3. المحاضرة2
”YOU CANNOT SUCCESSFULLY TREAT DYSFUNCTION UNLESS
YOU UNDERSTAND FUNCTION.”
JPO
“THE MOST IMPORTANTTHINGYOU CAN DO FORYOUR PATIENT ISTO
MAKETHE CORRECT DIAGNOSIS. IT ISTHE FOUNDATION FOR SUCCESS.”
JPO
4. اليوم محاضرتنا
• “THE COMPLEXITY OFTMD MAKES DEVELOPING A ‘COOKBOOK’
IMPOSSIBLE, EVENTHOUGHTHAT IS PRECISELY WHAT EVERYONE
WOULD LIKE.
HERE IS AN ATTEMPT.”
JPO
14. Just A Minute!
• Pullinger et al demonstrated a small but significant correlation between
increased horizontal overjet andTMJ disorders. Pahkala and Qvarnstrom
supported this conclusion.
• Studies have found that there is a small increase inTMJ disorders in Angle’s
class II patients compared with the overall population.
15. Just A Minute!
• A study by Okano et al demonstrated a decrease in electromyographic activity in
the masseter muscles with a canine-guided occlusion compared with group
function and balanced occlusions.
• Loss of posterior teeth has been positively correlated with osteoarthritic changes.
• Tallents et al also found an association between missing mandibular molar teeth
and the presence of disc displacement.
•األعراض هذه يزيل ال األسنان هذه وتعويض المعالجة ولكن!!
16. Costen Syndrome
• Loss of hearing
• Tinnitis
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Burning sensation of throat, tongue and side of the nose
Believed to be a result fromTMJD
17. CardinalTMD Signs and Symptoms?
• Masseter muscle pain
• TMJ pain
• Temporalis muscle pain
• Mouth-opening limitations
• TMJ sounds
Pain is by far the most common reason patients seek treatment
18. There is considerable support in the literature that joint noise,
without pain or dysfunction, requires no intervention or
treatment
Peterson chapter 48
2018
But!!
One should be aware, however, that the absence of sounds does not always mean normal disc position.
In one study, 15% of silent, asymptomatic joints were found to have disc displacements on arthrograms.
Information received during examination of the joints needs to be evaluated with respect to all other
examination findings.
Okeson
2020
22. NON SURGICALTREATMENT
• Goals:
Improvement in jaw function
Reduction in facial pain
Patient education and counseling
Provision of referrals for physical therapy, occlusal appliances, if
indicated
23. Diet
Decreased muscular hyperactivity
Decreased loading forces onTMJ
Controlled range of motion with hinge and sliding movements
Full liquid diet with elimination of hard chewy foods
Elimination of gum chewing
45. • Nitzan studied the intraarticular pressure within theTMJ with and without an
intraocclusal appliance. During clenching there was a decrease in
intraarticular pressure of 81.2% with the occlusal appliance in place versus
without it.
• EMG studies have shown a significant decrease in masseter and temporalis
muscle activity with splint use in patients exhibiting nocturnal bruxism.
• A study by Dao et al.The findings of this study support the theory of other
authors who suggest that cognitive awareness and positive patient
expectations may have an as large or larger role in treatment ofTMJ
disorders than the biomechanical impact of occlusal appliances.
J.P.Okeson – Management ofTMDs
47. A.The anterior positioning appliance causes the
mandible to assume a more forward position,
temporarily creating a more favorable condyle-disc
relationship.
B. Note that during normal closure the mandibular
anterior teeth contact in the anterior guiding ramp
provided by the maxillary appliance.
C. As the mandible closes into occlusion, the ramp
causes it to shift forward into the desired position.
This position eliminates the disc derangement disorder.
At the desired forward position, all teeth contact to
maintain arch stability
68. Ideal NSAIDS Properties
Minimal gastrointestinal irritation
Rapid onset
Long duration of action
Lower dosage for effect
Favorable therapeutic index
Well-tolerated at high serum levels
Readily available
Low cost
69.
70. Pharmacotherapy
•الستيروئيداتالقشرية:
•حمض تشكيل تثبطاألراشيدونيكااللت لتخفيف الفعالة الوسائل من هي لذلكهاب.
•تستطبًجهازيالمدة(5-7)أياممتناقص وبشكلاألطول المدة على اختالطاتها بسبب
تتضمن التي(العظام هشاشة-الضغط ارتفاع–الشوارد اضطراب–متالزمةكوشينغ)
•ممنوع المفرط االستخدام ولكن االلتهاب لتخفيف المفصل ضمن حقنها الممكن منألنه
يسببباللقمة تصنع نقص.
• It has been shown that usage of prednisone more than 10 to 20 mg a day for 2weeks
can cause suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
• fonseca
85. DefinitiveTreatment: APA
Worn just at night? (and day if
needed to reduce pain)
A significant long-term study by
de Leeuw, et al. found that 30
years after nonsurgical
management of intracapsular
disorders joint sounds persisted in
54% of the patients.
Controlling pain while allowing
joint structures to adapt appears
to be the most important role of
the therapist.
86. SupportiveTherapy
• The patient should be informed and educated on the mechanics of the disorder
and the adaptive process that is essential for successful treatment.
• The patient needs to be encouraged to decrease loading of the joint whenever
possible.
• Softer foods, slower chewing, and smaller bites should be promoted.
• The patient should be told, when possible, not to allow the joint to click.
• If inflammation is suspected, an NSAID should be prescribed.
• Moist heat or ice can be used if the patient finds either helpful.
• Active exercises are not usually helpful since they cause joint movements that
often increase pain.
• Passive jaw movements may be helpful and on occasion distractive manipulation
by a physical therapist may assist in healing.
87. the length and success of appliance therapy
depend on four conditions:
• 1. Acuteness of the injury:Treatment rendered immediately after the injury is more likely
to succeed than if it is delayed until the injury is months old.
• 2. Extent of the injury: Obviously, small injuries will repair more successfully and quickly
than extensive ones.
• 3. Age and health of the patient:TheTMJ structures are relatively slow to repair, especially
when compared to more vascularized tissues. In general, younger patients will heal more
quickly and completely than older patients.
• 4. General health of the patient: Patients who are compromised by other health
conditions may not be good candidates for repair.The presences of conditions such as
systemic arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), diabetes, or immunodeficiencies often
compromise the patient’s ability to repair and adapt and therefore may require more time
for the therapy to be successful.
88. • These adaptive changes may take 8 to 10 weeks or even longer.
• As symptoms resolve, the patient is encouraged to decrease use of the appliance.
• When elimination of the appliance produces a return of symptoms, two
explanations should be considered:
1. the adaptive process is not adequate enough to allow the altered retrodiscal
tissues to accept the functional forces of the condyle.When this is the case, the
patient should be given more time with the appliance for adaptation.
2. a lack of orthopedic stability and removal of the appliance brings the patient
back to his or her preexisting orthopedic instability.
111. Definitive Treatment:
Manual Manipulation – APA
(daily use several days then
only night)
The first attempt to reduce
the disc should begin by
having the patient attempt to
self-reduce the dislocation.
With the teeth slightly apart,
the patient is asked to move
the mandible to the
contralateral side of the
displacement as far as
possible.
the patient should attempt
this several times.
119. • 1. Moderate-to-severe pain:
a. LocalizedTMJ pain
b. Preauricular pain
c. Referred pain (e.g. otalgia)
• 2. Dysfunction that is disabling and characterized by any of the following:
a.Restricted range of motion
b. Excessive range of motion
c. Joint noises d. Abnormal masticatory function
• 3. Imaging evidence of disc derangement
• 4. Arthroscopic evidence of disc derangement
The AAOMS established the indications for surgical
therapy forTMJ disc derangements as a combination
of the following factors:
129. Arthroscopy
• The advantages of minimally invasive endoscopic interventions in theTMJ area
are
• 1. No significant skin incision or facial scar.
• 2. Reduced incidence ofVII nerve injury.
• 3. Diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.
• The disadvantages of minimally invasive procedures are
• 1. Steep learning curve.
• 2. Cost of equipment.
130. Arthroscopy
• The contraindications to arthroscopy and arthrocentesis include:
• Bony ankylosis typically requires autogenous or alloplastic joint replacement.
• Advanced fibrous ankylosis and ankylosing osteoarthritis will only temporarily
respond to advanced arthroscopic techniques.These cases respond to open joint
débridements, interpositional grafting, or joint replacement.
• overlying skin infection: Puncturing through an area of infected skin increases the
potential complication of a septic joint postoperatively
131. Disc Repositioning
• There are two main indications for disc-repositioning procedures:
1. Patients with painful anterior disc displacement with reduction that has not
responded to nonsurgical and minimally invasive procedures
2. Patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction with persistent
pain and limited mouth opening that has not responded to nonsurgical and
minimally invasive procedures
141. Total Joint Reconstruction
TJR
Goals:
• Improvement in mandibular function and form
• Reduction of further suffering and disability
• Containment of excessive treatment and cost
• Prevention of further patient morbidity
143. CCG Indications
The current indications for the use of a costochondral graft include the following:
• Congenital joint deformaties (e.g., aplasia, hypoplasia)
• Irreparable condylar trauma
• Recurrent ankylosis
• Status postneoplasia resection
• Advanced osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
• Failed alloplastic implants
• Multiple failed arthroplastic procedures
Anklyosis of ccgs is
rare in the pediatric age
group but can be
problematic in adult
patients.
145. AlloplasticTJR Indications
• Inflammatory Arthritis Involving theTMJ Not Responsive to Other Modalities of
Treatment. (psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus
erythematosus, Reiter’s Syndrome, gout, and pseudo-gout)
• Recurrent Fibrosis and/or Bony Ankylosis Not Responsive to Other Modalities of
Treatment
• TMJ Ankylosis in Growing Subjects. (feasibility of alloplasticTMJTJR for the
following conditions in children:
1. High inflammatoryTMJ arthritis unresponsive to other modalities of treatment
2. Recurrent fibrosis and/or bony ankylosis unresponsive to other modalities of
treatment
3. Failed tissue grafts (bone and soft tissue)
4. Loss of vertical mandibular height and/or occlusal relationship because of bony
resorption, trauma , developmental abnormalities, or pathologic lesions)
149. Pros And Cons
AlloplasticTJR
Just Rotational
move 32-35
range of
motion
No protrusive
Movement
Deviation to
the side of the
prosthesis on
terminal
opening
Life span of
approximately
7 to 10 years.
ColorAtlas ofTMJ Surgery