1. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
Annotated Bibliography
There exists both positive and negative effects of hydraulic fracturing on oil and gas
industry employees, their families, as well as surrounding communities and environment in the
regions where this type of natural oil and gas extraction is being used. The areas of Human
Resource Development coupled with Organizational Leadership will assist in answering the
following question: how has hydraulic fracturing affected the health and safety of employees
involved in Texas and what steps are being taken by the industry’s leaders to help keep safe their
employees as well as the surrounding communities and environment?
Anderson, B. J. & Theodori, G. L. (2009). Local leaders’ perceptions of energy development in
the Barnett shale. The Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 24, 113-129.
Disciplinary affiliation of authors: Community Development, Energy Policy, Rural
Sociology, Sociology of Natural Resources & the Environment
Disciplinary affiliation of journal: Rural Sociology, Agricultural Economics, Natural
Resource Sociology, Demography & Immigration, Community Sociology, Sociology of
Agrifood, Rural Healthm, Agricultural Education, Cultural Anthropology, Cultural
Geography, Rural Policy, Rural History
Theory used: no theoretical framework
Key concepts of the article: public health and safety, resource use, quality of life.
Phenomena, related to the research problem, which are addressed in the article:
increase in truck traffic, unsafe driving practices leading to an increase in traffic accidents

2. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
and fatalities, evacuations due to gas leaks and well explosions, depletion of water
resources, temporary disturbances caused by noise, lighting, traffic, and conflicts over
mineral rights.
Summary: Anderson &. Theodori (2009), suggest that there exists positive and negative
impacts at the local-level in communities surrounding hydraulic fracturing. The researchers
conducted semi-structured interviews with local leaders and everyday citizens within two
surrounding counties, Wise County and Johnson County, who all answered the same three
questions regarding the effects on public health and safety, resource use during hydraulic
fracturing, and the quality of life. The researchers assessed the increase in traffic, well
explosions, and gas leaks in reference to public health and safety, more specifically the safety of
the workers at the well site, and, in response to environmental concerns, they focused on the
massive amounts of water that is required for fracturing and the possibility of depleting water
sources completely. Finally, the researchers focused on the impact of the quality of life by
questioning respondents about topics such as noise level and struggles over mineral rights.
The research concludes that local communities do experience negative consequences as
well as positive impacts due to unconventional energy development (hydraulic fracturing).
While the negative and positive effects on these communities and their citizens are weighed
differently between the two counties, Wise County believing that the consequences out way the
benefits and Johnson County coming to an opposite conclusion, their areas of concern were
parallel to each other. The authors suggest further research be conducted on positive and
negative energy-related impacts as well as differences and similarities in the perceptions of the
community’s leaders and their citizens.

3. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
Davis, C. (2014). Substate federalism and fracking policies: Does state regulatory authority
trump local use autonomy? Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 8397-8403.
Disciplinary affiliation of authors: Political Science, U.S. Environmental Politics,
Public Policy
Disciplinary affiliation of journal: Environmental Engineering, Environmental
Sciences, Environmental Technology, Environmental Policy
Theory used: no theoretical framework
Key concepts of the article: environmental impacts, state regulations, local regulations,
fracking policy decisions, environmental policy, quality of life regulations, air quality
impacts, energy policy, state control, local land use autonomy, home rule provisions.
Phenomena, related to the research problem, which are addressed in the article:
between three states, Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Texas, the preference in state control
on hydraulic fracturing over local control varies depending on previous rules and
regulations as well as the political goals of the state’s leaders.
Summary: Davis (2014) begs the question of whether or not state regulations can be
developed without repressing land use autonomy that is practiced by local officials. This
literature focuses on the fracking policies of three of the leading states in natural resource
production including Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Davis compares the different policies,
including strengths and weaknesses that have been put into place from the beginning of natural
resource exploration in these states and explores the motivations behind each state’s preferences
in regulations and why each has more or less control over local fracking policy decisions. This

4. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
study also discusses what actions are required by the organization’s leaders to follow these laws
and regulations that are being placed on fracking procedures.
Davis suggests that there exists great variation on how policy questions of state control
versus local land use autonomy are addressed in Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Focusing
on Texas, they prove to have more tolerance with local control over fracking policies due to their
strong home rule policies that allow cities to enact regulations and restrictions on drilling policy
concerns to their own discretion. Davis also points out that state courts will most likely become
the mediators between the goals of state control and local land use autonomy for the states that
have strong state regulation roots and proposes more research be conducted about the influence
of state’s leaders’ preferences when referring to fracking regulations.
Esswein, E. J., Breitenstein, M., Snawder, J., Kiefer, M., & Sieber, K. (2013). Occupational
exposures to respirable crystalline silica during hydraulic fracturing. Journal of
Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10, 347-356.
Disciplinary affiliation of authors: Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Safety & Health,
Toxicology, Disease Control & Prevention, Health Science
Disciplinary affiliation of journal: Occupational, Industrial, & Environmental Hygiene,
Engineering, Occupational & Environmental Epidemiology, Medicine & Toxicology,
Ergonomics
Theory used: no theoretical framework
Key concepts of the article: workplace safety hazards, chemical exposure risks,
occupational health knowledge gaps, silica-related disease, meteorological conditions,
engineering controls for crystalline silica

5. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
Phenomena, related to the research problem, which are addressed in the article: full
shift, personal breathing zone (PBZ) exposures to respirable crystalline silica is an
occupational exposure hazard for workers at hydraulic fracturing sites that can cause
health complications
Summary: Esswein, Breitenstein, Snawder, Kiefer, & Sieber (2013) conducted an on-
site survey of employee exposure to crystalline silica on eleven well sites in five different states
(Colorado, Texas, North Dakota, Arkansas, and Pennsylvania) to determine the industry job
positions that were the most exposed to the “frac sand” during the fracturing process. With such
a broad sample of research from eleven well sites, the researchers were able to consider many
different environmental, meteorological, and geographical factors that influence the presence of
crystalline silica during fracturing.
The research showed that fracking employees who work full-shifts are exposed to
separable crystalline silica which has been proven to be hazardous to the health of the workers
involved. Diseases that can be caused by the inhalation of the “frac sand” include lung cancer,
silicosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, and an elevated risk of tuberculosis. The
findings of this research conclude that the job positions that are most directly affected by the
inhalation of crystalline silica include the Sand mover and Transfer Belt Operators and even
though workers usually wore masks and respirators, those who wore half masks at the well-site
were not efficient enough to protect the worker due to the concentration of the crystalline silica.
McKenzie, L. M., Witter, R. Z., Newman, L. S., & Adgate, J. L. (2012) Human health risk
assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional gas resources. Science
of the Total Environment, 424, 79-87.

6. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
Disciplinary affiliation of authors: Epidemiology, Environmental Chemistry,
Chemistry, Immunology & Microbiology, Medicine, Environments & Occupational
Health, Social Psychology, Environmental Science & Engineering, Environmental Health
Disciplinary affiliation of journal: Biosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere,
Anthroposphere
Theory used: no theoretical framework
Key concepts of the article: unconventional natural gas development, public health
concerns, air emissions, air pollution, adverse health effects, risk prevention
Phenomena, related to the research problem, which are addressed in the article:
residents living less than a half mile from natural gas development sites are more prone to
health hazards, such as leukemia and birth defects, than those who live more than a half
mile from the well site.
Summary: McKenzie, Newman, & Adgate (2012) pose the question of whether an
environmental risk assessment can be used as a tool during a health impact assessment (HIA) to
determine the adverse health effects from air emissions resulting from natural gas development
(NGD). The study focuses on petroleum hydrocarbons in and around NGD sites and specifically
the emissions present less than half a mile as well as more than half a mile from the site and what
types of health hazards are associated with the risk of air contamination during well development
and production. This research also focuses on which stages of NGD produce more air pollutants.
The research concluded that a risk assessment can be used in HIA to help pinpoint the
areas that will be most negatively impacted by air emissions from NGD so that preventative
recommendations can be made in order to decrease possible health risks associated with NGD.

7. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
The findings showed that there is a higher risk for adverse health effects on residents who live
less than half a mile from the well site than those residents living at a half mile or more away
from the NGD site. Complications from air emissions of various petroleum hydrocarbons such
as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, can be directed linked to health hazards including
types of leukemia, immune deficiencies, anemia, inflamed sinuses, decreased lung function, and
even neurological tube defects in pregnant women. These results open the door for researchers
to develop ways to decrease the hazardous effects of NGD air emissions on the workers involved
as well as the residents that live in the vicinity of the well site.
Rahm, D. (2011). Regulating hydraulic fracturing in shale gas plays: The case of Texas. Energy
Policy, 39, 2974-2981.
Disciplinary affiliation of author: Political Science
Disciplinary affiliation of journal: Multidisciplinary including Energy Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering, Thermal Sciences
Theory used: no theoretical framework
Key concepts of the article: new drilling techniques, air emissions, potential water
contamination, potential water reserve depletion, chemical waste management practices,
adverse environmental impacts, health hazards on surrounding animals and vegetation,
political influence, regulation policies
Phenomena, related to the research problem, which are addressed in the article: the
claim of hazardous effects on the environment has caused stricter federal regulations at
the state level by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) but because of pro-drilling

8. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
states, such as Texas, the leader in hydraulic fracturing in the lower forty-eight states, the
federal government is in constant battle with state governments.
Summary: Rahm (2011) explores environmental concerns and issues related to hydraulic
fracturing along with United States regulatory practices imposed on states and the unique ability
by Texas to become one of the nation’s top players in the development of natural resources. This
literature addresses the constant battle between pro-drilling and anti-drilling states as well as the
controversy between federal government regulations through the EPA and state governments.
The research proves that there will be continued controversy over the environmental
impact of hydraulic fracturing and the air emissions associated with this process because of the
confusion about who should regulate the industries rules and policies or lack thereof. Rahm
describes the advantages that the state of Texas has when it comes to ownership of mineral and
surface rights and why this has paved the way for Texas to become such a key player in
hydraulic fracturing. There is no question that communities and the surrounding environment
will continue to be altered overtime as a result of hydraulic fracturing, but as a result of anti-
drilling activists who are asking for more regulations and limits for these companies and their
procedures there will likely be more laws and regulations put into place in the future.
Witter, R. Z., Tenney, L., Clark, S., & Newman, L. S. (2014). Occupational exposures in the oil
and gas extraction industry: State of the science and research recommendations.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57, 847-856.
Disciplinary affiliation of authors: Immunology & Microbiology, Medicine,
Environmental & Occupational Health, Public Health, Community & Behavioral Health,
Epidemiology, Social Psychology

9. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
Disciplinary affiliation of journal: Occupational & Environmental Health & Safety,
Occupational Disease, Environmental Disease, Occupational Epidemiology,
Environmental Epidemiology, Disease Surveillance, Ergonomics, Neurotoxicology
Theory used: no theoretical framework
Key concepts of the article: occupational fatality, occupational health and safety,
inhalation of crystalline silica, family exposure to chemicals, sand mining health hazards,
oil and gas waste disposal, poor employee safety training, ineffective hazard
communication programs.
Phenomena, related to the research problem, which are addressed in the article: the
oil and gas industry is rapidly expanding, providing many new jobs, but also increasing
the risk for work related fatality, injury, and illness.
Summary: Witter, Tenney, Clark, & Newman (2014) explore occupational fatalities and
injuries, occupational illnesses, federal agency and industry interventions for the protection of
employees, and the additional research requirements within these areas of focus in the oil and gas
extraction industry. This article focuses on the causes of workplace fatalities, injuries, and
environmental hazards in the workplace and recommend strategies that the industries can use to
increase the safety of their employees.
The findings in this article show that with the increase in available jobs due to
advancement in the oil and gas industry there is also a greater risk in fatalities, injuries, and
illness. The risks associated with work-related fatalities and injuries mostly involve vehicle
accidents related to texting and driving. Some of the injuries sustained on the job site include
machinery mishaps and tool malfunctions and can be addressed by increasing the effectiveness

10. Potter, Kaitlyn
INTS 3300: L4-A1: Annotated Bibliography
March 24, 2015
of the company’s hazard communication plans when hiring on new employees. Witter also
addresses the ongoing debate on environmental impacts from the chemical emissions involved in
oil and gas extraction and describes ways that can help prevent employee exposure to these
substances. Overall, this research states that there needs to be cooperation between the oil and
gas industry, occupational health and safety experts, as well as federal agencies in order to make
these work sites safer for the industry’s employees.