Mutations – case studies

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Resource for year 12 students doing ppt presentation on mutations

Education

Mutations – case studies Aim : to understand how mutations in the DNA can have serious consequences for protein structure and to understand how selective pressures can amplify allele frequencies in a population. To brush up on synoptic knowledge of protein structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

109 RAS 125 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 109 Huntington’s 109, 126 Sickle Cell Anemia 109 Cystic Fibrosis A2 Textbook Page Reference Topic

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Introduction: Aging-associated vascular stiffening augments cardiovascular disease risk in the elderly. Research to identify targetable cellular and molecular mechanisms is of key interest as no current therapies are available to specifically target vascular stiffening. In this context, enzymes that mediate remodeling of the vascular matrix and those that promote cellular dysfunction are attractive targets. In pre-clinical models, pulse wave velocity (PWV), the gold standard measure of in vivo vascular stiffness, can be measured longitudinally and non-invasively, to make inroads towards the discovery and validation of potential targets. A novel target and model: We have identified a central role for tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in vascular stiffening during aging. TG2 is a multifunctional protein of the transglutaminase family, whose primary function is to assist in the formation of a strong and stable matrix by catalyzing crosslinking of matrix proteins. Recent studies have shown that TG2 has putative crosslinking-independent functions in aging-associated vascular stiffening and dysfunction. The crosslinking independent mechanisms of TG2 remain incompletely understood due to the lack of pre-clinical models and specific inhibitors that can selectively inhibit a single function of TG2. Thus, we developed a novel knock-in mouse, the TGM2-C277S mouse, by mutating the active site cysteine of TG2 using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to selectively target its crosslinking function. Results and conclusion: We first validated the TGM2-C277S mouse and confirmed that this mutation removes TG2’s crosslinking function but retains its crosslinking independent functions. We next compared PWV wild type (WT), global TG2 knockout (TG2-/-), and the TGM2-C277S mice, to identify the contributions of the crosslinking-dependent and crosslinking-independent functions of TG2 to vascular aging in vivo. PWV increased significantly with age in WT mice, and to a much lower magnitude in the TGM2-C277S mice. TG2-/- mice were further protected against aging associated increase in PWV. Together, these studies show that TG2 contributes significantly to overall vascular stiffening in aging through both crosslinking dependent and crosslinking independent functions. The learning objectives are: To understand changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV) with age in mouse models To determine the specific role of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in vascular aging To evaluate the role of vascular matrix vs. VSMCs to overall in vivo stiffness described by PWV

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