02 2.41E-02 2.32E-14 9.27E-15 2.44E-03 2.04E-04
Cd 3.28E-08 4.00E-08 4.96E-17 1.98E-17 1.49E-07 1.23E-08
Pb 8.82E-05 4.32E-08 1.18E-16 4.72E-17 2.20E-05 1.73E-06
Cu 9.59E-04 1.54E-05 1.36E-15 5.42E-16 6.00E-03 4.96E-04
HI 1.60E-02 2.41E-02 2.47E-14 9.88E-15 8.46E-03 7.02E-04
Contribution% 5.41% 97.18% 1.01E-10% 3.98E-11% 34.58% 2.83%
HI – health index
Table 6: Cancer risk (CRI) values for heavy metals in adults and children through the three exposure pathways of soils
around the industries in Lagos
Elements HQing HQinh HQdemal
Zn - - - - - -
Cd 6.99E-04 6.90E-04 2.83E-03 2.34E-04 1.08E11 4.29E10
Pb 2.30E-03 3.67E-03 9.35E-03 7.72E-04 3.52E-01 1.41E11
Cu - - - - - -
TCRI 3.00E-03 4.36E-03 1.22E-02 1.01E-03 1.08E11 1.84E11
Contribution% 2.77E-12% 2.37E-12% 1.13E-11% 5.49E-15% 99.99% 99.99%
TCRI – Total cancer risk Index

Nachana’a T. 067
Table 7: Non-carcinogenic hazard indexes (HI) for the four heavy metals and the three exposures pathways for the
industries in Lagos.
International
Textile
Chikki Holdent
Industry
Pz-
Cusson
7up bottling
Company
Clay
Industries
Chemstar
Total Non- Carcinogenic Risk 6.93E14 1.90E14 6.40E14 2.11E14 1.76E14 8.58E14
Table 8: Cancer risks for the four heavy metals and the three exposure pathways for the industries in Lagos.
International
Textile
Chikki Holdent
Industry
Pz- Cusson
7up bottling
Company
Clay
Industries
Chemstar
Total Cancer Risk 1.98E14 5.42E14 1.83E14 6.02E13 5.01E13 2.45E14
Figure 2: Non carcinogenic risks through the three main
exposure pathways
Figure 3: Non carcinogenic risks of the four heavy metals
Figure 4: Cancer risk through the three main exposure
pathways
Figure 5: Cancer risks of the four heavy metals
CONCLUSION
The influence of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu)
concentration in soils within the vicinity of six different
industries in Lagos State on human health risk through
different exposure pathways was investigated. The result
revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with
exposure pathway, metal species and industry type. The
HQ for the non-carcinogenic risk were all <1 for all the
metals and for the exposure pathways. Similar trend were
observed for the HI for both the adults and children. The
HQ of International textile, Chikki Holdent industry, Pz
Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay industries and
Chemstar derived from the inhalation are much higher
than the USEPA guide lines value. The CRI fall within the
acceptable limit with the exception of Cd for adult as well
as Pb through inhalation for both adult and children. The
dermal exposure pathway which accounted for 99.9%
TCRI for both adult and children was the dominant
exposure route of all the metals to local residents. It was
found to be within the range that can cause cancer risk
(>10-4). The total combined risk for the residents show the
following decreasing order Chikki Holden industry >
Chemstar > International textile > Pz Cusson > 7up bottling
company > Clay industry for 5.42E14, 2.45E14, 1.98E14,
1.83E14, 6.02E13 and 5.01E13 respectively. This finding
can serve as a guide for settlement around the industries.

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Accepted 15 July 2019
Citation: Nachana’a T (2019). Human Health Risk
Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure
to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State
Nigeria. International Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health, 4(2): 062-069.
Copyright: © 2019 Nachana’a T. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

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