Anemia and its types

1. Anemia
2019-CU-MLT-017

2. Definition
Anemia is a decrease in the RBCs count and hemoglobin level or
hematocrit values resulting in lower ability for blood to carry oxygen

3. Incidence:
• The estimated prevalence of anemia in developing countries is 39% in
children less than 5 year 48% in children 5 to 14 year 42% in women
15 to 59 year 30% in men 15 to 59 year 45% in adult. These
staggering figure have important and health consequences for low
and middle income countries

4. Risk Factors
• A diet lacking in certain vitamins
• Intestinal disorder
• Menstruation
• Pregnancy

5. Causes:
• The body doesn't make enough red blood cells
• Bleeding causes to lose red blood cells more quickly than they can be
replaced
• Body destroys red blood cells
• Inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
• Stressors such as infections, drugs, snake or spider venom, or certain
foods

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• Toxins from advanced liver or kidney disease
• Inappropriate attack by the immune system (called hemolytic disease
of the newborn when it occurs in the fetus of a pregnant woman)
• In rare cases, an enlarged spleen can trap red blood cells and destroy
them before their circulating time is up

7. Types
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Megaloblastic anemia
• Pernicious anemia
• Hemorrhagic anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Thalassemia Sickle cell anemia
• Aplastic anemia

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Iron deficiency anemia:
• excessive loss of iron.
• Women are at risk. ---- For menstrual blood and growing fetus.
Megaloblastic anemia:
• Less intake of vitamin B 12 and folic acid.
• Bone marrow produces abnormal RBC. e.g cancer drugs
Pernicious anemia
• Inability of stomach to absorb vitamin B 12 in small intestine.

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Hemorrhagic anemia
• Excessive loss of RBC through bleeding, stomach ulcers, menstruation
Hemolytic anemia
• RBC plasma membrane ruptures.
• may be due to parasites, toxins, antibodies.
Thalassemia
• Less synthesis of hemoglobin .Found in population of Mediterranean
sea.

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Sickle cell anemia:
• Hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that
assume an abnormal, rigid,
• Sickle shape
Aplastic anemia:
• destruction of red bone marrow.
• caused by toxins, gamma radiation

11. Decrease in RBCs, Hb, or Hct level
Pathophysiology
Diminished O-carrying capacity
Hypoxia and hypoxia-induced
Effects on organ function
Signs and symptoms of anemia

12. Symptoms:
Anemia signs and symptoms vary depending on the cause of anemia.
They may include:
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Pale or yellowish skin
• Irregular heartbeats

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• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Chest pain
• Cold hands and feet
• Headache

14. Diagnostic evaluation:
• Multiplex PCR
• Complete blood count (CBC).
• Bone marrow biopsy
• Kidney function test

15. Prevention:
• Eat a vitamin-rich diet
• Iron
• Vitamin B-12.
• Vitamin C.
• Consider a multivitamin
• Consider genetic counseling
• Prevent malaria

16. Thank you