Anemia Essay Introduction: Anemia refers to a condition which develops when ones blood has insufficient hemoglobin or (RBC) red blood cells which carries oxygen. Mostly women, children, and those with chronic diseases like HIV are most likely to suffer from anemia. Some kinds of this disease are hereditary, meaning that infants may be affected from their time of birth. On the other hand, women during the childbearing period are susceptible to the iron-deficiency anemia due high blood supply required during pregnancy and blood loss from menstruation. Adults also are susceptible to anemia due to poor medical conditions or diet which leads to its gradual anemia development. There are many types of anemia classified into three groups according to their causes: (Health24, 2014) i. Caused by excess blood loss ii. Caused by insufficient or defective red blood cell produced iii. Caused by red blood cells destruction. The known and known most common types of anemia are as follows: 1. Iron-deficiency anemia 2. Plastic anemia 3. Sickle cell anemia 4. Thalassaemia 5. Haemolytic anemia 6. Fanconi anemia 7. Pernicious anemia Discussion: Due to the conditions and symptoms witnessed on Ms A, I would like to discuss one class of anemia that is; the anemia due to vitamin B-12 deficiency. (Limited, 2015) The main districting symptoms of this class of anemia are as follows: i. Loss of sense of touch ii. A tingling, "pins and needles" sensation on feet or hands iii. Dementia iv. A wobbly, unsteady gait and walking difficulty v. Stiffness and clumsiness of the legs and arms Pernicious Anemia Pernicious anemia is a specific type of anemia where the body is unable to produce sufficient and healthy RBC due to lack of enough vitamin B12. Victims of pernicious anemia cannot absorb sufficient vitamin B12 because they lack a protein developed in the stomach which is an intrinsic factor. However, other factors apart from this also can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. Some people also develop pernicious anemia due to lack of enough vitamin B12 in the diet. The main signs and symptoms of this type of anemia includes the following: i. Nerve damage; this leads to neurological problems like dementia, confusion, memory loss, and depression. ii. Problems in the digestive tract; this leads to nausea and vomiting, abdominal bloating and gas, heartburn, constipation or diarrhea, weight loss, and loss of appetite. iii. Enlarged liver causing increased shortness of breath iv. Smooth, beefy red Conclusion: Because of the presented evidence in this case, it seems that Ms. A has anemia caused by insufficient or faulty red blood cell produced and specifically thePernicious; this is due to lack of enough vitamin B12, Iron and Folate. The other types of anemia are ruled out because Ms A is otherwise young and healthy. Also her anemia symptoms appears and get worse in her menstruation period thus it is very logical to take that she loses a large amount of the critical minerals and vitamins .

1. Anemia Essay
Introduction:
Anemia refers to a condition which develops when ones blood
has insufficient hemoglobin or (RBC) red blood cells which
carries oxygen. Mostly women, children, and those with chronic
diseases like HIV are most likely to suffer from anemia. Some
kinds of this disease are hereditary, meaning that infants may be
affected from their time of birth. On the other hand, women
during the childbearing period are susceptible to the iron-
deficiency anemia due high blood supply required during
pregnancy and blood loss from menstruation. Adults also are
susceptible to anemia due to poor medical conditions or diet
which leads to its gradual anemia development.
There are many types of anemia classified into three groups
according to their causes: (Health24, 2014)
i. Caused by excess blood loss
ii. Caused by insufficient or defective red blood cell produced
iii. Caused by red blood cells destruction.
The known and known most common types of anemia are as
follows:
1. Iron-deficiency anemia
2. Plastic anemia
3. Sickle cell anemia
4. Thalassaemia
5. Haemolytic anemia
6. Fanconi anemia
7. Pernicious anemia
Discussion:
Due to the conditions and symptoms witnessed on Ms A, I
would like to discuss one class of anemia that is; the anemia
due to vitamin B-12 deficiency. (Limited, 2015)
The main districting symptoms of this class of anemia are as
follows:
i. Loss of sense of touch

2. ii. A tingling, "pins and needles" sensation on feet or hands
iii. Dementia
iv. A wobbly, unsteady gait and walking difficulty
v. Stiffness and clumsiness of the legs and arms
Pernicious Anemia
Pernicious anemia is a specific type of anemia where the body
is unable to produce sufficient and healthy RBC due to lack of
enough vitamin B12.
Victims of pernicious anemia cannot absorb sufficient vitamin
B12 because they lack a protein developed in the stomach which
is an intrinsic factor. However, other factors apart from this
also can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. Some people also
develop pernicious anemia due to lack of enough vitamin B12 in
the diet. The main signs and symptoms of this type of anemia
includes the following:
i. Nerve damage; this leads to neurological problems like
dementia, confusion, memory loss, and depression.
ii. Problems in the digestive tract; this leads to nausea and
vomiting, abdominal bloating and gas, heartburn, constipation
or diarrhea, weight loss, and loss of appetite.
iii. Enlarged liver causing increased shortness of breath
iv. Smooth, beefy red
Conclusion:
Because of the presented evidence in this case, it seems that Ms.
A has anemia caused by insufficient or faulty red blood cell
produced and specifically thePernicious; this is due to lack of
enough vitamin B12, Iron and Folate. The other types of anemia
are ruled out because Ms A is otherwise young and healthy.
Also her anemia symptoms appears and get worse in her
menstruation period thus it is very logical to take that she loses
a large amount of the critical minerals and vitamins in her
blood loss period, which likely leads to vitamin B12 deficiency,
iron and folate. Also the low level of hemoglobin (8 g/dl)
provides a clear evident. Also the fact that Ms A suffers from
menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal for the last 12 years, it is
apparently that she suffers from regular and tremendous loss of

3. blood in her menstrual period. The menorrhagia suffering means
that Ms A will necessarily suffer from fatigue and weakness due
to excess blood loss, which can partially explain the low
hematocrit level (32%) which gives the percentage of red blood
cells.
Recommendation:
Pernicious anemia can be treated by replacing vitamin B12
missing in the body. Victims of this disease may require
lifelong treatment. The treatment of this class of anemia relies
or depends on the cause of the vitamin B-12 deficiency. In case
the body stores for the vitamins are depleted of vitamin B-12,
then the doctor will most likely prescribe vitamin B-12
injections. But if the vitamin B12 levels are border line low in
the stores, then the doctor may try the oral tablets dose.
References:
Health24. (2014, April 30). The seven types of anaemia.
Retrieved September 25, 2015, from Health of the nation:
http://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Your-Blood/Anaemia-
20130216-2
Limited, W. U. (2015). Types of anaemia and their symptoms.
Retrieved September 6, 2015, from Boot WeMD:
http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/anaemia-symptoms-
treatment
EDU 6532
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8. Case Study 1: 500-750 Words
Question
Case Study 1
Ms. A. is an apparently healthy 26-year-old white woman. Since
the beginning of the current golf season, Ms. A has noted
increased shortness of breath and low levels of energy and
enthusiasm. These symptoms seem worse during her menses.
Today, while playing in a golf tournament at a high,
mountainous course, she became light-headed and was taken by
her golfing partner to the emergency clinic. The attending
physician’s notes indicated a temperature of 98 degrees F, an
elevated heart rate and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure.
Ms. A states, “Menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal have been a
problem for 10-12 years, and I take 1,000 mg of aspirin every 3
to 4 hours for 6 days during menstruation.” During the summer
months, while playing golf, she also takes aspirin to avoid
“stiffness in my joints.”
Laboratory values are as follows:
Hemoglobin = 8 g/dl
Hematocrit = 32%
Erythrocyte count = 3.1 x 10/mm
RBC smear showed microcytic and hypochromic cells
Reticulocyte count = 1.5%
Other laboratory values were within normal limits.
Question
Considering the circumstances and the preliminary workup,
what type of anemia does Ms. A most likely have? In an essay
of 500-750 words, explain your answer and include rationale.