CCTV Camera.pptx

CCTV Camera
Presented by Krishna Adhikari

Image Sensor
• To convert incoming light (photons) into an electrical signal that
can be viewed, analyzed, or stored.
• Image sensors contain millions of photosensitive diodes known
as photo sites.
• When you take a picture, the camera's shutter opens briefly and
each photo site on the image sensor records the brightness of
the light that falls on it by accumulating photons. The more light
that hits a photo site, the more photons it records.

Type of Image Sensor
• CCD: Charged Coupled Device

• CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

CCD: Charged Coupled Device
• A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a light-sensitive integrated circuit that captures images by
converting photons to electrons.
• A CCD sensor breaks the image elements into pixels.
• CCD sensors create high-quality, low-noise images.
• CCD sensors consume as much as 100 times more power than an equivalent CMOS sensor.

CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
• CMOS sensors are faster than their CCD counterparts, which allows for higher video frame rates.
• CMOS imagers provide higher dynamic range and require less current and voltage to operate.
• CMOS sensors also require less power and produce less heat.
• CMOS sensors can be much faster. Faster sensor readout means less distortion of moving objects (“rolling
shutter”) as well as the potential for uninterrupted live-view.
• Overall, CMOS sensors are much less expensive to manufacture than CCD sensors.

• Image sensors come in different format types (also known as optical
class, sensor size or type) and packages.
• Bigger image sensors have bigger pixels, which means better low-light
performance, reduced noise, good dynamic range, and the ability to
obtain more information.
Size of Image Sensor

Resolution
• The sharpness and clarity of an image or picture.
• Resolution is a broad term and may have different meanings when used in different fields of technology.
• Image resolution is typically described in PPI, which refers to how many pixels are displayed per inch of an image.
• Higher resolutions mean that there more pixels per inch (PPI), resulting in more pixel information and creating a high-quality,
crisp image.
High Resolution Image Low Resolution Image

Video resolution
• Video resolution is the number of pixels contained in each frame.
• Video resolution determines the amount of detail in your video, or how realistic and clear the video appears.
• It’s measured by the number of pixels contained in the standard aspect ratio of 16:9, the most common aspect ratio for
television and computer monitors.
• The 16:9 aspect ratio is used in film and television and is used to describe an image that is 16 units wide by 9 units long.
• A higher number of pixels indicates a higher resolution, and a lower number of pixels makes for a low-resolution video.
• For the common resolutions of 720 and 1080, the naming convention is based on the total number of pixels running in a
vertical line down the display area.
• For 2K, 4K, or 8K video, the resolution is named for the number of pixels running in a horizontal line across the frame.

• The “p” that often appears after a resolution number, as in 1080p, does not stand for pixels. It stands for
progressive scan, the typical method for loading the pixels in each new frame of a video.
• Previously, resolution has been divided between standard definition (SD video) and high definition (HD video).
• Anything below 720 is considered standard definition.
• However, as screen resolutions on computer monitors and televisions continue to improve, it’s less likely for
anything to be shot in SD.

Choosing which HD resolution to shoot in.
• Video resolution is like a haircut.
• You can always decrease a video from a high resolution to a lower one, but there’s no way to magically increase
lower resolution footage after it’s been shot.
• So while you don’t want to waste storage space by going too high, you also want to make sure your resolution is
high enough for the various formats where your footage might be seen.

720 resolution (HD)
• This is the lowest resolution to still be considered HDTV and is often called simply “HD.”
• Most videos are shot in at least 1080, but 720 (1280 x 720 pixels) can be an acceptable resolution for smaller
web content.
• However, now that most computer screens are HD, best practice is to aim for a higher resolution than 720 for
web use and streaming.
1080 resolution (full HD)
• Often referred to as “full HD,” 1080 (1920 x 1080 pixels).
• It has become the industry standard for a crisp HD digital video that doesn’t break your storage space.
• It is also a common screen resolution for smartphones.
2K resolution or QHD (quad high definition)
• The next steps up are QHD (2560 x 1440 pixels) or 2K resolution (2048 x 1080 pixels).
• These formats provide more room for image edits, larger displays, and reframing without lost quality.

4K resolution (ultra HD)
• Called 4K and marketed often as UHD (ultra-high-definition television)
• This resolution is technically 3840 x 2160 pixels.
• It looks quite similar to 2K to most viewers but gives filmmakers more room to zoom in and edit.
• Resolutions of 2K and 4K are really for theatrical viewing or intense coloring or graphics.
• And there’s not enough noticeable difference between 4K and 2K, unless you wanted to cut in closer or edit
colors.
8K resolution
• This resolution is technically 8K (7680 x 4320 pixels).
• This extremely high-res option leaves the most room for creating amazing effects or zooming into a faraway
shot without pixilation.
• It is mainly used for visual effects, because it’s more pixel information for things like green screens or
rotoscoping.
• And it used for reframing. You can reframe to a proper close-up and you won’t notice any degradation in
quality.

Frame Rate
• To the human eye, film and video seem to play as one continuous recording.
• But in actuality, cameras record pictures of multiple images, called frames.
• These frames are played back at such a fast rate that they appear to be in fluid motion.
• Frame rate is the measurement of how quickly a number of frames appears within a second, which is why it’s also
called FPS (frames per second).

24fps:
• Movies, streaming video content (to account for a discrepancy in connection speed), and video game
captures use this speed to achieve that classic cinematic look.
30fps:
• Live TV broadcasts (sports and news) and most TV shows use this speed to increase their quality.
• Sports, in particular, need to show movement more clearly and in real time, which is why 30fps is the frame
rate of choice.
60fps:
• As 4K video resolution becomes more prevalent, a broader audience has been introduced to this FPS.
• 4K resolution lets a higher frame rate be displayed and gives the footage an amazingly detailed and lifelike
view.
• Perfect if you want to record a video game, this frame rate also increases the smoothness of action.
120fps and above:
• This speed produces slow-motion video and captures video games with fast and furious action (fighting,
shooting, sports games).
• Going higher than 120fps, a rare occurrence for most filmmakers, will require a high-speed camera to make
the footage look natural and smooth.

Shutter Speed
• Shutter speed is the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes.
• A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in
• And a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.
• If you have a faster shutter speed, it’s going to open and close quickly and get that slice of whatever’s happening.
• Then there’s the instance where you want a really slow shutter speed that opens the aperture to let in more light.
• You can use slow shutter speed in a dimmer environment when you need more light to expose a shot correctly.

ISO
• ISO numbers were set by the International Organization for Standardization (where the name ISO comes from).
• ISO is one of the three pillars of the photography exposure triangle, along with shutter speed and aperture, that you can adjust
when capturing a photo.
• ISO controls the amount of light that your camera lets in and has a huge impact on the darkness or light in your photos.
• In brighter lighting, lower ISO is best.
• When less light is available, you need a higher ISO to compensate.

ISO 100:
• This is the best choice for shooting outdoors on sunny days — the brightest situation you’ll likely be shooting in.
ISO 400:
• When the lighting is still good, but less intense — like indoors by a window or outside on a cloudy day — a slightly higher
ISO is ideal.
ISO 800:
• If you’re shooting indoors without an additional light source like a flash, you’ll be working in this range.
ISO 1600 or higher:
• When it’s dark out, or if you’re shooting indoors with dim lighting, you’ll need a high ISO.
• If movement is involved, you’ll want to pair that high ISO with a fast shutter speed, as well.

Focal Length
• The focal length of a lens is the optical distance (usually measured in mm) from the point where the light meets inside the lens
to the camera’s sensor.

• Lens focal length tells us the angle of view, how much of the scene will be captured and the magnification, how
large individual elements will be.
• The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view and the lower the magnification.

Zoom
• Changing the apparent distance between the camera and the subject.
• To make your subject larger in the frame, without actually moving forward yourself.

Optical Zoom
• With optical zoom, the glass elements inside the lens move to increase or decrease the focal length of the lens.
• Optical zoom is the ideal way to zoom in while retaining as much image quality as possible.

Digital Zoom
• Digital zoom is created in-camera, not using the lens’s optics.
• To do this, the camera crops into the centre of the image. Then the cropped capture is digitally enlarged back up
to size by adding pixels to the picture.
• During this process, image quality can suffer drastically!

Lens Aperture
• Aperture controls the amount of light that enters your camera.
• Aperture is the adjustable lens opening that controls the amount of light allowed into the camera.

Understanding How Different Aperture Settings Work.
• The f-stop number, or f-number, is the setting that controls the size of the aperture
and therefore how much light can pass through the camera lens.
• F-numbers are determined by the ratio of the diameter of the aperture to the focal
length of a lens.
• A small aperture has a higher f-stop, whereas a large aperture has a small f-stop
number.
• Smaller apertures let in less light, so naturally, larger apertures let in more light.
• Your maximum aperture (as low as f/1.4 with some lenses) lets in the most light.
• All cameras can have a minimum aperture as narrow as f/16, which is the aperture
setting that most limits light.
• Too much light will wash out a photo and too little will give you a very dark image.

Illumination
• Illumination is related to the camera lens.
• Illumination is generally represented by Lux.
• In good illumination area, user can choose to use a general performance security camera.
• The color system for environmental illumination is less than 2.0 Lux, monochrome illumination system for less than 0.2 Lux
environment use the higher performance security camera (i.e. starlight security camera), it's very necessary.
• 0Lux means that camera can shoot even in the absence of light. 0 means more sensitive to light, conversely, less sensitive.
• Most surveillance cameras minimum illumination are usually between 0Lux to 0.1Lux.
• In addition to the resolution and shooting distance, surveillance camera minimum illumination suit for environment is also a
important factor.

If you don't have lux meter, you can refer to the following general illumination data table.
Indoor:
• Warehouse 20—75 Lux
• Emergency passway 30—75 Lux
• Corridor 75—200 Lux
• Shop 75—300 Lux
• Office 300—500 Lux
• Bank 200—1000 Lux
• Meeting Room 300—1000 Lux
Outdoor:
• Sunny 10000—1000000 Lux
• Cloudy 100—10000 Lux
• Dawn Twilight 1—10 Lux
• Full moon over head 0.1—1 Lux
• Quarter moon 0.01—0.1 Lux
• Sunny Starlight 0.001—0.01 Lux
• Cloudy Starlight 0.0001—0.001 Lux

Infrared illumination
• Infrared, sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light.
• It is therefore invisible to the human eye.
• The infrared light wave length is 850nm, which allows camera to capture monochrome images.
• When using the IR illumination, the camera will encounter infrared-saturation problem cause the image loss details for objects
located in central and short distance monitoring area.
• In order to solve this problem, IR-smart technology was introduced into many security cameras.
• IR-smart function can adjust camera's Infrared intensity according to the monitoring objects, avoid IR-saturation problem.

Wide Dynamic Range
• Wide Dynamic Range extends image visibility under high contrast lighting scenes and improves object identification in critical
surveillance scenarios.
• Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) technology improves a camera's image quality under high-contrast lighting conditions where both
dimly and brightly lit areas are present in the field of view.
• It enables the camera to capture details clearly in both the poorly and strongly illuminated areas of the video.
• In many cases, the dynamic range capability of a camera is presented in dB units.
• It is important to understand that the dB unit is just an approximation of the capabilities of the CCTV.
• A higher WDR range (for example 140 dB), means that the CCTV can capture a greater scale of brightness.

Digital Noise Reduction (DNR)
• No matter how excellent and low-light capable your CCTV cameras are, there will inevitably be some noise when
shooting video surveillance footage in the dark.
• Noise is an unavoidable part of any electronic communication, whether video or audio.
Two Types of Digital Noise Reduction:
1. 2D DNR & Temporal Noise Reduction
2. 3D DNR & Spatial Noise Reduction

2D DNR & Temporal Noise Reduction
• It works by analysing pixels in a frame and comparing them as part of the overall sequence.
• Then it looks for anything that doesn’t look consistent like artifacts and repairs them.
• Temporal noise reduction (2D DNR) is prone to creating bad motion blur (blur trails) when
there is some movement. This affects video clarity & quality and makes surveillance difficult.

3D DNR & Spatial Noise Reduction
• This is a form of spatial noise reduction.
• It removes noise by using the algorithm to compare pixels in each frame individually and to compare frames to
one another.
• 3D DNR works much better at removing noise from low-light videos.
• It also works much better with movement caught in the frame of the video; meaning even quick moving objects
will remain clear and without motion blur.
• Due to it being controlled by an algorithm, it is much more capable of handling high resolution videos to produce
crystal clear footage’ even in inadequate lighting conditions.

Video Streaming
• Streaming is the continuous transmission of audio or video files from a server to a client.
• In simpler terms, streaming is what happens when consumers watch TV or listen to podcasts on Internet-connected devices.
• With streaming, the media file being played on the client device is stored remotely, and is transmitted a few seconds at a time
over the Internet.
• Just like other data that's sent over the Internet, audio and video data is broken down into data packets.
• Each packet contains a small piece of the file, and an audio or video player in the browser on the client device takes the flow of
data packets and interprets them as video or audio.
• Some streaming methods use UDP, and some use TCP.
• UDP and TCP are transport protocols, meaning they are used for moving packets of data across networks. Both are used with
the Internet Protocol (IP).

Protocol
Internet Protocol (IP):
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel across
networks and arrive at the correct destination.
Network Protocol:
• In networking, a protocol is a standardized way of doing certain actions and formatting data so that two or more devices are
able to communicate with and understand each other.
IP address:
• An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device or domain that connects to the Internet.
IP packet:
• IP packets are created by adding an IP header to each packet of data before it is sent on its way.
• An IP header is just a series of bits (ones and zeros), and it records several pieces of information about the packet, including
the sending and receiving IP address.

IPv4:
• It is internet protocol version 4.
• IPv4 has a 32-bit address length
IPv6:
• It is internet protocol version 6.
• IP version 6 is the new version of Internet Protocol, which is way better than IP version 4 in terms of complexity and efficiency.
• IPv6 has a 128-bit address length.
TCP/IP:
• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport protocol, meaning it dictates the way data is sent and received.
• A TCP header is included in the data portion of each packet that uses TCP/IP.
• Before transmitting data, TCP opens a connection with the recipient.
• TCP ensures that all packets arrive in order once transmission begins.
• TCP is designed for reliability, not speed. Because TCP has to make sure all packets arrive in order, loading data via TCP/IP can
take longer if some packets are missing.
UDP/IP:
• The User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, is another widely used transport protocol.
• It's faster than TCP, but it is also less reliable.
• UDP does not make sure all packets are delivered and in order, and it doesn't establish a connection before beginning or
receiving transmissions.

HTTP :
• Full form of HTTP is Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
• HTTP offers set of rules and standards which govern how any information can be transmitted on the World Wide Web.
HTTPS :
• HTTPS stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.
• It is highly advanced and secure version of HTTP.
• It uses the port no. 443 for Data Communication.
• It allows the secure transactions by encrypting the entire communication with SSL.
• HTTP also allows you to create a secure encrypted connection between the server and the browser.

802.1X:
• Devices attempting to connect to a LAN or WLAN require an authentication mechanism.
• IEEE 802.1X, an IEEE Standard for Port-Based Network Access Control (PNAC), provides protected authentication for secure
network access.
• 802.1X is an authentication protocol to allow access to networks with the use of a RADIUS server.
• 802.1X and RADIUS based security is considered the gold standard to secure wireless and wired networks today.
QoS:
• QoS (Quality of Service) is a term that refers to the technology used to manage data traffic via the network.
• Designed to reduce interference such as packet loss, jitter, and latency, QoS oversees network resources control and
management.
• QoS also sets boundaries and priorities for different data categories that travel between IP networks as bandwidth traffic
across the network.
• Using QoS, these businesses can prevent disruption in the form of IP packet loss, delays and jitter for VoIP (voice over IP), AoIP
(audio over IP) and other real-time communications applications.

FTP:
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used to communicate and transfer files between computers on a TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) network.
SMTP:
• SMTP, which stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is an email protocol used for sending email messages from one email
account to another via the internet.
UPnP:
• Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a protocol that allows apps and other devices on your network to open and close ports
automatically to connect with each other.
• If you want to connect a printer to everyone in your household without UPnP, you would need to connect the printer to every
single device. UPnP automates this.
• UPnP offers zero-configuration, meaning that none of the devices on your network need manual configuration to discover a
new device.
It is used for:
1. Gaming
2. Remote home surveillance.
3. Digital home assistants like Echo dots.
4. Streaming content with a media server.
5. Streaming videos through internet TV devices like Roku stick or Apple TV.

DNS:
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet.
• Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which other machines use to find the device.
• DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or more complex newer
alphanumeric IP addresses such as 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).
DDNS:
• DDNS, most commonly known as Dynamic DNS.
• It is an automatic method of refreshing a name server.
• It can dynamically update DNS records without the need for human interaction.

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