I b.com compute applications new sylabus notes 96

Shaik Mohammad Fareed. MCA, M.Sc CS, IRPM. - 1 - I - B.Com (CA) I. Sem Information Technology.
FIRST YEAR B.Com. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
FIRST SEMESTER
Revised Syllabus Under CBCS W.E.F. 2020-21
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY:: TIRUPATI
Paper Title: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
UNIT – I
Chapter – 1: Introduction of Computer
Introduction to Computer:
Let us begin with the word “COMPUTE”. It means to calculate. We all are familiar with
calculations in our day-to-day life. We apply mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, etc, and many other formulae for calculations. Simpler calculations take less time. But
complex calculations take much longer time. Another factor is accuracy in calculations. So man explored
with the idea to develop a machine, which can perform this type of arithmetic calculation faster, and with
full accuracy. This gave birth to a device or machine called “COMPUTER”.
History of Computers:
In the beginning of 19th
century the mechanical calculator was developed to perform all
sorts of mathematical calculations. Up to the 1960s it was widely used. Later the rotating part of
mechanical calculator was replaced by electric motor. So it was called the electrical calculator.
BABBAGE`S ANALYTICAL ENGINE:
It was in the year 1823 that a famous English man “Charles Babbage” built a mechanical
machine to do complex mathematical calculations. It was called difference engine. Later he developed a
general purpose calculating machine called “AE” (Analytical Engine). You should know that Charles
Babbage is called the „Father of the Computer‟. Assisting Babbage in his efforts was Ada Augusts Byron,
the daughter of lord Byron, the English Poet. Ada corrected some errors in Babbage‟s work. She is often
referred to as the „First Computer Programmer‟.
Calculating Machines:
It took over generations for early man to build mechanical devices for counting large
numbers. The first calculating device called ABACUS was developed by the Egyptian and Chinese people.
The word ABACUS means calculating board. It consisted of sticks in horizontal positions on which were
inserted sets of pebbles. A modern form of ABACUS is given in. It has a number of horizontal bars each
having ten beads. Horizontal bars represent units, tens, hundreds, etc.

Presper Eckert & John.W.Mauchly:
The First journal purpose Computer developed in 1940‟s. That name as “ENIAC” (Electronic Numerical
Integrated And Calculator). It is developed by “Presper Eckert & John.W.Mauchly”.
ENIAC: The “ENIAC” was 30” and 50” feet long, weight 30 tons, contained 18,000 Vacuum tubes, 70,000
Registers, 10,000 Capacitors and required 1,50,000 watts of electricity.
Definition of Computer:
“A Computer is an electronic device which will accept the data, process the data and display the results”.
(OR)
“Computer is an electronic device used to process data, converting the data into information that is
useful to people”.
(OR)
“A computer can be broadly as an electronic device which is organized to accept input data,
process it under the direction of detailed step by step instructions (programs) and produce the required
output results”.
Full form of COMPUTER:
C  Commonly
O  Operated
M  Machine
P  Particular
U  Used
T  Trade / Task
E  Education
R  Research.
(Q). What are the characteristics and limitations of Computers?
Characteristics of Computer: Let us identify the major characteristics of computers:
1. Speed.
2. Storage.
3. Versatility.
4. Accuracy.
5. Communication.
6. Multitasking.

1. Speed: Computer Works at very high speed and are much faster than humans. A second is very
large time period time for computer. A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second.
The time used by a computer to perform an operation is called the processing speed. Computer
speed is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz).
2. Storage: A computer can store a large amount of data permanently. User can use this data at any
time. We can store any type of data in a computer. Text, graphic, pictures, audio and video files
can be stored easily. The storage capacity of the computer is increasing rapidly.
3. Versatility: The computer is capable of working in almost every field. Today computers are being
used almost everywhere like schools, colleges, hospitals, railways etc.
4. Accuracy: Accuracy means to provide results without any error. Computers can process large
amount of data and generate error-free results. A modern computer performs millions of
operations in one second without any error.
5. Communication: Most Computers today have the capability of communicating with others
computers. We can connect two or more computers by a communication device such as Modem.
These computers can share data, instructions and information. The connected computers are called
as „Network‟.
6. Multitasking: A user can do different types of tasks on the computer at the same time. Example
using MS Word in computer as well as listening to songs and also getting printouts.
Limitation of Computers: Computers are a man-made machine and it only does things that the human
programs it to do, but in a more efficient and faster way.
 Computers do not work on itself.
 Zero IQ, which means the computer, does not have brain. Simply say that, computer system do
not ability to think and understand.
 Computer cannot decide anything its own.
 Computers cannot express their ideas.
 Computers cannot implement its own instruction to take any matter.
 Computers unlike humans cannot learn by experience.
(Q) Explain Hardware and Software?
Hardware: Hardware represents the physical or tangible components of a computer, i.e. the components
that can be seen and touched or look and feel devices. Some of the commonly used hardware in your
computer is:
 Motherboard: The motherboard is generally a thin circuit board that holds all parts of a computer
except input and output devices.
 Keyboard: This is a common input device of a computer. It is designed to allow you input text,
characters and other commands into a computer.
 Mouse: It is a small handheld device designed to control or moves the pointer in a GUI (Graphical
User Interface). It allows you to point to or select objects on a computer.

 Monitor: A monitor is a display unit of a computer on which the processed data, such as text,
images, videos etc. The monitor is also called as VDU (Visual Display Unit).
Examples of Hardware are the following:
Input devices: Keyboard, Mouse, etc.
Output devices: Printer, Monitor, etc.
Secondary storage devices: Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc.
Internal components: CPU, Motherboard, RAM, etc.
Software: A set of executable programmers is called
software. The software is mainly classified into three
types.
1. Application software
2. System software
3. Utility software
Application Software: The User Development Programmers are called “Application Software”.
Example: Addition of two numbers, WordStar, lotus, M.S.Office.
System Software: The software that is used for System is called “System Software”.
Example: Operating System, Compiler, Assembler, Interpreter, etc.
Utility software: The combination of “System Software and Application Software” is called “Utility
software”.
Example: Merging (adding) of data, VC++, C language etc.
****** (Q). Discuss about Generations of Computers / Evolutions of Computers?
Introduction:
You know that the evolution of computer started from 16th
century and resulted in the form
that we see today. The present day computer, however, has also undergone rapid change during the last
fifty years. This period, during which the evolution of computer took place, can be divided into five distinct
phases known as Generations of Computers. The development of the computer right from its inceptions to
today‟s most sophisticated version can be classified into different stages:
1. First Generation (1940 – 1956).
2. Second Generation (1956 – 1963).
3. Third Generation (1964 – 1971).
4. Fourth Generation (1971 – 1989).
5. Fifth Generation (1990‟s – Till).
1. First Generation (1945 – 1956):
These Computers were using thousands of “Vacuum Tubes”
approximate (18,000) in each Computer, due to which the size of the
machine used to be very large and the cost used to be very high. Since the
life of a vacuum tube is very small, these machines could have been used only for a short time, and once

a tube is burnt out, the machine would have stopped working until a new tube is replaced. The speed of
this machine used to be about 300 instructions/second with a small memory when compared to today‟s
machine.
Since no Compilers were invented by then, programming in these machines were performed
by physically connecting and disconnecting wires, which used to take huge amount of time of skilled
professional.
Technology : Vacuums Tubes.
Advantages : Vacuums Tubes Technology made possible design of Digital Computer.
Disadvantage: 1. They were large in size.
2. They generated a lot of a heat.
3. They consumed a lot of electricity.
4. Frequently Failures.
5. They had limited commercial use.
6. They were very expensive.
2. Second Generation (1956-1963):
The remarkable invention of the “Transistor” and the high level language
has made these Second-Generation Computers, Smaller, Faster, and with Greater
Computing Capacity. Unlike the earlier computers the second-generation computers were
designed with Non-Scientific processing requirement in mind.
Technology : Transistor.
Advantages: 1. Smaller in size when compare to First Generation Computers.
2. They consumed less electricity and they generated less heat.
3. They were faster, smaller, cheaper and more reliable.
Disadvantages: 1. They had to be assembling manually.
2. Difficult Handling & expensive.
3. Third Generation (1964 – 1971):
The “Integrated Circuits (IC)” incorporate many transistors and
electronic circuits on a single chip of silicon. The third generation computers
offered more memory and faster processing. The first commercially available
minicomputer was introduced in 1965. The first telecommunication satellite was
launched in this generation.
Technology : Integrated Circuits.
Advantages : 1. Smaller size when compare to Previous Generations.
2. Low Maintained Cost.
3. These computers were widely used for scientific and business applications.
Disadvantages: 1. They got heated very quickly so we required A/C‟s.
2. Highly Advanced Technology required for Manufacturing of I.C‟s.

4. Fourth Generation (1971 – 1989):
The I.C‟s are further developed and made “Microprocessors”, or
“Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit” (VLSIC), with thousands of
Integrated Circuits (IC) built onto a single silicon chip. Which have
revolutionized the computer industry by improving speed, storage capacity of
the machine and reducing the cost and size.
Technology : Microprocessors or Very Large Scale Integrated
Circuits.
Advantages : 1. Much Faster to compared other Generations.
2. Size can be reduced compared to Previous Generations.
3. Very Less Cost.
4. Minimum Maintenance Required.
5. Total General Purpose.
Disadvantages: Highly advanced technology can require for Microprocessors or L.S.I.C‟s.
5. Fifth Generation (1990‟s – Till):
The computers of 1990‟s are said to be Fifth Generation computers.
The speed is extremely high in fifth generation computer. Apart from this it
can perform parallel processing. The concept of “Artificial Intelligence”
(AI), there are certain applications such as voice recognition that are widely
being used today‟s. The AI touches all areas like: Gaming, Expert Systems,
Natural languages, Neural networks, Robotics, etc.
Technology : Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Advantages: There size can reduce to a Note Book size, which is Laptops.
******* (Q). Explain the various types of Computers? (or) Classification of Computers?
Types of Computers
Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers
Supercomputer Mainframe Mini Computers Workstation Personal / Micro Computers
Desktop Computers Laptops Network Computers Handheld Personal Computers
Personal Digital Assistant Cellular / Smart Phones Tablet PC H/PC Pro Device

(I). According to the “Depending on the Functions”, the Computers can broadly three types:
1. Analog Computers.
2. Digital Computers.
3. Hybrid Computers.
1. Analog Computers: A Computer which is measures “Continuously
Changing Condition”, Example of continuous data is the speed of an
automobile as measured by a speedometer, Weather Forecasting, the
temperatures of a patient as measured by a thermometer. These
computers are used in scientific & engineering fields.
Characteristics of Analog Computer:
 It operates by measuring.
 It functions on continuously varying quantity.
 The output is usually represented in the form of graphs.
 It has limited memory space.
 The speed is very slow.
 These computers are not suitable for business and industry.
2. Digital Computers: A Computer which measure “Discrete Data / Digital Data” and perform the
Arithmetical and Logical data operation. As the name implies, the digital
computer with quantities represented as digits.
Characteristics of Digital Computers:
 It operates by counting.
 It functions on discrete numbers.
 The output is represented in the form of numbers / values.
 Its processing speed is high.
 It has large memory space.
 Its accuracy (correct) is good.
 It is highly suitable for business and industry applications.
3. Hybrid Computers: The Hybrid Computer is combination computers that are capable of inputting and
outputting in both „Analog & Digital‟ signals. Traditionally, the analog components handle complex
mathematical computation. The digital components take care of logical numerical operations in addition to
serving as controller for the system.
Example: The Hybrid computers used for scientific calculations, in
defense and radar systems. This type of Computer can used as
Special Analytical Applications such as Patient Monitoring System
installed in a Hospital will have to obtain the Heart beats of a
patient (analog) and convert it to the nearest value before
displaying it in digital form.

(II). According to the “Depending on the Size and Efficiency”, the Digital Computers can broadly five
primary types of computers in these categories:
1. Supercomputers.
2. Mainframe Computers.
3. Mini Computers.
4. Workstation Computers.
5. Micro / Personal Computers.
1. Supercomputers:
 The Supercomputers is the “Fastest Computer in a world”. It is
most powerful computers and physically also somewhat biggest
and most expensive.
 A Supercomputer was first developed in 1980‟s to process large
amount of data to solve complex scientific problems.
 Supercomputers use parallel processing technology and can
perform more than one trillion calculations in a second.
 Supercomputers can support thousands of users at the same time; such a computers are mainly
used for nuclear energy research, aircraft design, online banking, etc.
 Some examples of Supercomputers are: CRAY-1, CRAY-2, CYBER 205, and T90 System.
2. Mainframe Computers:
 The Mainframe computers are large-scale computers, there are very
expensive and very complex to deploy the system.
 The Mainframe computers can also support multiple processors; it can
support 50,000 users at a time.
 Mainframe computer likes as a big centralized machine that contains
the large memory, huge storage space, multiple high grade processors,
so it has ultra processing power compare to standard computer
systems.
 Mainframe computer is best platform to execute millions of transactions
in every single second.
 So, Mainframe computer system‟s importance is increasing for large
scale organization, scientific research, consumer statistics, and census data, because it is capable
to execute multiple complex programs concurrently at the ultra speed.
 Some examples of Mainframe computers are: IBM S/390, Control Data Cyber 176, etc.
3. Mini Computers:
 The first Mini Computer was introduced by Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC) in the mid of 1960‟s.
 This type of computer is also known as Mid-Range Computer. It is
smaller, cheaper and slower than Mainframe computers.
 It can support 200 multiple users simultaneously.
 Minicomputer can be used as servers in a networked
environment, and hundreds of PC‟s can be connected to it.
 It can widely use in business, educational, hospitals, government organizations, etc.

4. Workstation Computers:
 Workstation is single-user computers that have the same
features as PC (Personal Computer), but their processing
speed matches that of minicomputer.
 Workstation computer have advances processors, more RAM
and storage capacity than PC‟s.
 It can widely use in animations, graphics, engineer purpose.
5. Micro / Personal Computers:
 The Microcomputers, commonly known as PC‟s (Personal Computers), are very small and cheap.
 It is basically for a single-user, so it‟s called as PC‟s or Single User
System.
 The first Microcomputer was designed by IBM (Internal Business
Machine) in 1981 and was named as IBM-PC.
 Another type of popular PC is designed by Apple.
 Moreover, PC‟s and PC-compatible computers commonly use the
Windows Operating System, while Apple computers use the Macintosh
Operating System (MacOS).
(III). According to the “Depending on the Size, Price and Efficiency”, the Digital Personal Computers
can they are now several specific types of Micro Computers / Personal Computers. They are:
1. Desktop Personal Computers.
2. Notebook (Laptop) Computers.
3. Network Computers.
4. Handheld Personal Computers (H/Pc).
1. Desktop Personal Computers:
 A Desktop PC is the most popular model of PC‟s. The system unit of
the desktop PC can be placed flat on a desk or table.
 The term Desktop Systems mean a full size computer.
 But it is too big to carry no enough space for storing date. The
Desktop System CPU is horizontally oriented. Later on the desktop
system is the tower model (vertical desk).
 It is widely used in homes and offices.
2. Notebook (Laptop) Computers:
 Laptops are smaller micro computer that can easily fit inside a
briefcase.
 The Notebook Computers as their name implies, approximately the
shape 8.5” X 11” notebook.
 There are very handy and can easily be carried from one place to
another.
 Laptops operation a special battery and do not always have to the
plugged in like desktop computer.
 The memory and storage capacity of a laptop is almost equivalent
to that of a desktop computer.

3. Network Computers:
 A Network Computer has less processing power, memory
and storage than a desktop computer.
 There are specially designed to be used as terminals in a
networked environment, especially the Internet or
Intranet; sometimes called Internet Boxes, Net PC‟s and
Internet appliances.
 Some network computers used in home do not have a
monitor. Such computers may be connected to a television,
which serves as the output device.
4. Handheld Personal Computers (H/Pc):
 In the middle of 1990‟s a new types of Small Personal Computers device have been introduce. This
category of Computers called “Handheld Personal Computer”.
 They can fit in one hand, while users can use the other hand to operate them. Handheld computers
are very small in sized screen and keyboard.
 These computers are preferred by business travelers and mobile employees.
The Handheld Computers are classified into four different types:
 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
 Cellular Phones.
 Tablet PC.
 H/PC Pro Devices.
1. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA):
 The Personal Digital Assistant (PDA‟s) is Smallest of Portable Computers.
These Computers are very less powerful than Notebook or Desktop
Computers.
 A number of PDA‟s available in the market offer a collection of applications
software for word processing, spread sheets, games etc.
 PDA‟s are used to take notes, organize telephone numbers, and store address.
 The primary input device of a PDA is the stylus. A stylus enables the user to interact with the touch
screen to write text or draw figures.
 Some PDA‟s also support voice input.
2. Cellular / Smart Phones:
 The new Cellular / Smart Phones are following the same as
computers programming technology.
 Advance Cellular devices combined on the analog and digital
service with e-mail capabilities, such phones are called Smart
phones.
 These phones can user send e-mail and faxes over the phone. Some cellular phones have a
minimal keyboard to maintain for personal information.

3. Tablet PCs:
 The Tablet PC is the newly developed system, which offer all the
functionality of Notebook PC but it accepts input from a special pen.
 Many tablet PCs also has a built-in microphone and special software that
accepts input from the user‟s voice.
 It runs specialized versions of standard programs and can be connected to
a network.
4. H/Pc Pro Device:
 The H/Pc pro device larger than a PDA. But Smaller than Laptop.
 These computers have longer battery life, instant on access, larger monitors, small keyboard and
they run more applications compare to PDA‟s. However these computers don‟t use disks but have a
little RAM and processing is slow.
(Q). What are the Computers Applications or Uses of Computers?
Today‟s computers are widely used in fields such as engineering, scientific, health care, banking,
education and so on.
Communications: Electronic mail (e-mail) is to be the most popular use for home computers, for
communicated with family members, friends, etc.
Business work: It is possible for many users to connect to their employer‟s network from home PC and
do work not at regular business hours and also to start home-based business.
Entertainment: Home PC has multimedia features for playing games, audio, video, and broadcast
technologies, etc.
Finances: computer and financial software can make balancing your accounts.
Education: Schools, Colleges, and Universities prefer computer technology to collecting the information
from Internet and making useful documentations. Education is playing main role for students to learn
about computers. Not only students, teachers, business people, researchers, and others are learning
computer training courses.
Industry: Industry using computers in different areas like Production, Design, Advertising,
Administration, Payroll, Process Control, etc.
Design: Computers are designing and make products with the help of Computer Aided Design (CAD)
system in their creation.
Government: In Government sector computers are maintaining information regarding their
requirements. It increases the speed of work and maintains accurate information. Some of examples like
taxes, military, police, etc.
Taxes: Can you imagine that without computers able to calculate the tax bills? Govt. also encourages the
people to pay the tax in online through Internet.

Military: In Military computer communication system is the primary aspect to send information in terms
of codes for security. On weapons control the armed forces use the widest array of computer hardware
and software.
Police: Police are using computers for to control crimes. Here computers are helping to search
information for criminals, crime scenes, procedures, etc.
Healthcare: Computers are playing main role to support human health care. Every hospital is maintaining
the information about patient, which includes scanning, x-ray, test reports, about disease information,
prescription, and etc. Even while doing operations computers are helping to surgeon.
(Q). Explain the Various Compounds (or) Elements of System / Computer?
There are four types of compounds (or) elements in that System:
1. Hardware.
2. Software.
3. User / People.
4. Data.
1. Hardware: The physical part or Tangible compound of a computer is called as “Hardware”. The
Hardware is any part of the computer which is consist of inter connected electronically devise.
2. Software: A set of executable instruction of program is called as “Software”. (OR) Software is a
set of electronic instructions consisting of complex code. (It is also known as Programs).
3. User / People: People are the Computer operators. (OR) Who should computer can be operating
currently is called as “User”.
4. Data: Data consist of which the computer can stored and read the instructions is called as “Data”.
The Data is a raw-factor of the information. Data consists of letters, numbers, images, sounds and
so on.
Data (Input) Memory Software Programs
Hardware
People Users

******** (Q). Explain the Block Diagram of Computer? (OR) Computer Architecture?
(OR) Draw the Digital Computer (OR) Basic Computer Organization of Digital Computer?
Introduction:
Computer is an Electronic Device which stores data, processes it, and gives the results
consistently, accurately at very high speed according to our instructions. The word „Computer‟ is derived
from the word „Compute”. It means perform or calculate.
The Computer is mainly dividing into three units there are:
1. Input Unit.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU).
3. Output Unit.
1. Input Unit: The Input Unit is used to feed or enter the information / data into a computer. The
keyboard of a computer is the best example of an input unit. Example: Keyboard, Mouse, Light Pen etc.,
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the main and most important
part of Computer. The CPU is also called a Heart of Computer. In CPU mainly made in three parts:
 Control Unit (CU).
 Arithmetical & Logical Unit (ALU).
 Main Memory Unit (MMU).
 Control Unit: The Control Unit, as the name implies, is a unit which controls all the internal
operations, such as input/output, data transfer procedures. It is this unit which will read and
understand the user program and performs the tasks as per the instructions written in the
program.
 Arithmetical & Logical Unit: The Arithmetical & Logical Unit is specially designed to perform all
the Arithmetic calculation and the Logical operations such as comparing and evaluating the given
data (using > < = & <> signs).
 Main Memory Unit (MMU): The Main Memory Unit is also known as the “Primary Memory” unit is
the storage space used to store the input data or information. Whatever data we can enter input
will be recorded and stored some place that place is referred as a “Main Memory Unit”.
3. Output Unit: To display the results. The commonly used output device is Monitor. It is also called as
Screen or VDU (Visual Display Unit). The other output devices are printers, plotters, etc.

**(Q). What Main Memory / Primary Memory? Explain different types Main / Primary Memory?
Memory: The Memory is used for to “Store the Information”.
Primary Memory:
 The Primary Memory of Computer is called as “Main / Primary Memory”.
 The Main / Primary Memory are use to stored the programs and data (Booting Programs).
 The Memory location of Main Memory is accessed directly by the CPU.
 Main Memory uses semi-conductor technology.
 The capacity of Primary Memory is limited (very small).
 Each storage locations have unique address by which it can be identified.
The Primary / Main Memory are further divide into two types:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory).
2. ROM (Read Only Memory).
Primary / Main Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read only Memory).
(Volatile Memory) (Non-Volatile Memory)
Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) PROM EPROM EEPROM
(I). RAM (Random Access Memory):
 Memory is used to store and carry our instructions from the
storage.
 RAM is Random Access Memory, also called Read/Write
Memory.
 It is primary memory, because first RAM carries out the
instructions from the storage for to execute the system
files.
 This process is called “Booting”.
 Sometimes RAM is also called as “Volatile Memory”,
because when you turn off a computer, the existing data will be deleted.
 So, it is temporary memory. RAM has very high speed to carry the instructions.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
(Volatile Memory)
Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
1. Static RAM (SRAM):
 The static RAM transistor is to transfer the information between various devices.
 These RAM‟s not refresh often, which is it is charged with electricity in a form of electrons and the
information is transferred from one device to another device.
 These RAM‟s are used in Personal Computers. Compare to Dynamic RAM the speed is low.

2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM):
 The most common type of RAM to access the memory is Dynamic RAM.
 Compare to static RAM, it is less expensive.
 This type of RAM‟s is refreshed very fastly.
 The Dynamic RAM supports access time up to 60 neon seconds, each time refreshed.
(II). ROM (Read only Memory):
 The purpose of storage (ROM) is to hold the data.
 Normally the data is stored in disks.
 The disks can be either magnetic storage disks or optical storage
disks.
 In the storage disks data is permanent, even you switch off the
computer the stored data will not be erased.
 So it is called as Non-Volatile memory. Compare to RAM it allows more storage data, but
processing speed is low.
The ROM is classified into different types as followed listed:
ROM (Read Only Memory).
(Non-Volatile Memory)
PROM EPROM EEPROM
1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory).
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).
3. EEROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).
1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): The ROM is a Chip for converting critical and
lengthy operations in to Micro programs that are pushed in to a chip. Once operations have been
written into a program chip they cannot be changed. That means after which they become
permanent.
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): These ROM‟s can be erased by using
UV (Ultra Violet) rays. EPROM can be „erased and reprogrammable‟.
3. EEROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): These ROM‟s can be erased
by using by using electrically.
Differences between RAM & ROM:
RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read only Memory)
It is Read and Write Memory. It is Ready only Memory.
It is Primary Memory. It is Secondary Memory.
It is Temporary Memory. It is Permanent Memory.
It is Volatile Memory. Because when the power is
turn off the information is erased.
It is Non-Volatile Memory. Because when the
power is turn off the information is not erased.
Storage capacity is low or less. Storage capacity is more or high.
Speed is high. Speed is low.
Information can be accessed Randomly. Information can be accessed Sequentially.

(Q). Explain the Secondary Storage Devices (or) Auxiliary Storage Deceives (or) External
Storage Devices?
Secondary Storage: This is memory is also called as External Memory. We can store the data
permanently in the secondary memory. Some of the commonly memory storage devices are:
1. Magnetic Taps.
2. Floppy disk / Diskettes.
3. Hard disk.
4. Optical disk.
5. USB Flash drive.
6. Memory Cards.
1. Magnetic Tapes: Magnetic Tapes are Serial Access Mode, it can
stores and access the data or information sequentially or SASDS
(Sequential Access Storage Devices).
 Magnetic Tape has been used for data storage for over 70 years.
 A magnetic tape is a continuous medium on which data are
recorded serially.
 Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and
the magnetic tape medium is a plastic ribbon usually 1/2 inch or 1/4
inch wide and 50 to 2400 feet long.
 It is coated with a recording material that can be magnetized such
as iron oxide or chromium dioxide.
 Tape ribbon is itself stored in reels or a small cartridge or cassette.
Like audio or video tape, magnetic tapes used in computer systems
can also be erased and reused indefinitely.
 A tape is divided into vertical columns, called “Frames”, and horizontal rows called “Channels or
Track”.
2. Floppy disk / Diskettes:
 Floppy Disks are also one type of storage devices.
 The disks are removable and reusable.
 It is made of a very thin sheet of plastic martial and it closed with an Iron-
oxide material.
 The Floppy stores information on disks or diskettes magnetically.
 Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage
capacity, but they are much less expensive.
 We can use a Floppy Disk to exchange information between computers as to make a back-up of
your files on them, so your data will not be lost in case of computer failure.
3. Hard disk:
 Magnetic Hard Disk is thin steal pattern with an iron oxide coated.
 The Hard Disk is still the most common storage devices for all computers.
 A Hard Disk includes one or more metal platters mounted on a central spindle, like a stack.
 Each platter is covered with a magnetic coating and the entire unit is encased in a sealed
chamber.
 A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is the Primary Non-Volatile storage device in the modern PC.

 All HDD (Hard Disk Drives) write data on the platters in concentric rings as called “Tracks”.
 The part of a track within one of the edges is called as “Sectors”.
 Each track is part of a “Cylinders”, which consists of all the tracks in the same positions.
 Each track of sector can be stored thousands of bytes of information.
4. Optical disk:
 Today‟s most popular alternatives to Magnetic Storages Systems are “Optical Storage Media”.
 It is a storage device it designed to store the information or data in permanently.
 It is over flexible disk to compare other disks.
 Optical storage is any storage method in which data is written and read with a laser for archival or
backup purposes.
 Typically, data is written to optical media, such as CDs and DVDs.
CD‟s (Compact Disk):
 A Compact Disk (CD) as a round piece of polycarbonate
subtracts above 4.75” in diameter and 1.2 millimeters
(approximate 1/20”) thickness of Disk.
 It uses laser beam technology for writing/reading of
data on disk surface.
 The Data indentation (identify) are referred as “Pits & Lands / flats” surface are
reflected as data.
 The indentations are referred to as “Pits”. Pits are denotes 1‟s.
 The flat, un-pitted surface is referred to as “Land / Flat”. Lands denote 0‟s (Zero).
 The substrate surface and its pits are then covered with a shiny, reflective silver or aluminum
coating.
DVD ROM (Digital Versatile / Video Disk Read Only Memory):
 DVD-ROM Stands for Digital Versatile / Video Disk Read Only
Memory.
 It attempts to develop a standard for a new “High-Density” disk
formats.
 There are two proposed formats in the early days that are: MMCD (Multimedia Compact Disk)
and SDD (Super Density Disk).

 MMCD has proposed by Philips and Sony in 1990‟s.
 The SDD has proposed by Toshiba in 1995.
 Now present „DVD‟ is both formats come under one disk.
 DVD-ROM having high storage capacity by using both sides of the disk and special data
compression technologies.
 Each DVD disk can hold 4.7 GB of data.
5. USB Flash Drive:
 USB Flash drives are solid state that means that there are no
moving parts.
 This is very useful for seek times as we don't have to wait for
mechanical movement, meaning seek time is very low and it allows
for fast Random Access Memory.
 Flash drives can be set to read only mode, but they will always allow for reading and writing.
 The size of flash drives is not as great as a Hard Disk and they are generally much more
expensive per gigabyte.
6. Memory Card:
 Work in much the same way as a Flash drive and can often be converted into
Flash Drives.
 They have different connectors and are generally smaller than USB Flash drives
allowing for them to be used in cameras, mobile phones and game consoles.
******* (Q). Explain the Various Standard Input Devices?
Input Devices: The Input Devices are used to feed or enter the information / data into a computer.
Commonly used Inputs Devices are listed below:
1. Keyboard.
2. Mouse.
3. Light Pen.
4. Joystick.
5. Touch Screen.
6. Bar-Code Reader.
7. Image Scanner (or) Optical Character Recognizer (OCR). etc.
Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse Light Pen Touch Screen Optical Input Devices
Track Ball Track Pad Track Point Joystick Barcode Reader Imager Scanner / OCR.

***** (1). Keyboard:
 A keyboard is one of the Input Devices which are used for to enter the Information into a
computer.
 The Keyboard is same as Typewriter, but the Keyboard has some extra keys.
 The Keyboard also following the same layout of Typewriter, which is “QWERTY” layout.
 By default the Keyboard has 80 keys, but it is also various from 110 to 130 keys depending on the
type of Keyboard.
 The Keyboard also available in different types, like Windows, Multimedia, Internet keyboard.
The keys on the keyboard are as:
 Typewriter Keys: These include the letters of the alphabets (A – Z) and digital keys (0 – 9). The
layout of a keyword is known as „QWERTY‟.
 Numerical Keys: These include digits (0 – 9) a set of 17 keys, arranged in the same configuration
found on calculator.
 Functional Keys: The twelve functions (F1 – F12) are present on the keywords which are
arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each functions key has unique meaning and is used
for some specific purpose.
 Control Keys: These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directions arrows
keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Ctrl (control), Alt
(alternate), Esc (escape).
 Special Purpose Keys: Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift,
Caps Lock, Space bar, Tab and prt sc (print screen).
 Toggle Keys: These keys perform repeated tasks which are Caps Lock, Num Lock and Scroll Lock.
****** (2). Mouse (or) Pointing Devices:
 Mouse is one of the input devices. It is also called “Pointing Device”.
 Mouse is the key input device used in the Graphical User Interface (GUI).
 It can be used to handle the pointer easily on the screen to perform
various functions.
 The mouse has two buttons and scroll wheel.
 It can be held in the hand and easily moved, without lifting.

 Once the mouse is placed at the appropriate position, the user may perform the following
operations:
 Point: Placing the mouse pointer over the any object on the screen by moving the mouse on
the desk is termed as pointing.
 Click: Pressing either the left or right button of the mouse known as clicking. Clicking mouse
button initiates some action.
 Drag: Dragging means pointing to a desired location while pressing the left button.
 Scroll: The scroll wheel, which is placed in between the left and right buttons of the mouse
used to vertically scroll through long document.
Types of Mouse:
1. Mechanical Mouse: This type of mouse has a rubber or metal ball at its bottom and an electronic
circuit containing sensors.
2. Optical Mouse: The optical mouse is more advanced than the mechanical mouse. It contains a ball
inside. The movement of the mouse is detected using laser technology by using optical sensors.
3. Cordless Mouse: A cordless or wireless mouse is not connected to the computer. The movement of
the mouse is detected using radio waves or infrared light waves.
They are other Pointing Devices:
1. Track Ball.
2. Track Pad.
3. Track Point.
4. Joystick.
1. Track Ball:
 A Track Ball is a pointing device that works an upside-down mouse where the ball
rotates in place within a socket.
 The user rolls the ball to position the cursor at an appropriate position on the
screen and then clicks on the buttons.
 To move the pointer, the ball is rotated with the thumb, fingers or the palm of
the hand.
2. Track Pad:
 The Track Pad / Touch Pad are also another pointing device.
 It is mainly used in Laptop computers, the Track Pad size is 1.5” to 2”
square inches.
 The movement of a finger across a small touch surface is translated into

pointer moment on the computer screen.
 The Track Pad had also two or three buttons that perform the same functions as Mouse buttons.
3. Track Point:
 It is another space saving pointing device, consisting of a small
joystick positioned near the Middle of the Keyboard.
 It is between the “G” and “H” keys.
 It has two types of buttons that perform the same function as mouse
button are using.
 These devices are mainly used in small “Laptops” compare to Track Ball, Track Pad it occupies very
less place or space.
4. Joystick:
 A Joystick is a cursor control device widely used in computer games and
Computer Aided Design (CDA) / Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
applications.
 It consists of handheld lever that pivots on one end and transmits its
coordinates to a computer.
 A Joystick has one or more push buttons, called switches, whose positions
can also be read by the computer.
 The lever of a joystick moves in all directions to controls the movement of the
pointer on the computer screen.
(III). Light Pen:
 A Light Pen is pen shaped device to allow “Natural Movement in the
Screen”.
 A Light Pen also called as “Digital Signature Device / Pen”. By using Light
Pen data can be access directory and display on the screen.
 On the screen the pen consist the light receptor and activated by pressing
the pen against the display screen.
 The light receptor is the scanning been which helps in locating the pens position.
 If suppose Light Pen can use to install require software is necessary.
(IV) Touch Screen:
 Touch screens accept input by allowing the user to place a fingertip / stylus on
the computer screen.
 The touch screen facilitates the users to interact with what is displayed on the
screen in a straight forward manner, rather than in an indirect way by using a
mouse or a touchpad.
 They are well suited for simple applications such as Automated Teller Machine
(ATM) or Public Information Numbers (PIN).
Other Optical Input Devices: The other Optical Input Devices are some of followed below:
1. Barcode Reader.
2. Image Scanners / Optical character recognizer (OCR). etc.

1. Barcode Readers:
 The Barcode Reader is one of the input devices.
 That used to capture and read information stored in a barcode.
 The function of the barcode reader is to capture and translate the barcode into
numerals and / or alphabets.
 It is connected to a computer for further processing of the captured
information.
 A barcode reader works by directing a beam of light across the barcode and measuring the amount
of light reflected back.
 A barcode reader is cheap, portable, handy and easy to use.
 This barcode reader is commonly used in Super markets, Department Stores, etc.
2. Image Scanners / Optical Character Recognizer (OCR):
 A scanner is a device that captures images, printed text and hand writing
from different sources as photographic prints, posters and magazines and
converts them into digital images for editing and display computer.
 The Optical Character Recognizer (OCR) analyzing the scanner image to
translate the character images into character code like ASCII (American
Standard Code Information Interchanged).
 The Optical Marker Recognizer (OMR) is the process of electronically extracting data from marked field,
such as checkboxes and fill-in fields, in printed forms. Example such as answers for multiple-choice
questions (MCQ) in an entrance examination.
*** (Q). Explain the various Output Devices?
Output: “To display the data / information is called as Output” (or) which can after processing the
computer generated data / information is known as Output. The following basic outputs devices are listed
below:
1. Monitors / VDU (Visual Display Unit) / Softcopy Devices.
2. PC Projectors.
3. Sound Systems.
4. Printers / Hardcopy Devices.
5. Plotters.
Output Devices
Monitors PC Projectors Sound Systems Printers
Dot Matrix Printers.
Line Printers.
CRT Monitors LCD / Flat Panel
Inkjet Printers.
Laser Printers.
Monochrome Color Monitors Passive Matrices Active Matrices
Plotter Printers.

***** 1. Monitors (or) Softcopy Devices:
 The monitor is a softcopy device used to display video and graphical information
generated by the computer through the video card.
 Computer monitor are similar to television screen but they display information at
a much higher quality.
 The monitor is connected to either the Visual Graphical Adapter (VGA) or the
Digital Video Interface (DVI) port on the video card.
 The Monitors is also called as VDU (Visual Display Unit) / Screens.
 The Monitors are mainly classified into the two types based on a technology. They
are:
(I). CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors.
(II). LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) / Flat Panel Monitors.
Monitors
CRT Monitors LCD / Flat Panel Monitors
Monochrome Monitors Color Monitors Passive Matrix LCD Active Matrix LCD
(I). CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors:
 The CRT Monitor which look like a Television Screen. This type of Monitor uses a Vacuum Tubes,
called a “Cathode Ray Tube”.
 In a cathode (negative terminal) is a heated filament that is placed in vacuum created inside a
glass tube.
 The anode (positive terminal) attracts the electrons coming out of the cathode.
 When electrons edit the phosphor-coated screen they glow, they by enabling the user to see the
output.
 The high speed beam of electrons flies through the vacuum in the tube and hits the flat screen at
the other end of the tube.
 The CRT monitors provide images of good quality, the images are clear when you try to view it
from an angle.
The Monitors are mainly categorized into two types:
1. Monochrome Monitors.
2. Color Monitors.
1. Monochrome Monitors:
 “Mono” means „One‟.
 Monochrome monitors “display only one color”.
 Such as the information is displayed in a “White or Green color”.
 But background is “Black”.
 These types of Monitors are called “Black and White monitors”.
 Normally this type of Monitors doesn‟t support for Graphics.

2. Color Monitors:
 A Color Monitor works like as a Monochrome, except that there are three
electron beans instead of one.
 The Color Monitors can display anywhere from 16 colors to 16 million colors.
 This type of monitors supporting the Graphics.
 The Color Monitors a number of colors displaying using three primary additive
colors that are Red, Green and Blue (RGB).
 These colors are combined together it displays information as colorfully.
 When the beams of each of these guns are combined and focused on a pixel, the phosphors light
up, the monitor can display different colors by combination various intensities of the three beams.
Disadvantage of CRT Monitors: When we are using CRT Monitors we have mainly two disadvantages:
 The CRT monitors occupy a large space on the desk.
 Power consumption is higher than the other monitors.
(II). LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) / Flat Panel Monitors:
 An LCD monitors is a then, flat electronic visual display unit that uses the
light modulating properties of liquid crystals, which do not emit light
directly.
 LCD screens are used in a wide range of applications ranging from
computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, etc.
 This type of technology we are also using in Calculators, Digital Watch, Handheld Computers and
Laptops etc. Normally the LCD monitors are classified into two types.
a. Passive Matrix LCD.
b. Active Matrix LCD.
a. Passive Matrix LCD:
 The Passive Matrix LCD monitors are using “transistor for each row and each column of pixels”.
 Thus creating a grid that defines the location of each pixel.
 The color display by a pixel is determined by the electricity coming from the transistors at the end
of row and top of the column.
 The main advantage of passive matrix monitors is less expensive, and consumes less power.
 The main disadvantages of this monitors is the refresh pixels very slow.
b. Active Matrix LCD:
 In this type of monitors also transistors are used, but each transistor is a pixel.
 Each pixel is turned ON and OFF individually. So, automatically the refresh of pixel is high.
 These types of monitors are also called TFT (Thin Film Transistor) monitors. (Thin means very
small)
2. PC Projectors:
 A Light Projecting device that can display images directly from a
Computer Disk on to a Projection Screen.
 A Pc Projector usually connects to the Computer via the Port.

 These projectors display the images as bigger size that is 35 M.M.
 These projectors can connect to the VCR, DVD, digital camera etc.
 The PC Projector can display over 16 million colors at high resolutions.
 The Projectors are introduced on different models for different purpose, such as Overhead
Projectors.
3. Sound Systems:
 Now a day‟s most of the PCs are available with Multimedia.
 The Multimedia means “Audio and Video” technology.
 The various devices used with computers like: Speakers, Headphones.
a. Computer Speakers: Speakers are used to produce sound with computer,
although usually capable of other audio uses, example for an MP3 player.
Mostly such speakers have internal amplifier and consequently require a
power source. The signal input connector is often a 3.5 mm jack plug.
b. Headphones: Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source
privately. Headphones are also known as ear speakers or earphones.
Headphones use a band over the top of the head to hold the speakers in
place. Headphones connect to a signal source such as an
audio amplifier, radio, CD player, portable media player, mobile phone, video
game console, or electronic musical instrument, either directly using a cord,
or using wireless technology such as Bluetooth, DECT or FM radio.
****** 4. Printers / Hardcopy Devices:
Printers are one type of output devices. Printers also called as “Hardcopy Devices”. Generally,
Printers are into two categories:
1. Impact Printers.
2. Non-Impact Printers.
Printers
Impact Printers Non-Impact Printers
Dot Matrix Printer Line Printer Band Printer Inkjet Printer Laser Printer Platter Printers.
Impact Printers: An Impact Printer creates an image by using “Pins or Hammers” to press an inked
ribbon against the paper. The most common type of Impact Printers is:
1. Dot Matrix Printers.
2. Line Printers.
3. Band Printers.
Non-Impact Printers: The Non-Impact Printers are using other technology to sprayed, dripped inked
droplets on the page. The most common type of Non-Impact Printers is:

4. Inkjet Printers.
5. Laser Printers.
6. Plotter Printers.
(I). Impact Printers:
1. Dot Matrix Printers:
 The dot matrix printer “prints one character at time”.
 A dot matrix printer prints characters and images of all types as a pattern of
dots.
 This printer has a print head (or hammer) that consists of pins representing
the character or images.
 The head compresses a matrix of tiny needles (pins) is usually in the form of
8 column and 8 rows.
 It will print characters in the form of tiny dots. Each dot is represents as a
Pixel.
 The speed of dot matrix printers is from 50 to 500 CPS. (Characters per Seconds).
 These printers used for business reports the printers quality is also low.
Advantage of Dot Matrix Printers:
 It is very low maintenances cost of printing pages.
 It mainly used for large amount of data printed by business reports and etc.
Disadvantage of Dot Matrix Printers:
 The Dot Matrix Printers can print the low quality of text / data.
 It can print only monochrome (single color) either Black color or Blue color.
 It can‟t print in color.
 It cannot clear printed any graphical data such as Images, flow charts etc.
 It performs to print very slow manner.
 At printing the document / data its generated sounds.
2. Line Printers:
 The line printers “print one line at a time”.
 The working of line printers is same as dot matrix printer.
 This printer has also low quality but speed is high.
 The speed of a line printer usually varies from 600 to 1200 lines per
minute, or approximately 10-20 pages per minute.
 It is mainly used for to print large volume of reports in big organization.
Advantage of Line Printers:
 It is very low maintenances cost of printing pages.
 This type of printers can print the page faster than dot matrix printers.
Disadvantage of Line Printers:
 These types of printer high speed and low quality.

 It can print only monochrome (single color) either Black color or Blue color.
 It can‟t print in color.
 It cannot clear printed any graphical data such as images, flow charts etc.
 At printing the document / data its generated sounds.
3. Band Printers:
 A band printer a rotating band embossed to print characters.
 The machine rotates the band to the desired characters, and then a small
hammer taps the bands, pressing the characters against a ribbon.
 A good quality Band Printers prints 2,000 lines of text per minute.
(II). Non-Impact Printers: The Non-Impact Printers are using other technology to sprayed, dripped
inked droplets on the page.
4. Inkjet Printers:
 The inkjet printers by spraying controlled structure of tiny ink droplets.
 This type of printers also prints one character at a time.
 Many inkjet printers use one cartridge for color printing and a separate
black only cartridge for black-and-white printing.
 The speed is ranges from 20 to 35 pages per minute.
 It produces high quality printing.
Advantage of Inkjet Printers:
 It is produce high quality printing.
 It can use broadly printing the graphics.
Disadvantage of Inkjet Printers:
 There are only one disadvantage that is printing cost is very expensive. To refining the Ink reifies.
5. Laser Printers:
 The laser printer is high quality, high speed printer compare to others.
 The laser printer prints the document at a time one page.
 It works reflecting laser been onto a photosensitive surface of a drum?
 A toner is the electro statically transfers to a paper on a fixed permanent
image.
 These printers speed rages from 10 to 112 pages per minute.
 These printers are become very popular, because of the quality and
speed.
Advantage of Laser Printers:
 The laser printer is high quality, high speed to compare those other printers.
 It‟s very low maintains cost per page.

6. Plotter Printers:
 A Plotter is another type of output device.
 It is just like a printer because it produces images on paper, but the
plotter is used to printing large format images, such as construction or
engineering drawings created in a CAD system.
 The Plotters uses robotic arms, which helps to draw the images.
 Whereas the table plotters uses the two robotics arms, each of which
holds a set of color impends, pencils, it produces color images.
 Later on the electorate and ink jet plotters to produce full color images,
geometric line drawings, etc.
Important Characteristics of Printers:
1. Image Quality: The Image Quality is also known as Printer Resolution, is usually measures in
Dots per Inches (DPI). The more Dots per inches can produce the higher image quality.
2. Speed: The Printers speed is measures in the number of Pages Per Minute (PPM) to be printed.
3. Cost: The Cost of the Printers normally differs according to their Properties. Color Printers always
cost more than Black-and-white Printers.

Chapter – 2: Operating System.
(Q). What is Operating System? Discuss various types of Operating Systems?
Definition of Operating System:
An Operating System is Software that is interacting or communicates between user and computer is
known as an Operating System”.
(OR)
Operating system is a System Software i.e. a collection of programs that control the operation of the
computer, so that all the resources of the computer can be efficiently used.
(OR)
The Operating System acts as an Interface between the Hardware and the User Programs.
(Q) What are the Functions of Operating Systems?
Functions of Operating Systems: The following Functions can support in Operating System.
1. To Control & Co-ordinate peripheral devices such as printers, input/output devices, secondary
storage device, etc.
2. To monitor the use of Machine Resources.
3. Multi programs, Multi tasking, Multi processing.
4. To locate and load programs in to Computer Memory.
5. Operating Systems can manage the files.
6. Memory Management: Operating System support Memory Management, therefore it controls
different types of Memory and the allocated space for applications.
7. Device Management: It can support the Device Management. Therefore it can maintain all
Devices in a Computer.
8. Utility Software: The Operating System includes file defragmentation utility, data compression
programs.
(Q) Explain various types of Operating Systems?
Types of Operating Systems: There are following type are Operating Systems:
1. Single Task Operating System.
2. Single User Operating System.
3. Multi Tasking Operating System.
4. Multi User Operating System.
OS
Application Programs
Mouse
Monitor Keyboard
Printers
Other Peripheral

5. Network Operating System.
6. Real Time Operating System.
7. Distributed Operating System.
8. Embedded System. etc.
1. Single Task Operating System: The Operating System which is supported for “Only Single User to
perform just One Task (work) at a time”. Here Task means Work / Function which is perform by the
Computer.
Example: MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a Single Task Operating System, because it can
perform the task or command one after the one.
2. Single-User Operating System: A Single User Operating System is to “allow only single / one user to
perform two or more functions at a time”. It is a special Operating System keeps two or more task
running at a time.
Example: The best example of Single User Operating System is “Personal Computers (PC). For example
instance to an office work, it important to send the large amount of data or document to a printer and
able to do other work at a time.
3. Multi Tasking Operating System: The Multi Tasking Operating System can “Perform a more than one
task simultaneously”.
Example: Windows Operating Systems.
4. Multi User Operating System: This type of Operating Systems can allow to multiple users or more
two or more users can perform different tasks on their own.
Example: The Mainframe Computers are Multi-User Systems it is supported up to more than 200 users.
Normally this type of computers has more capacity and high speed. The largest mainframe computer is
IBM S/390; it can support 50,000 users simultaneously.
5. Network Operating System: Network means to inter connection of computers. UNIX and LINUX
Operating is Network Operating Systems. Because it can possible two or more users login at a time.
Example: Solaris, UNIX, LINUX, IBMX-Ware is Network Operating Systems.
6. Real Time Operating System: A Real Time Operating System can support both the features of Single,
Multitasking Operating Systems. The Real Time Operating System can excite Real Time Applications. A
Real Time Operating System is a very fast produce the correct result very short period.
Example: this type of Real Time Operating System can use for Scientific Systems, Engineering Systems.
7. Distributed Operating System: It manage a group of independent computers that makes them clear
to be single computer known as a Distributed Operating System. Distributed Operating System can be
seen in Networking Systems.
Example: Client / Server Distributed Systems.
8. Embedded Systems: They are designed to operate on small machine like PDA‟s (personal digital
assistant). They are able to operate with limited number of resources.

(Q). What are the Features of Windows? 
Windows-10 and Windows-8 has successfully addressed all these problems. Since Windows-10 and
Win 8, etc is GUI (Graphical User Interface) based, there is no need to remember any code. The error
messages are helps, Mouse is universally used, you can work on several different applications
simultaneously and these applications can exchange data with ease. The following Features are:
1. Control Hardware‟s.
2. Run Programs.
3. Organizer Information.
4. Common User Interface.
5. Multi-Tasking.
6. Object Linking Embedded (OLE).
7. Dynamic Data Exchanging (DDE).
8. Support Multimedia.
9. Support Networking.
10. Control Panel.
11. Drag & Drop Option.
12. Date & Time Properties. And many more.
1. Control Hardware‟s: Windows Controls different resources of your computer system, such as the
Printer and Monitor, and enables them to work together harmoniously.
2. Run Programs: Windows starts and operates program (Application Software), such as Microsoft
Word, Excel or Hardware‟s.
3. Organizers Information: Windows provides ways to organize and manage files stored on your
computer. You can use Windows to sort, copy, move, delete or rename your files.
4. Common User Interface: Ever Windows compatible program has uniform Menu Structure, similar
Commands and options for routine operations. Once we learn to run one program in Windows,
running other programs become easier.
5. Multi-Tasking: Its ability to Multitask. This is what, DOS cannot exploit from computers. Two
programs cannot be simultaneously run on DOS.
6. Object Linking Embedding (OLE): It is possible to link between two different applications.
7. Dynamic Data Exchanging (DDE): Dynamic Data Exchange is similar to OLE, but the difference
is that in place of graphic, data is linked between two documents.
8. Support Multimedia: It also supports Multimedia, Internet, Enabling the user to view movies,
hear music, record their voice and many more.
9. Support Networking: It also supports Networking, allowing the user to share the resources.
10. Control Panel: Control Panel is one of Windows. It offers a host of smart utilities. Some of them
essential and useful, some informative and some even entertaining.
11. Drag & Drop Option: Hold down left mouse button of the mouse while you are moving the
mouse, and release it at the desired position.

12. Date & Time: It is important that your computer works on the current clock and calendar timings,
so that your computer uses current date and information to create and update your files.
(Q) Explain the various compounds / parts of Windows / desktop?
Windows is one of the GUI (Graphical User Interface) Operating System. The background
of the GUI (Graphical User Interface) called “Desktop”. The small pictures on the desktop are called
“Shortcuts (or) Icons” is a small Graphical objects.
Desktop: When you start your computer, the first thing you see the window is called Desktop.
Various Compounds / Parts of Window / Desktop: The basically following compounds appearing on
desktop are:
1. My Documents.
2. My Computer / This PC.
3. My Network Place.
4. Recycle Bin.
5. Internet Explorer.
6. Shortcut Icons.
7. Folders.
8. Files.
9. Taskbar. etc.,
1. My Documents: The My Documents icon is capable to store different types of all files default in My
Documents location. And also easy to retrieve the files in this location.
2. My Computer / This PC: The My Computer icon provides accesses to your Drives and other
peripherals by clicking on My Computer / This PC icon.
3. My Network Place: If you are working on a Network, My Network Place displays all of the
computers on the Network.
4. Recycle Bin: When you delete any object, Windows sends it to the Recycle Bin default. You can
restore objects that are located in the Recycle Bin. Or you can permanently delete them.
5. Internet Explorer: The Internet Explorer icon launched the Internet Explorer Browser.
6. Shortcut Icons: Icons with an arrow in the lower left corner are Shortcut Icons. Click on Shortcut
Icon for quick access to the object directly.
7. Folders: The Folder is also keep on Desktop to quick access the files or objects.
8. Files: Files an icon has do not have an arrow in left corner. They represent the actual object
provide direct access to the object.
9. Taskbar: By default, the Taskbar is located on the bottom edge of the desktop. The Task Bar
contains the “Start” button to access the other objects directly.

(Q) What is Programming Language? Explain the different levels of programming languages?
Definition of Programming Language: “A programming language is a set of written symbols that
instructs the computer hardware to perform specific tasks. Typically, a programming language consists of
a vocabulary and a set of rules (called syntax)”.
(or)
A program is a set of instructions given to the computer to perform a particular task. The
language used to write the set of instructions is called programming language.
Levels of Programming: There are two levels of programming languages:
1. Low Level Language (LLL)
2. High Level Language (HLL)
(1). Low Level Language: In that Low Level Language again two level language: (a). Machine Level
Language (MLL) and (b) Assembly Level Language (ALL).
(a) Machine Level Language (MLL): Machine Language is the Language which is composed of set of
0‟s and 1‟s are called as Machine Level Language. This is also called as “Binary Language”. This
language easily understood by the computer / machine.
(b) Assembly Level Language (ALL): In Assembly language programming are „Mnemonic Code‟ is
used. These Mnemonic codes represent patterns of symbols.
(2). High Level Language (HLL): High Level Language look similar to „English like Statements‟, and
they can be easy understood by the users / people / developers. The advantages of High Level Languages
over Low Level Languages are as follows.
 They are easier to learn.
 They require less time to write programs.
 The programs written in High Level Languages can be executed on any computers. This character
is called „Portability‟.
 Source Code: The programmers are written in high level language is known as “Source Code”.
Example: C, C++, COBOL, JAVA, PASCAL, BASIC, FoxPro etc.

UNIT – II
Chapter – 1: Microsoft Word
Introduction: MS-Office is a Computer package. It was designed by “Microsoft Company”. It is very
useful for creating Document, Letters, Visiting Cards, etc., MS–Office can be run any Windows Operating
System. Windows is an Operating System designed by “Bilgates”, the Chairman of Microsoft Software
Company. It is a single User & Multi tasking Operating System.
MS–Office Tools: MS–Office package contain the following tools for various applications.
 Microsoft Word (Word Processor)
 Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheets)
 Microsoft Power point (Graphics presentation Program)
 Microsoft Access (Relational Database)
 Microsoft Outlook
 Microsoft Publishers etc.,
Different versions in MS-Office: MS-Office having different version depended on their features.
1. Microsoft Office 1995
4. Microsoft Office Xp
Microsoft Word: MS-Word is a “Word Processing”, If u want to write a Letters, Memos, Reports,
Newsletters, Fax Messages, etc., on a computer you need the word processor. By word processor can type
your text and then edit, modify, delete or print it. It a biggest advantages of the word processing.
Microsoft Excel: If you want to Tabulation of the data we can use the Excel. If you wish to tabulation of
the information i.e. arrange data in the form of Rows and Columns and manipulate and analyze. MS Excel
is a package of you can create the complex tables, charts, graphs etc.
Microsoft Power point: Here we can possible to represent the data in the form of Graphics. If you want
to make presentation, Power point is just the package for u. with, it create slides, transparencies,
handouts and speakers notes.
Microsoft Access: There is some times call as a Database Management. With it you can create, store,
retrieve and query information very easily.
Microsoft Outlook: If you wish to communicate and share information with people within your office or
outside, MS-Outlook helps you helps through e-mails, phones, fax and group scheduling, keep maintain
contact numbers etc.,

1. Microsoft Word 2016 (Word Processor)
Introduction of MS-Word 2016:
MS-Word 2016 is a “Word Processing”, If u want to write a letters, Memos, Reports, Newsletters,
Fax Messages, etc., on a computer you need the word processor. By word processor can type your text
and then edit, modify, delete or print it. It a biggest advantages of the word processing.
Option (I): Starting Word: If u wants to start MS-Word we have followed the steps.
Step (1): click on WINDOW / START button.
Step (2): choose PROGRAMS.
Step (3): click on Microsoft Office.
Step (4): click on Microsoft Word.
Option (II): start / window  Run  type in command prompt “winword”.

*****(Q) Define features of MS-Word 2016?
With each new version of Word, we see new tools and features that make creating, editing, and
organizing documents even easier. Listed below are some of the improvements and changes you can look
forward to seeing in Word 2016:
 Share Button: Share documents easier than ever before. You can now share a document by
clicking on the Share button in the Ribbon.
 Co-Authoring: Work with others simultaneously by using the new co-authoring feature.
 Real-Time Typing: The co-authoring feature goes hand in hand with real-time typing. As you
work within a document, you can see what others are doing in the document, as well as view the
changes they make.
 New chart type: Treemap, Waterfall, Histogram, Box and Whisker, and Sunburst are some of the
new chart types in Word 2016.
 View previous versions of document: You can now view historical versions of your documents.
 Smart Lookup: allows you to fact check parts of your document. All you have to do is highlight
the term you want to check. You will see the search results in Word.
 Tell Me: Tell Me is a feature that allows you to tell Word what you want to do. This feature will
guide you through the steps you need to take to complete the task.
 Ink Equations: Inserting math equations in your document is even easier in Word 2016. You can
simply go to Insert  Equation  Ink Equation whenever you want to put an equation into your
document. With a touch screen device, you can write the equations by hand. Word converts it to
text for you. You can also write with your mouse.
 Shape Formatting: Now you can choose from preset fills and theme colors to make inserting
shapes from the Shapes gallery easier and faster.
*****(Q) Define various advantages and applications of MS-Word 2016?
Advantages of Word processing:
 The text from one part of a document can be very easily copied to another document, without
disturbing the place of the original text.
 Without re-typing the document, one can easily correct the mistakes in the document.
 Test can be added or deleted from any place in the document.
 The typed document can be checked for grammatical errors and spelling errors.
 The design style or size of the letters of the text type can be changed.
 Header & Footer can be written in the document.
 Number of pages can be automatically given in the document.

 The errors committed in typing the spelling of the words can be rectified automatically.
 Margins of the document can be increased or decreased and the text can split in two or more
columns.
 The text of the document can be left justified, right justified, center justified and fully justified.
 Macros help to the automatically repetitive tasks.
 It supports the Mail Merge Concepts.
 Find & Replace lets us search any strings of the text and replaces all occurrences of another‟s
string.
 Clip Gallery is a very great tool for organized all our clip arts, photos, video clips & sounds.
 Hyperlink can grate features without remember the link information.
 Provide the Protection of the document.
Applications of Word processing:
 Written App: Written App is helping you to transform documents into web pages. It offers a real-
time translation facility with just one tab. This program enables you to read and edit documents
attached to the e-mail.
 Google Doc: Google Doc is an online application that helps to format text and paragraphs. It
contains number format font and images. This tool offers templates for writing documents. You can
use the application to create and make changes in files anywhere at any time.
 AutoCrit: AutoCrit is a fully featured word process and editing tool. It helps you to resolve your
grammar and spelling mistakes / checker.
 Grammarly: Grammarly is a widely used writing enhancement tool, it offers numerous writing
styles, suggestions for grammar vocabulary, and syntax. You can use this tool via website as a
browser extension, or as an App that you download to your computer.
 Pro-WritingAid: Pro-WritingAid is a toll that offers world-class grammar and style checking
facility. It helps to edit document faster.
 Readable: Readable is a word processor that helps you to test the readability, grammar, and
spelling of your text. It can supports integration with API (Application Program Interface) into your
content management software. You can past your text into this tool, and it will give you instant
analysis.

(Q) Explain in detail various parts / components /elements of Word 2016 Window?
The Word 2016 interface is to make working with a document more iterative.
1. File Tab: This is a Backstage view area. It contained within this tab are commands for managing Word
documents as a whole such as Print, Save, SaveAs, Open and Close options.
2. Title Bar: This title bar displays the name of the document / program that is opened. Minimize,
maximize and close buttons are located on the right side of this bar.
3. Quick Access Toolbar: This toolbar display the save, undo and redo buttons. It can customize to
contain any of the commands that are used frequently such as open, close etc.
File Tab Title Tab
Menu Tab
Quick Access Toolbar
Ribbon Dialog box Launcher
Rulers
Status Bar
View Toolbar
Document Window
Zoom Buttons
Scrollbar

4. Menu Bar: This tab is used to access the different commands for working in the Word document.
 Home: Perform basic formatting and editing tasks.
 Insert: Add other elements to your document, such as charts, pictures, videos, cover pages,
headers, and footers.
 Design: Change the appearance of your document.
 Layout: Change the setup of your document and its elements.
 References: Manage document resources, such as the table of contents and index.
 Mailings: Create a mail merge document.
 Review: Perform research and review the document.
 View: View the document and/or open Word windows in different ways.
 Help: It can assist the user when requires about word document.
5. Rulers / Margins: These rules / margins can be used for align the page width and heights as per the
requirement. There are like Left Margin, Right Margin, Top Margin and Bottom Margin.
6. Ribbon: The ribbon contains the options that make it possible to use the different commands in the
Word document.
7. Dialog Box Launcher: When this button is clicked, a dialog box containing more commands for that
particular group will display.
8. Scrollbar: Scrollbar are used to move up and down or left and right on a page in word document.
These bars will appear when the pages are too long or too wide to fit within the document window. Mainly
by two ways using the Horizontal, Vertical Scroll bars with the help of the mouse or using keyboard to
press Page Up, Page Down, Home and End keys.
9. Status Bar: Status bar can display properties of the cursor in the document. It displays the current
page, current page number out of total page number (5/26), line number, column number, word count
etc.

10. View Toolbar: This toolbar is used to change to different available views in Word. These are Read
mode, Print Layout and Web Layout.
11. Zoom Button: These buttons are located on the right of the status bar. With these buttons, it is
possible to change the size of the view of the document.
12. Document Window: This is the area where the data is input into the document =. When more than
one document is open, each document has its own window.
*****(Q) Explain the following activities on Word?
(a). Creating new document? (b). Saving a document? (c). Closing a document?
(d). Opening a document? (e). Cut, Copy and Past a text? (f). Printing a document?
(a). Creating new document:
By default MS-Word creates a new document automatically whenever the MS-Word started. The
following shows how to create a new blank document.
(i). Creating new document using Menu Commands:
Step 1: Click File tab.
Step 2: In Backstage view, click New option.
Step 3: Choose Blank Document and click
Navigation: File  New  Blank Document.

(ii). Creating new document using Shortcut key:
Step 1: Press Ctrl + N, New dialog box will appear.
Step 2: Choose Blank Document and click.
(b) Saving a document:
After creating a document we have to save on the auxiliary device for future reference.
(i) Saving a document using Menu Command:
Step 2: In Backstage view, click Save option.
Step 3: Choose This PC, and click Documents tab.
Step 4: In the Save dialog box, type a File Name for your document.
Step 5: Click on Save button.
Navigation: File  Save  This PC  Documents  File Name  Save.
(ii). Saving a document using Shortcut key:
Step 1: Press Ctrl + S, Save dialog box will appear.
Step 2: Choose the appropriate directory from Save in list and type the document name at File Name field
Step 3: Click on Save button.
(OR)
On the Quick Access Toolbar, click „Save‟ button.
NOTE: Make sure „Save‟ as type is Word document (*.docx). this will save the document as a Word 2016.

(c). Closing a document:
We have to close the current file, choose close command from the File menu.
(i). Closing a document using Menu Command:
Step 2: In Backstage view, click Close option.
Step 3: If a Microsoft Word dialog box appears display a “Want to save your changes?” message box.
Step 4: Click „Save‟ to save, „Don‟t Save‟ to discard changes, or „Cancel‟ to close the dialog box.
Navigation: File  Close.
(ii). Closing a document using Shortcut key:
Step 1: Press Alt + F4, close dialog box will appear.
Step 2: Choose Save and press enter key.
NOTE: If the file has been saves before and if there are no new changes, the document will simply close
the file. If the file contains unsaved changes, the document will prompt to save them and will close the file
when finished.
(d). Opening a document:
To begin working with an existing document first we have to open the document.
(i). Opening a document using Menu Command:
Step 1: Choose „Open‟ command from „File‟ menu, Open dialog will appear.
Step 2: Choose the appropriate directory from look in list and select the document from the file list.
Step 3: Click on „Open‟ button.
Navigation: File  Open  Choose file name  click Open.

(ii). Opening a document using Shortcut key:
Step 1: Press Ctrl + O, open dialog box will appear.
Step 2: Choose the appropriate directory from look in list and select the document from the file list.
Step 3: Click on „Open‟ button.
(e). Cut, Copy and Past a text:
To remove text from one place in the document and put it in another you cut and paste the text.
You can also copy and paste text if you want to add copies of your selection elsewhere in your document.
The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands, along with the Format Painter, are located in the Clipboard group on
the Home tab.
Cutting and Pasting Text:
Step 1: Select the text to be cut.
Step 2: Click the Home tab.
Step 3: Click the Cut button. (Ctrl + X)
Navigation: Home  Cut (Ctrl + X)
Step 4: Click within the document where you want to paste the text.
Step 5: Click the Paste button. (Ctrl + V)
Navigation: Home  Paste (Ctrl + V)
Step 6: Your text will be reinserted into the location you specified within your document.
Note: You can move text from one place to another by selecting the text and then clicking and dragging
the text to the new location.
Copying and Pasting Text:
Step 1: Select the text to be copied.
Step 2: Click the Home tab
Step 3: Click the Copy button (Ctrl + C)
Navigation: Home  Copy (Ctrl + C)

Step 4: Click within the document where you want to paste the text.
Step 5: Click the Paste button. (Ctrl + V)
Step 6: Your text will be reinserted into the location you specified within your document.
Navigation: Home  Paste (Ctrl + V)
(f). Printing a document:
Whenever we want to take the prepared document on paper (hardcopy), Word 2016 offers to print
an existing document.
(i). Printing a document using Menu Command:
Step 1: Choose „Print‟ command from „File‟ menu, print dialog box will appear.
Step 2: Set the printing options, such as printer name, paper size, number of copies etc.
Step 3: Click Ok button.
Navigation: File  Print (Ctrl + P)

(ii). Printing a document using Shortcut key:
Step 1: Press „Ctrl + P‟, print dialog box will appear.
Step 2: Set the printing options such as printer name, paper size, number of copies etc.
Step 3: Click Ok button.
(Q) Explain about Editing of a Document in MS-Word 2016?
To edit your document as much as you like, before printing it out. There are so many operations
are there to perform edit of a document.
 Inserting text.
 Select text.
 Delete text
 Move text.
 Cut, Copy and Past text.
 Find and Replace text.
 Spell & Grammar check.
 Special Symbols & Equations.
 Undo and Redo changes.
1. Inserting text:
To insert text to your document, use keyboard or the mouse to position the cursor where you want
to insert your text, then type. If any test is selected, your typing will over write the selected text.
Step 1: Click the location where you wish to insert text; you can also use the keyboard arrows to locate
the place where the text needs to be inserted.
Step 2: Start typing the text that needs to be inserted. Word inserts the text to the left of the insertion
point, moving the existing text to the right.

2. Selecting text:
The most common method of selecting a text is to click and drag the mouse over the text you want to
select. Some other simple methods that will help you in selecting text in different scenarios.
 Hold down the Shift key, click where you want the selection to end.
 Double Click to the select one word.
 Triple Click to select one sentence.
 Ctrl + an arrow key moves one word left or right, or one paragraph up or down.
 Ctrl + A to select the whole document.
3. Delete text: Click or use the keyboard to position the cursor. Press the „Delete‟ key to delete the
character in front of the cursor. Press the „Backspace‟ key to delete the character behind the cursor. If
delete a large block of text, select and press „Delete‟ key.

4. Move text:
The most common method of selecting a text is to click and drag the mouse over the text you want
to select. Following table lists down a few other simple methods that will help you in selecting text in
different scenarios.
(a). Move within the same document.
(b). Move within different documents.
(a). Move within the same document:
Step 1: Select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.
Step 2: Now take your mouse pointer over the selected text and hold the left button of the mouse and
keep holding it while moving around the document.
Step 3: Take your mouse pointer to the place where you want to move the selected text and release the
mouse button. You will see that the selected text is moved to the desired location.
(b). Move within different documents:
You can move the selected text from one document to another document. Following are some
simple steps which will help you in moving text from one document to another document.
Step 1: Keep both the documents opened and to ensure that both documents are visible, click the
„Arrange All‟ button on the View tab on the Ribbon.
Step 2: Now, select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.
Step 3: Take your mouse pointer over the selected text and hold the left button of the mouse and keep
holding it while moving around the document.
Step 4: Take your mouse pointer at the place in the second document where you want to move the
selected text and release the mouse button. You will see that the selected text is moved to the desired
location in the second document.
Note: In case you have more than two documents, you can use the Alt + Tab keys to switch through the
different documents and select the desired destination document.
******* 5. Cut, Copy & Past text:
(i). Cut & Paste Operation: The Cut operation will cut the content from its original place and move the
content from its original location to a new desired location. Following is the procedure to move the content
in word:
Step 2: Now, you have various options available to cut the selected text and put it in the clipboard. You
can make use of one of the options:

 Using Right-Click: If right-click on the selected portion of text, it will display cut option, just click
this option to cut the selected content and keep it in clipboard.
 Using Ribbon Cut Button: After selecting a portion of text, you can use cut button available at
the ribbon to cut the selected content and keep it in clipboard.
 Using Ctrl + X Keys: After selecting a portion of text, just press Ctrl + X keys to cut the selected
content and keep it in clipboard.
Step 3: Finally, click at the place where you want to move the selected text and use either of these two
simple options:
Using Ribbon Paste Button: Just click the „Paste‟ button available at the ribbon to paste the content at
the new location.
Using Ctrl + V Keys: This is simplest way of pasting the content. Just press Ctrl + V keys to paste the
content at the new location.
Note: You can repeat the Paste operation as many times as you like to paste the same content.
(ii). Copy & Paste Operation: The Copy operation will just copy the content from its original place and
create a duplicate copy of the content at the desired location without deleting the text from it's the
original location. Following is the procedure to copy the content in word.
Step 2: You have various options available to copy the selected text in clipboard. You can make use of
any one of the options:
 Using Right-Click: When you right-click on the selected text, it will display the copy option, click
this option to copy the selected content in clipboard.

 Using Ribbon Copy Button: After selecting text, you can use the copy button available at the
ribbon to copy the selected content in clipboard.
 Using Ctrl + C Keys: After selecting a text, just press Ctrl + C keys to copy the selected content
in clipboard.
Step 3: Finally click at the place where you want to copy the selected text and use either of these two
simple options:
 Using Ribbon Paste Button: Just click the „Paste‟ button available at the ribbon to paste the
copied content at the desired location.
 Using Ctrl + V Keys: This is simplest way of pasting the content. Just press „Ctrl + V‟ keys to
paste the content at the new location.
Note: You can repeat the Paste operation as many times as you like to paste the same content.
6. Find and Replace text:
Find and Replace operation in Word 2016. While working on editing a document you come across a
situation very frequently when you want to search a particular word in your document and many times
you will be willing to replace this word with another word at a few or all the places throughout the
document.
(i). Find Command: The Find command enables you to locate specific text in your document.
Step 1: Let us work out on a sample text available in our Word 2016 document. Just type “=rand()” and
press Enter.
Step 2: Click the „Find‟ option in the Editing group on the Home tab or press „Ctrl + F‟ to launch the
Navigation pane.

Step 3: Enter a word which you want to search in the Search box, as soon as you finish typing, Word
searches for the text you entered and display the results in the navigation pane and highlights the word in
the document.
Step 4: You can click the clear button (X) to clear the search and results and perform another search.
Navigation: Home  Find
(ii). Find & Replace Operation:
Step 1: Click the „Replace‟ option in the Editing group on the Home tab or press „Ctrl + H‟ to launch
the Find and Replace dialog box shown.
Step 2: Type a word which you want to search. You can also replace the word using the Find and
Replace dialog box.
Step 3: Click the Replace button available on the Find and Replace dialog box and you will see the first
occurrence of the searched word would be replaced with the replace with word.
Step 4: Clicking again on Replace button would replace next occurrence of the searched word. If you will
click Replace All button then it would replace all the found words in one go.
Step 5: Finally, if you are done with the Find and Replace operation, you can click the Close
(X) or Cancel button of the dialog box to close the box.
Navigation: Home  Replace  Replace All

*** 7. Spell & Grammar check: Microsoft Word 2016 provides a decent Spelling and Grammar Checker
which enables you to search for and correct all spelling and grammar mistakes in your document. Word is
intelligent enough to identify misspelled or misused, as well as grammar errors and underlines them as
follows.
 A red underline indicates spelling errors.
 A green underline indicates grammar errors.
 A blue line under correctly spelled but misused words.
Check Spelling and Grammar using Review tab: Here is the simple procedure to find out the spelling
mistakes and fix them
Step 1: Click the „Review tab‟ and then click the Spelling & Grammar (F7) button.
Step 2: A Spelling and Grammar dialog box will appear and will display the wrong spellings or errors in
grammar. You will also get suggestions to correct as shown below.
Now you have following options to fix the spelling mistakes:
 Ignore: If you are willing to ignore a word, and then click this button and Word ignores the word
throughout the document.
 Ignore All: Like Ignore, but this ignores all occurrences of the same misspelling, not just once but
throughout the document.
 Add to Dictionary: Choose Add to Dictionary to add the word to the Word spelling dictionary.
 Change: This will change the wrong word using the suggested correct word.
 Change All: Like Change, but this changes all occurrences of the same misspelling, not just once
but throughout the document.
 AutoCorrect: If you select a suggestion, Word creates an AutoCorrect entry that automatically
corrects this spelling error from now on.

Following are the different options in case you have grammatical mistake:
 Next Sentence: You can click Next Sentence to direct the grammar checker to skip ahead to the
next sentence.
 Explain: The grammar checker displays a description of the rule that caused the sentence to be
flagged as a possible error.
 Options: This will open the Word Options dialog box to allow you to change the behavior of the
grammar checker or spelling options.
 Undo: This will undo the last grammar changed.
Step 3: Select one of the given suggestions you want to use and click the „Change‟ option to fix the
spelling or grammar mistake and repeat the step to fix the entire spelling or grammar mistake.
Step 4: Word displays a dialog box when it finishes checking for spelling and grammar mistakes, finally
Click OK.
Navigation: Review  Spelling & Grammar (F7)  Change
8. Special Symbols & Equations: Your keyboard may not have many characters available but you want
to use those characters in your document; in such situations, you have the option to insert Special
Symbols.
(i). Insert Special Symbols:
Step 1: To insert a special symbol, bring your cursor at the place where you want to insert the symbol.
Click the „Insert‟ tab. You will find two options under the symbol button (a) Equation and (b) Symbols.
Click either of these two options based on your requirement.
Step 2: When you click the „Symbol‟ button, a small list of symbols will appear.
Step 3: Now click on any of the available symbols in the box to insert that in your document at the
selected location.

Step 4: If you do not find the desired symbol in this small box, then you can click at the „More
Symbols‟ option to have a wide range of symbols as shown below in the symbol dialog box. You can
select any of the symbols and then click the Insert button to insert the selected symbol.
Navigation: Insert  Symbols  More Symbols
(ii). Insert Special Equation:
Step 1: To insert special equations, bring your cursor at the place where you want to insert the equation.
Click the „Insert‟ tab.
Step 2: When you click the „Equation‟ button, a small list of equations will appear.
Step 3: Now click on any of the available equations in the box to insert that in your document at the
selected location.
Step 4: If you do not find the desired equation in this small box, then you can click at the „More
Equations‟ option to have a wide range of equations as shown below in the equation dialog box. You can
select any of the equation and then click the Insert button to insert the selected equation.
Navigation: Insert  Symbols  Equations  More Equations

9. Undo and Redo changes:
Microsoft Word 2016 provides two important features called the Undo and the Repeat or Redo.
The Undo feature is used to undo the previous action and the Redo 0r Repeat feature is used to repeat the
previous action.
For example, if you mistakenly delete text, you can use the Undo feature to recover it. In a similar way, if
you delete a character and you want to delete more characters then you can use the Repeat operation.
Use Undo & Repeat operations:
You can access the Undo and Repeat buttons from the „Quick Access‟ toolbar. You should make a note
that the Repeat button is also called Redo button and both the operations have the same meaning.
Step 1: Let us type some text in a blank document. Now click the Repeat (Redo) button and you will see
that Word will repeat the same operation for you.
Step 2: Now to examine the undo operation, let us delete the words or text.
Step 3: Let us try to click the Undo button one by one. You will see that Word will recover all the deleted
characters one by one after performing a few undo operations.
Navigation: Quick Access  Redo (Ctrl + Z)  Undo (Ctrl+ Y)

I b.com compute applications new sylabus notes 96

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