The document discusses closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems, including their purpose for monitoring and deterring crime, as well as explaining the basic components and technology of both analogue and digital systems. Key characteristics include types of cameras, the significance of image sensors, and the advantages of digital video recorders (DVRs) over older analogue systems. Additionally, it highlights considerations for recording duration, camera features, and the importance of data protection regulations.

1. RAKAN KONGSI
INFORMASI

3. 1. What is a CCTV System?
A Closed Circuit Television (or CCTV) system is used for
visual (and frequently audio) monitoring and recording
events in a defined area
Generally categorised for the following requirements:
Deter criminal activity
Assist in the detection of crime
To instil confidence in staff/visitors/customers that they
are in a safe and secure area
Provide management intelligence for health & safety or
commercial use

4. 2. CCTV Principles
Basic Components of a CCTV System (Analogue)
Old style system with analogue video recording from
a multiplexer. Usually a maximum of 16 cameras per
system

5. 2. CCTV Principles
Basic Components of a CCTV System (Analogue)
Old style system with analogue video recording through a
quad. A maximum of 4 cameras per system.

6. CCTV Principles
Basic Components of a System (Digital)
New style system using a DVR to digitally record and
playback, usually up to 16 cameras. No multiplexer or quad
is required as the DVR performs these functions, amongst
others.

10. 2. CCTV Principles
The Camera
CDD Image Sensor (Charged-Coupled Device)
• A group of optical detector integrated circuits
• Light is ‘sensed’ by individual photo-diodes (rows &
columns of which = ‘pixels‘)
• Pixels develop a charge proportional 1/3 inch CCD
to the light level, which are then
processed by the
camera’s electronics

14. There are 3 main types of CCTV camera lens:
- Fixed Focal Length (The focal length of the lens
cannot be altered)
- Varifocal Length (manual zoom length)
- Motorised Zoom (Focal length can be
automatically adjusted using, for example, a
keyboard controller or DVR) >

15. Angle of View
The greater the focal length, the smaller the angle
of view; therefore the image viewed will be larger

17. Iris Control Methods
Auto Iris
Features integral circuitry which will vary the size of
lens aperture according to changes in light
Direct Drive
Lens control circuitry is within the camera, rather
than the lens (Direct Drive specific lenses and
cameras required)
Fixed/Manual Iris
No electronic control over the iris

18. Monitor

19. Camera housings are designed to protect the
camera from weather, dust, vandalism, damage,
etc…
Types of Housings :
‘IP rated’
Weather Proof
Vandal Resistant
With or without brackets
With or without internal heaters
Wash & Wipe

20. ‘IP ratings’ are a measure of resistance to the
penetration of solid objects (e.g. dust) and liquids
(e.g. rain!)
 A product considered to be ‘weatherproof’ would
have a rating of IP65 and above
-‘IP’ stands for Ingress Protection
- The first number (in this case 6) is
the protection against solids (0~6,
6 being dustproof)
- The second number (in this case 5)
is the protection against liquid
(0~8, 8 being protected gainst
constant submersion )

21. Cameras and housings with heaters will require
power, mains or low voltage depending upon
the product you have chosen.
Where low voltage PSUs are required there are
various choices.
24v AV 500MA up to 4A
12v DC 750MA up to 4A

22. Early CCTV systems used analogue time-lapse
VCRs
CCTV systems now use DVRs (Digital Video
Recorders) with a huge range of benefits over old
analogue technology
Many existing installations, therefore, are
upgrading their recording system from analogue
VCR to DVR

24. The benefits of DVRs:
Digital image quality
No need for tapes (changing / storage of)
Fast, easy image search & retrieval • Remote viewing
& control capabilities
Never stops recording • Up to 400 images per second
(IPS) record rate
Up to 1.5TB storage
Easily providing in excess of 31 days storage
Less mechanical components to service >

26. Main factors for consideration in choosing the
correct DVR:
Number of cameras
Record rate (images per second)
HDD size (amount of data storage)
Remote viewing / control
Fixed / Mobile
Data transfer/storage media formats

27. Choosing recording frame rate:
Each DVR has a maximum IPS rate (100, 200, 400)
The IPS rate is normally divided by the number of
channels ie. 400 IPS, 16 channel recorder would
record @ 25 IPS per camera
High quality DVRs allow control of IPS rate per
camera channel

28. How long does the customer require to retain the
images/video on the DVR?
Record duration is the
‘data lifetime’ of the recorded
images / video on the DVR
Data lifetime will be determined by customer’s
specific requirements and rules of the Data Protection
Act
Longer data lifetimes require larger HDD space

29. Estimating record duration, the following all
Need to be considered:
Number of camera channels
Hard Drive size
IPS rate
Compression type

30. Multiplex (Simultaneous functionality) :
Simplex: The ability to record or playback but not at the
same time. For live view it is only possible to see a single
camera on the monitor, multiple camera view is possible
during playback.
Duplex: The ability to record and playback
simultaneously. Multiple live screen is possible. However,
the monitor will only display live images or recorded
images.
Triplex: The ability to record and playback
simultaneously. Multiple live screen is possible and unlike
Duplex operation the monitor will display both live
images and recorded images simultaneously.

31. Angle of view
Internal or external
Static or PTZ
Colour or Monochrome
High or Low resolution
Available / Changing light levels
Site orientation
Power availability
Data Protection Act

33. Alarm Inputs send telemetry signals via the DVR
to automatically control / preset camera position,
record rate, image resolution, etc…
Alarm Inputs triggered via:
• External detection devices
• Panic Button
• Access Control Equipment

34. Lamps are usually Tungsten
Heat generated by the bulb’s wasted energy
 Aluminium-plated reflector
 Short life
 High power consumption / High cost of
ownership
Range = various angles – Wide / Medium /
Narrow

35. Use solid state technology
Long life
Better performance & efficiency
Gold-plated reflector
Low power consumption
Need IR sensitive cameras
Range = 10° ~ 60° / 20m ~ 175m >

37. SEKIAN TERIMA KASIH