Eng Nader Elmansi course on IP CCTV systems

1. IP CCTV
Nader Elmansi

2. Camera Specs
Image Sensor - CCD

3. Camera Specs
Image Sensor - CMOS

4. Camera Specs
1 Image Sensor

5. Camera Specs
1 Image Sensor

6. Camera Specs
1 Image Sensor

7. Camera Specs
2 Image Sensor Diameter

8. Camera Specs
3 Image Sensor Vendor

9. Camera Specs
Lens Diameters

10. Camera Specs
Lens Focal Length

11. Camera Specs
Lens Focal Length
camera lenses range from 2 mm to 100mm.
The larger the size of the lens, the more narrow and zoomed

12. Camera Specs
Lens Focal Length

13. Camera Specs
varifocal vs fixed focal length Lens

14. Camera Specs
varifocal vs fixed focal length Lens

15. Camera Specs
CS Mount vs C Mount

16. Camera Specs
Optical Zooming vs. Digital Zooming
Zoom on a camera can add to
the pleasure of digital
photography. However, many
consumers are confused
between optical and digital
zoom. An understanding of the
difference between the two
zooms will help you choose
the digital camera that is right
for you.

17. Camera Specs
Optical zoom
If taking a lot of photos from far away subjects is important to you, be sure
that the camera you buy has an optical zoom. An optical zoom is a true
zoom lens, like the zoom lens you’d use on a film camera. They produce
much better-quality images

18. Camera Specs
Digital Zoom
Some cameras offer a digital zoom, which is simply some in-camera image
processing. When you use a digital zoom, the camera enlarges the image area at
the center of the frame and trims away the outside edges of the picture. The result is
the same as when you open an image in your photo-editing program, crop away the
edges of the picture, and then enlarge the remaining portion of the photo

19. Camera Specs
Smart, Safe and Intelligent Zoom
• Realizing that digital zoom is not really a good thing because it negatively affects
image quality
• camera manufacturers have introduced a new type of digital zoom variously
called “Smart Zoom” (Sony), “Safe Zoom” (Canon) and “Intelligent Zoom”
(Panasonic and others) iZoom for short
• iZoom works only if you select an image size smaller than the full available image
size
• if your digital camera is capable of producing a 12MP image, Smart Zoom is
available only if you select to save your images as 7MP or less. In other words,
with this particular type of digital zoom, the MP resolution decreases as you
‘zoom’

20. Camera Specs
Focal Length Calculation
F= D * h / H

21. Camera Specs
IRIS
• F-numbers , f-stop
• depth of field, which is the area of the image
that appears sharp. A large f-number such as
f/32, (which means a smaller aperture) will
bring all foreground and background objects in
focus, while a small f-number such as f/1.4 will
isolate the foreground from the background by
making the foreground objects sharp and the
background blurry

22. Camera Specs
IRIS
Fixed Iris
the opening that allows light into the camera cannot be adjusted
This type of iris is ideal for indoor recording where the light levels consistent
Manual Iris
adjust the opening to allow more or less light by physically adjusting the iris during installation
when you have easy access to the camera
Auto Iris
motorized, allowing them to automatically adjust the iris opening to the changing light throughout
the day
There are two types of auto arises, DC-irises (the control for the motor is in the camera) and
video irises (the control is in the lens itself)
more expensive, suited to recording in outdoor locations where the changes between sunlight
and nighttime can be automatically adjusted
P Iris
“P” stands for “precise” because the iris uses both the ability to automatically adjust like an auto
iris with controls in the camera’s software to create improved video clarity and depth of field

23. Camera Specs
Video Signal Encoding
NTSC – National Television System Committee
•NTSC is used in North America, Japan and South
Korea
•NTSC: 720 x 480 @ 30fps
•manual color correction
PAL – Phase Alternating Line
•used in most of Europe, Australia and large parts of
Africa and Asia
•PAL: 720 x 576 @ 25fps
•The higher resolution in PAL allows slightly sharper
and clearer text display on the screen
•The PAL system offers automated color correction
SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory) I
• a standard originally developed in France around
1961.
•SECAM uses the same bandwidth as PAL (625
lines per frame) but transmits the color information
differently.
•used in Eastern Europe and France

24. Camera Specs
Resolution
Resolution is the "overall picture
sharpness" and measured by counting
horizontal line and vertical line of an
image.
(the white line is also counted as a line in
an image)
factor in determining the CCTV resolution.
a) Horizontal Line
- it depends on the camera specification (which
stated in analog camera model spec)
- also depends on display capability
- and bandwidth used
b) Vertical Line
- independent to system bandwidth
- depend primarily on the number of scanning
lines per pictures.

25. Camera Specs
Resolution
• measured in vertical and horizontal pixel
dimensions
• For analog CCTV highest resolution is
704 x 480 (NTSC for the United
States) and 720 x 576 (PAL for
Europe)
• analog high definition (AHD CCTV)
supports 720p and 1080p HD video
resolutions
• AHD cameras are hard wired to DVRs
using the same type of coaxial cable
as traditional CCTV cameras (typically
RG59)
Be Careful. Whilst the camera may theoretically be able to film in 4MP the DVR
only records in 1080P so they are lying to you
These images show the difference between the CIF and D1 resolutions

26. Camera Specs
Resolution
TVL (Television Line)
•pacification of an analog camera's or monitors's horizontal resolution power.
•alternatively known as Lines of Horizontal Resolution (LoHR) or lines of resolution.
•TVL is one of the most important resolution measures in a video system.
•The TVL can be measured with the standard EIA-1956 resolution chart
•TVL is the maximum number of alternating light and dark vertical lines can be resolved per picture height
•A resolution of 400 TVL means that 200 distinct dark vertical lines and 200 distinct white vertical lines.
•TVL is an inherent quality of a camera or monitor and should not be confused with the horizontal
scanning lines of broadcast television systems, which e.g. for a PAL system are 625 lines, and for the
NTSC system 525 lines
•EX 420 TVL, 480 TVL, 540 TVL, 600 TVL, 700 TVL, 1000 TVL

27. Camera Specs
Resolution
Mega Pixel
•In digital imaging, a pixel, dots, is smallest
controllable element of a picture represented on the
screen.
•Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more
samples typically provide more accurate
representations of the original.
• The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color
imaging systems, a color is typically represented by
three or four component intensities such as red,
green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and
black.
•The smallest element of a digital image is called a
pixel.
• Most of us enlarged a picture from a website large
enough to see the image go from clear to a bunch of
grainy colored squares.
• Each one of these squares is an individual pixel.
•A megapixel (MP) is 1 million pixels, and is a
specific measurement for digital resolution that
encompasses the area of the output video.
•For Instance, if a digital or megapixel camera
outputs a signal that is 1280×1024 pixels, it is
recording at a megapixel resolution of 1280 x 1024 =
1,310,720 pixels = 1.3 Megapixels (MP).

28. Camera Specs
Resolution
in most cases, when you buy a cheap camera, they don't put the TVL as part of
the camera's specification (as customers may know that it is a low quality
camera). Instead, the advertise the camera as, for example "960H/WD1" or
"QCIF", "CIF" etc.

29. Camera Specs
Resolution
tables below shown the relationship between TVL and pixels count

30. Camera Specs
Resolution
Standard definition
•CIF is the lowest quality used and
comprises a frame size of 352 x 288
pixels
•Half D1, also known as "Field" or 2
CIF is 704 x 288 pixels
•D1 is 704 x 576 pixels
•960H is 960 x 576
pixels. 960H and D1 are actually the
same resolution. D1 has a 4:3 aspect
ratio, 960H a 16:9 aspect ratio and the
extra pixels fill in the space at the edge of
the image. The resolution or pixel density
is identical

31. Camera Specs
Resolution
High definition
•720P is 1280 x 720 pixels or 0.9
megapixels. This is the lowest HD
resolution
•1080P is 1920 x 1080 pixels or 2.1
megapixels.
1080N resolution
HD 1080P and HD 1080N sound
pretty similar but they are very
different.
•HD 1080P is full HD resolution
1920 by 1080 pixels or 2.1
megapixels.
•1080N on the other hand is only
1080 by 960 pixels or 1 megapixel.
Don't get caught out.

32. Camera Specs
3MP, 4MP & 4K
•Throwing pixels at wide angle cameras is
like trying to heat your home with the
doors and windows wide open - you will
never win.
• HD1080P is high enough resolution to
get great images if the cameras are
zoomed in properly.
•4MP halves your storage time but only
gives you a 40% "improvement" in the
image.
•4K theoretically doubles the quality of the
image but needs 8x more hard drive
space.
• 21 days rolling footage at HD 1080P
suddenly becomes a mere 2.6 days in 4K.
•Not only that but if you use wide angle
cameras you will get lower resolution
images as you move away from the
camera
Resolution

33. Camera Specs
Resolution
Aspect Ratio and Resolution
The display aspect ratio can only be displayed as what is referred to as a 4:3 aspect ratio
which is the NTSC standard. This limits the number of lines of data that can actually be
displayed. This explains why a 768 horizontal sensor when displayed on a 4:3 aspect
monitor will result in only 540 TV lines of resolution. (note: a standard definition movie on
a dvd could be in 4:3 or 16:9 format but the pixel size would still be 720x480 for storage
purposes.)
Newer standards for TV have introduced High Definition TV with an aspect ration of 16:9
which allows for a greater number of lines of resolution to be displayed. Newer
technology of cameras are now able to capture higher resolutions which will now allow
for storing and displaying these higher resolutions.

34. Camera Specs
Resolution

35. Camera Specs
Signal to Noise Ratio SNR
Fixed Iris
• The signal to noise ratio is measured in
decibels.
• The higher the dB number the better the
picture.
• Noise can be manifest in graininess,
loss of detail, etc.
• WDR (Wide Dynamic Range) cameras
are 95 dB typical and 120 dB maximum
providing noise free images.
• Typical CCTV Security cameras are
around 50 db S/R.

36. Camera Specs
Illumination
• Illumination, light intensity, is a physical
term, refers to total accepted visible
light energy on a unit area. Unit: Lux
• Different security cameras have
different Lux value or low illumination
performance.
• 0Lux means under total darkness (no
light), camera can capture images.
• Typically, the camera's lux value is
0Lux or 0.1Lx,
• the value of the illuminace value
depends on lens'aperture (F value),
• the lower of the F value, the smaller is
the required lux value.
• Color camera's Lux is between
0.0004LUX and 1LUX
• B/W camera's Lux 0.0003~0.1LUX

37. Camera Specs
Signal to Noise Ratio SNR
Fixed Iris
[lux: real-world scenario]
50,000: Sunlight
10,000: Daylight
1,000: Overcast day
500: Indoor office
100: Dark day
1: Twilight
0.1: Full moon
0.0001: Overcast nigh
Sony developed the Super HAD CCD image sensor,
utilizing this CCD sensor, its color minimum illumination
can reach 0.01Lux, and B/W minimum illumination can
reach 0.001Lux (also can use articial light to reach 0Lux).

38. Camera Specs
3 dimensional digital noise reduction (3D-DNR)
Automatic Gain Control AGC
digital image stabilizer DIS
• Sony Effio cameras provide 3 dimensional digital noise reduction (3D-DNR)
function, through using DSS technology, 3D-DNR, and its unique AGC
control, can improve the brightness of image, and avoiding motion blur, and
reducing image noise, which is perfect for low illumination environment
• AGC (Automatic Gain Control) increases the amount of amplification in
certain conditions to bring the video signal up to the minimum required level.
AGC also reduces noise and picture attenuation and reduction the blur as
well as the signal to noise ratio to provide a quality picture.

39. Camera Specs
3 dimensional digital noise reduction (3D-DNR)
Automatic Gain Control AGC
digital image stabilizer DIS
• Noise is irregular fluctuations that transmit electrical signals (electromagnet)
which are not part of normal CCTV video footage and this can obscure the
normal CCTV signal.
• high voltage current cables, other video transmission cables (satellite
cables), long cable run without ground can produce noise.
• If you are running video cable parallel to main power cable (230V or 110V
AC), you should have at least 12 inch gap. Try to run CCTV cables in a
separate cable tray or trunking to avoid any unwanted noise interference.
NOTE: Plastic conduit and trunking do not stop noise or interference.
• Better BNC termination is crucial in avoiding noise..
• When you buy cameras make sure they have Digital Noise Reduction
feature, it is often found good quality cameras. Often it is confused with
TVL’s, digital noise reduction is a different feature that many leading CCTV
camera manufacturer provide.

40. Camera Specs
Motion Detection and Analytics
• the camera is producing an image which the DVR (Digital Video Recorder)
sees as an algorithm, when something changes in that algorithm the DVR
determines this as a motion event.
• A simple cloud passing overhead can cause enough pixels in the image to
change to have the algorithm change, making the DVR think that motion has
occurred.

41. Camera Specs
Analytics is a program that runs in correlation with a DVR, that analyzes the
images coming from the camera in real time to determine certain criteria. The
different criteria can generally be set by the user to accomplish their needs. On
some software you can set up different if statements that will react in different
ways. For example, you can draw a line on the image, and say, “If an object
passes this line going in this direction, then take a snapshot, record, and sound
an alarm
Motion Detection and Analytics

42. Camera Specs
White Balance
refers to how a camera adjusts according to the color
temperature of a the light source illuminating the
scene.
•Auto Tracking White Balance (ATW) detects
white color in a scene continuously. It is suitable for
monitoring objects whose color may var throughout
the day as a result of changes in lighting.
•Auto white balance (AWB) is the predecessor of
auto tracking white balance. Instead of continuously
monitoring a scene for color changes, it detects
white color in a scene once, stores this value and
uses it to determine the color of the scene. This
mode is suitable for scenes where light does not
change a lot.
•Manual white balance (MWB) lets a user set the
red and white gain of the image produced.
Increasing the red makes the image "warmer" and
increasing the blue makes the image "cooler".

43. Camera Specs
View Angle
• Small lens has wide view angle,but
short view distance.
• Big lens has narrow view angel,but long
view distance.
Lens format:
• Bullet 4mm/6mm: 1/2.5” CCD
• Dome 4mm/6mm: 1/3” CCD
• The function of the lens is to collect
light reflected from the scene and focus
it into an image onto the CCTV camera
sensor.
• Most CCTV applications use a fixed-
focal-length (FFL) lens, which, like your
eye's lens, covers a constant angular
field of view (FOV).
• A large variety of CCTV camera lenses
are available with different focal lengths
(FLs), which will provide different FOVs.
Wide-angle, medium-angle, or narrow-
angle lenses produce different
magnifications and FOVs.

44. Camera Specs
View Angle

45. Camera Specs
View Angle
• https://www.supercircuits.com/resources/tools/fov-calculator
This handy FOV calculator will help you in determining which lens is right for your
application. Enter the camera lens format, the distance to the object, focal
length of the lens, and click "Calculate" to see the field of view you can expect
with that lens. It also works in reverse. If you know the field of view you need,
enter it and the distance to the object along with camera format to find the focal
length you will need to get the field of view desired.

46. Camera Specs
Backlight Compensation
Backlight Compensation is a term which
describes the mechanism by which an IP
camera can compensate for backlight by
enhancing automatic exposure control on
the camera.
Backlight compensation tries to ignore
small areas of high illumination so
ensuring that the larger portion of the
scene remain bright. The areas of
interest would have the same exposure
regardless of the torch beam shining
into the camera.

47. Camera Specs
Wide Dynamic Range WDR
Visibility Enhancer VE “Sony”
• cameras that handles a wide range of lighting conditions in a scene.
• In a scene with extremely bright and dark areas or in backlight situations where a
person is in front of a bright window, a typical camera would produce an image
where objects in the dark areas would hardly be visible.
• WDR solves this by applying various techniques to enable objects in both bright
and dark areas to be visible