Earth Science: Identify minerals

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mshenry

Notes from 10/14/10

Technology Education

What is a mineral? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How can we identify minerals? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Luster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cleavage ,[object Object],[object Object],Cubic (halite) Flat Sheets ( mica )

Fracture ,[object Object],[object Object],Curved (olivine) (quartz)

Hardness ,[object Object],[object Object]

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Core Subject: Earth and Life Science II. Earth Materials and Processes A. Minerals and Rocks The learners demonstrate an understanding of: 1. the three main categories of rocks 2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks The learners: 1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties 2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

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Rigid Earth Theory. Plasticity. Isostacy. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift. Wegener's lines of evidence. Harry Hess and more evidence. Power source = convection currents in the mantle. Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate boundaries: Divergent (spreading centers), Convergent (subduction zones), Lateral (transform faults). Three types of subduction zones. Hot spots. Accreted Terranes. Cratons. Continental Shields. Topography. (maps for lab)

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Diastrophism. Compression, tension, and shear stresses. Crustal fold structures. Faults. Fault zone landscapes (normal and reverse faults). Strike-slip/transform/transcurrent faults. Transform fault structures (landscapes). Earthquakes. Focus/hypocenter, epicenter. Measuring earthquakes: seismic waves, seismograph, seismogram. Quantitative vs. qualitative measurements. Quantitative: Richter scale and Moment magnitude. Qualitative: Mercalli Scale. Loma Prieta Quake, 1989. Seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. P-waves. S-waves. L-waves. R-waves. Earthquakes and their relationship to plate tectonics. Pinpointing an earthquake epicenter. Earthquake hazard map of the U.S. Earthquake hazards. Liquefaction. The Pacific Ring of Fire. Tsunamis.

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Introduction to Minerals Minerals, by definition, are naturally occurring “inorganic” (Not containing any organic) substances, often characterized by a precise crystal structure. Its “chemical structure” (The atomic arrangement of a substance) can be exact or can vary within a range. “Native elements” (Group of minerals with a molecular structure of only one element; examples are Copper, Sulfur, and Diamond). that occur in nature are also considered minerals. Minerals are economic goods. They are mined for the valuable elements they contain or the need for unique properties. Other minerals are mined for their beauty and rarity, giving many specimens world-recognized value and new ones are being discovered all the time. Little known to professional mineral collectors, they are rare, have no commercial purpose, and almost never make good specimens. Characteristic Properties of Minerals: Minerals can be identified by various physical and chemical properties. It is important to understand that minerals are typically identified by a variety of properties. There is no single characteristic that can diagnose all minerals. Common diagnostic features include:  Color  Streak  Luster  Hardness Other properties that can be used for mineral diagnostics include:  Crystal form  Cleavage  Fracture  Smell  Taste and many more Color: Color seems like a simple property, but identifying minerals by color alone can be dangerous. Most minerals can exhibit a wide range of colors due to small amounts of impurities, like these quartz examples. Another example: Ruby and sapphire are the same mineral, corundum, and come in a variety of colors. Therefore, color alone is not very diagnostic. Img Streak Mineral Streak is the color of powdered minerals on streak slabs (unglazed porcelain tiles). This property is useful for diagnosis of a small number of minerals (usually those with a metallic sheen). Although the mineral colors vary, the stripe colors are remarkably consistent. Luster Luster describes the way a mineral surface reflects light. There are many types of glosses, but the most common are • Metallic • Nonmetallic • glassy • brilliant • dull Hardness: Hardness is a mineral's ability to withstand scratches. The Mohs Hardness Scale is a unit less 10-point scale of where each hardness value is represented by a common mineral. The Mohs hardness scale is not linear! hardness can be directly related to bond strength – hardness is the representation of the weakest bond. Compare the hardness of graphite (H=1) and diamond (H=10). They have the same chemical composition but different bonds/structures Crystal Form Some minerals that grow without being impeded by their environment develop characteristic crystal shapes or crystal form that represents symmetry in the crystal structure. Crystalline form may be a diagnostic characteristic of some minerals The internal structure of quartz is six-sided symmetrical (hexagonal). As a result, quartz crystals generall

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Rocks and Minerals A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties. A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds. For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite” To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics Naturally occurring Inorganic Can be represented by a chemical formula Crystalline structure Solid Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque. Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal. 1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite 2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos 3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite 4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites 5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite 6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress. Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.) When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide

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