This presentation will help medical students to define anemia, list etiological factors leading to anemia , classify different types of anemia , recognize different manifestations of anemia and list general complications of anemia

2. Contents :

3. Definition :

4. Definition :

5. Definition :

6. Definition :

7. Causes :
Heavy menstrual periods, wounds or
bleeding in the digestive or urinary tract
can cause blood loss.

8. Causes :
If iron intake is limited or inadequate
due to poor dietary intake, anemia may
occur as a result.
In addition to iron, vitamin B12 and folate are
required for the proper production of hemoglobin.

9. Causes :
.
Certain chronic diseases such as cancer and
kidney disease can interfere with the production
of red blood cells, resulting in chronic anemia.

10. Causes :
During the first 6 months of pregnancy, Water
weight gain dilutes the blood, which may be
reflected as anemia
.
Caused by a decrease in the bone marrow's
ability to produce red blood cells.

11. Causes :
There are may be a problem in the stomach
or the intestines leading to poor absorption
of vitamin B12. This may lead to anemia.
when red blood cells are destroyed faster
than bone marrow can replace them.

12. Causes :
Caused by a defective
form of hemoglobin that
forces red blood cells to
assume an abnormal
crescent (sickle) shape
Wich die prematurely

13. Causes :
Thalassemia is a group of inherited
disorders of hemoglobin synthesis
characterized by a reduced or absent
output of one or more of the globin
chains of adult hemoglobin .

14. Causes :
Types of Thalassemia :
I. Alpha thalassemia : occurs when there is
a problem with the alpha globin chain
that is part of hemoglobin.
II. Beta thalassemia: occurs when there is a
problem with the beta globin chain.

15. Causes :
Alcohol itself may also be toxic to the
bone marrow and may slow down the
red blood cell production.

16. Classification :
Small red cells Normal sized cells large red cells

17. Classification :
Normochromic: normal concentration of
hemoglobin.
b-Hyperchromic : high concentration of
hemoglobin
c-Hypochromic :low concentration of hemoglobin

18. Classification :
This classification produces the following
categories of anemia :
• Normocytic-normochromic:
a- Aplastic anemia
b- Blood loss anemia
c- Hemolytic anemia

19. Classification :
• Microcytic-hypochromic :
a- Iron deficiency anemia
b- Thalassemia
c- Anemia of chronic disease

20. Classification :
• Macrocytic Normocytic :
a- Megaloblastic Anemia
b- Liver Disease
c- Alcoholism

21. Classification :
• Macrocytic Normocytic :
a- Megaloblastic Anemia
b- Liver Disease
c- Alcoholism

22. Manifestation :
 Weakness and fatigue are the most common
symptoms of anemia .
 Shortness of breath on exertion
 Rapid heartbeat.
 Dizziness
 Headache

23. Manifestation :
 Mental confusion
 Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
 Pale skin.
 Leg Cramps
 Coldness in hands and feet

24. Manifestation :

25. Manifestation :
i. Angular cheilitis (ulceration at
the corners of the mouth).
i. Even pica (the desire to eat unusual
substances such as ice or dirt).
ii. Koilonychia (spoon-shaped
nails with longitudinal ridging).

26. Manifestation :
i. Numbness and tingling sensation in the
hands and feet
ii. Feeling out of balance, and have trouble
walking
iii. Loss of body reflexes
iv. Dementia

27. Manifestation :
i. Swollen hands and feet in children
(Hand-foot syndrome)
i. Patients are more vulnerable to infections
ii. Unexplained episodes of severe pain in
abdomen , joints and chest.

28. Manifestation :
i. Skin rashes
ii. Prolonged bleeding from cuts
iii. Frequent or infections that can be severe.
iv. Nosebleeds and bleeding gums

29. Manifestation :
i. Facial bone deformities.
ii. Yellow skin (jaundice).
iii. Dark urine.
iv. Stillbirth (death of the unborn baby during
birth or the late stages of pregnancy)in severe
alpha thalassemia.

30. Complications :
Heart problems : lead to Heart attack & heart
failure.
 Angina : Type of chest pain that can occur
when the heart muscle is not receiving
sufficient blood flow and oxygen.
Hypertension : elevated blood pressure in the
arteries

31. Complications :
Flow murmur
 Menorrhagia : Excessive menstrual bleeding
 Copper levels raised (serum or plasma).
 Hypopigmentation : Lack of eye pigmentation,
hair pigmentation and skin pigmentation
Roth spots.

32. Complications :
Pregnant women with significant anemia may
have an increased risk for poor pregnancy
outcomes, particularly if they are anemic in the
first trimester.
decreased strength and increased risk for falls

33. Complications :
In children, severe anemia can impair growth
and motor and mental development. Children
may exhibit a shortened attention span and
decreased alertness. Children with severe iron-
deficiency anemia may also have an increased
risk for stroke.