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Pupal oil - An alternative feedstock for biodiesel production
- 1. Pupal oil- An Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production M.Mithilasri 2018841902
- 2. Biodiesel History of biodiesel Policy of biodiesel Biofuel different generation Silkworm pupae as a source of biodiesel why?? Pupal oil indicators Pupal oil extraction Glimpse….
- 3. MEMBERS CHAIRMAN Dr.G.Umapathy, Ph.D Professor (Entomology) Department of Sericulture FC&RI, MTP Dr.S.V. Krishnamoorthy, Ph.D Professor and Head Department of Sericulture, FC & RI, MTP Dr. P. Jayamani, Ph.D Professor and Head (Pulses), Department of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore - 003. Dr.K.T.PARTHIBAN, Ph.D Professor and Head (Agroforestry) Department of Agroforestry FC&RI, MTP ADVISORY COMMITTEE
- 4. Biodiesel Bio-diesel - renewable and environmentally friendly fuel Produced from vegetable oil or animal fat through a chemical process No sulphur, no aromatics and has about 10% built in oxygen Biodiesel - monoalkyl ester Buhroo et al. (2016)
- 5. Why we going for alternatives ??? High demand and low production Emission of toxic element
- 6. Global crude oil forecast demand - 2030 India crude oil production & consumption (Million barrels/day) – upto 2014 Source: U.S.Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics & short- Term Energy outlook. (2014)
- 8. History of biodiesel 1890- Rudolf diesel – biodiesel from vegetable oil (1st person). 1970 & 1980- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggested that fuel should be free from sulphur dioxide, carbone monoxide and nitrogen oxides. 2011- European countries were the largest that made biodiesel almost about 53%. Transesterification of vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first diesel engine become function. Rudolf diesel
- 9. 1948- Power Alcohol Act heralded India’s recognition of blending petrol with ethanol- 2000 Act cancelled. Jan,2003- Government of India launched the Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBPP) in nine States and four Union Territories (5% blending). April 2003- National Mission on Biodiesel launched by the Government of India Oct 2006- Second phase of EBPP- 20 States and 7 Union Territories. 2009- Comprehensive National Policy on Biofuels formulated by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)- blending at least 20% biofuels with diesel and petrol Policies in India Source: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, (2018)
- 10. Why biodiesel??? Easy to use It can reduce our dependence on foreign petroleum It can leverage limited supplies of fossil fuels It can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions Effect on environment - reduce air pollution and related public health risks Biodiesel is safer- less toxic It helps communities by keeping energy dollars at home It can benefit our domestic economy John Sheehan et al., (2000)
- 11. Properties of diesel and biodiesel Fuel property Diesel Biodiesel Kin. Viscosity, @ 40°C 1.3- 4.1 4.0-6.0 Density, lb/gal @ 15°C 7.1 7.3 Heating Value, Btu/gal 131,295 117,093 Boiling Point °C 188 to 343 182 to 338 Flash Point °C 60 to 80 100 to 170 Cloud Point °C -15 to 5 -3 to 12 Pour Point °C -35 to -15 -15 to 16 Carbon, wt.% 87 77 Sulfur, wt.% 0.05 Max 0- 0.0024 Hydrogen, wt.% 13 12 Oxygen, by dif. wt.% 0 11 Cetane Number 40 to 55 48 to 60 Demshemino et al., (2013)
- 12. Biofuel different generation 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 4th generation Sucrose- containing feed stock Starchy materials Lignocellulose biomass Animal fat Algae biomass Genetically consummate vegetable Source: http://www.scind.org
- 13. Cocoon production-1,91,436 MT p.a Raw silk production- 31,906MT p.a CSB report, (2017 to 18) Pupal production- 40000MT/ annum 1Kg Raw production- 8Kg of wet pupae or 2 kg dry pupae 12Kg dry pupae- 1 lit biodiesel Pradeep et al., (2017) 30% (12000Kg MT/annum)- animal /human feed; 70%- waste (28000Kg MT/annum) Priyadharshini et al., (2017) 2300ML/ annum or 2,300,000Lit/annum of biodiesel - possibility
- 14. Silkworm pupae as a source of biodiesel why?? Add value to reeling/ grainage waste Eliminates pupal disposal problems Offers additional incomes to silk reelers Supports sericulture and creates additional employment opportunities. Shanmukhappa & Kulkarni, (2015)
- 15. Silkworm pupae Mulberry pupae (Bombyx mori) oil - 35-40% Eri pupae (Samia cynthia ricini) oil -38-40% Muga pupae (Antheraea assamanis) oil –22.5% Tasar pupae (Antheraea mylitta) oil – 20-25%
- 16. Preparation of high grade soap and candle Cosmetics industry Silkworm chrysalis soft capsule- anticancer effect For the rich unsaturated fatty acid, especially α- linolenic acid(32-44%), Oleic acid (34.31%) and Palmitic acid (22.77 %) in the silkworm pupa oil, it can be used Applications of silkworm pupal oil Velayudhan et al., (2008)
- 17. Physical characteristic features of pupae Eri MugaMulberry Weight (g)- 2.59 ±0.21 Color- Amber Brown Cuticle- Hard and smooth Oil yield-38 to 40% Weight (g) 4.84 ±0.13 Color-Cherry Brown Cuticle- Hard and smooth Oil yield-22.5% Weight (g) 2.05 ±0.09 Color- Golden Brown Cuticle- Soft and smooth Oil yield-35 to 40% Mishra et al., (2003)
- 18. Fatty acids (%) Bombyx mori Samia cynthia ricini Antheraea assamensis Antheraea mylitta Myristic acid 0.17 - - - Palmitic acid 22.77 26.98 19.7 19.92 Stearic acid 7.23 8.6 4.73 1.99 Palmitoleic acid 0.73 2.5 1.82 4.77 Oleic acid 34.31 19.9 15.89 30.97 Linoleic acid 6.34 3.09 5.49 6.89 α-Linolenic acid 30.99 49 44.73 34.27 Y- linolenic acid 0.50 - - - Other fatty acids 0.05 - - - (Nadanakumar et al., 2016 ; Wen-Juan Pan et al., 2012 & Longvah et al., 2011) Fatty acid compositions in different types of silkworm oil
- 19. Sense Parameters Standard color light yellow smell no peculiar smell Physical and chemical indicators Water and volatile，% ≤0.2 Iodine value，(gI/100g) ≥120 Acid value of oil（mg KOH /g ） ≤2.0 peroxide number, mmol/kg ≤7.5 Impurities ≤0.1 Total content of unsaturated fatty acid ，% ≥70 Content of Linolenic acid, % ＞40 Biodiesel indicators Kinematic visosity (40 o C) 6.8 Cetane number 48.8 Density (Kg/m3) 870 Free fatty acid, 38-40% Flash point(o C) 93 Fire point (o C) 102 Cloud point (o C) 12 Pupal oil indicators
- 20. Properties of pupae biodiesel- Different types of silkworm Fuel property Bombyx mori biodiesel Samia cynthia ricini biodiesel Antheraea assamensis biodiesel ASTM Standard biodiesel Sp. Gravity (35o C) 0.87 0.87 0.96 0.86-0.90 Viscosity (c P) 6.8 6.53 5.82 4-7 Saponification number 220 218 187 - Iodine number 131 128 112 - Free fatty acids 0.39 0.30 0.23 0.50 Max Moisture content (mg/g) 0.28 0.25 0.21 0.30 Max Flash point (o C) 132 >200 158 120 Min Cetane number 48.8 46.8 50.9 45-60 Sharma & Ganguly, (2011) Properties of pupae biodiesel- Different types of silkworm
- 21. Silkworm pupae from reeling waste Dried pupae @100 o C Oil extraction Pure oil Transesterification biodiesel Mechanical extraction Solvent extraction Biodiesel production from silkworm pupae
- 22. Zhu, (2012) Mechanical pressing extraction Organic solvent extraction Supercritical fluid extraction Aqueous enzymatic extraction Pupal oil extraction
- 23. Collect silkworm pupae Crushed to form a fine powder & then dry for 2hrs at 80 o C . Powder is soaked in a suitable solvent such as alcohols, hexane, chloroform, benzene and ether (temperature- 65-70o C , 24h) Pupae oil extracted by a Soxhlet extractor Oil part was separated from the organic solvent by distillation Patel and Modasiya, (2011) Solvent extraction method using soxhlet extractor
- 24. 1. CO2 feed tank 2. Filte 3. Chiller 4. Pump 5. Extractor 6. separator I 7. separator II 8. pressure manometer 9. flow meter 10. preheater 200 g of ground silkworm pupae were loaded into the extractor Carbon dioxide from a cylinder was passed through a chiller kept at 2o C maintained pressure & temperature ±20 bar and ±0.5 o C respectively Flow rate of carbon dioxide was regulated by the flow meter Oil was collected in the first separator while volatile components were recovered in the second one Zhao-Jun Wei et al., (2009) Supercritical fluid extraction method
- 25. Dried pupae Waste material Press configurations (screw, expeller, piston) Machine uses friction and continuous pressure from the screw drives to move and compress the pupae. Pressure involved in expeller pressing creates heat in the range of 140–210 °F (60–99 °C) Large quantity of pupae extracted- less oil yield Zhu, (2012) Mechanical pressing extraction
- 26. Animal fat (silkworm pupal oil) Triglycerides MethanolAlkali catalyst (NaoH or KOH) End product 3 methyl ester (or) biodiesel Glycerol Transesterfication
- 28. Environmental factors – During pupal formation Time of cocoon harvest Storage of pupae Method of oil extraction Factors influence of silkworm pupal oil Jun wang et al., (2015)
- 29. Crop Oil yield (L/ha) Corn 172 Soybeans 446 Canola 1190 jatropha 1892 Oil palm 5950 Coconut 2689 Microalgae 1,36,900 Silkworm pupae production- 40000MT/annum (Priyadharshini et al., 2017) 12Kg pupa- 1 Lit of biodiesel (Pradeep et al., 2017) Chisti, (2007) Comparison of some sources of biodiesel
- 30. Lepidoptera species Stage Lipid content(% dw) Aegiale hesperiaris Larva 30 Anaphe infracta Larva 15.2 Anaphe recticulata Larva 10.2 Anaphe venata Larva 23.1 Antheraea pernyl Adult 34.5 Bombyx mori Pupa 35 Catasticta teutila Larva 19 Galleria mellonella Larva 60 Heliothis zea Larva 29 Phasus triangularis Larva 77 Arsenura armida Larva 8 Manzano-Agugliaro et al., (2012) Lipid content of different insect species of order Lepidoptera :
- 31. Advantages of biodiesel from silkworm pupae Fat content- higher yield Life cycle – minimum time period Space requirement and reproductive capacity Less expensive feeding Additional income to sericulture farmers Is produced domestically from sericultural or recycled resources. Manzano-Agugliaro et al., (2012) Disadvantages of biodiesel from silkworm pupae Pupae oil is too thick and viscous Pradeep et al., (2017)
- 32. Highly biodegradable Lower greenhouse gas emissions Reduce pollution Non toxic Environmental benefits
- 33. Institutions in India Institutions Research work Year Bapuji institution of engineering and technology – Karnataka. Characterization and evaluation of fuel properties of Pupae Biodiesel 2017 Investigations on through recirculation drying of dead pupae for recovery of pupae oil: An ideal source for biodiesel activities 2015 Applied Genetics Bangalore University, Bangalore. Extraction of oil and amino acid from Eri silkworm philosamia ricini pupae 2003 Pandu college- Assam Production of high quality biodiesel from desilked muga pupae 2015 Attacus ricinii (Eri) Pupae oil as as an alternative feedstock for the production of biofuel 2011
- 34. Animal and human feed: Crude proteins - 50 - 60 % Fats - 25 - 35 % Free amino acids - 5 - 8 % Sugars - 8 - 10 %, E, B1, B2 vitamins, calcium, phosphorous. (Buhroo et al., (2018) Extraction Chitin and Chitosan: food industry Cosmetics Agriculture water treatment, biomedicine, textile, biotechnology, paper industry wound healing Ahamed and Sastry, (2011) Manurial value: Dried silkworm pupae contain 8% of nitrogen. Silkworm pupae used as manure to the mulberry in three different forms Viz. Raw pupae, Raw pupae powder and de oiled pupae powder Application of pupae resulted in significantly greater shoot and root weight Choudhury, (2003) Various utilization of pupae
Editor's Notes
- The rapidly increasing demand of petroleum products for energy in the transport, industry, agriculture and other sectors has led to escalating prices and huge import bill. The reserves of fossil fuel are also depleting. The tremendous use of petroleum and diesel is responsible for alarming pollution of environment. Hence, alternative sources of energy for fulfilling the requirements are being considered worldwide.
- Bio-diesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel, which is produced from vegetable oil or animal fat through a chemical process, which has almost no sulphur, no aromatics and has about 10% built in oxygen. It is fatty acid ethyl or methyl ester. Biodiesel is monoalkyl ester
- Petroleum diesel/fossil diesel: fossil diesel is produced when crude oil undergoes fractional distillation between the temperatures of 200oC and 350oC at atmospheric pressure, To produce a mixture of carbon chains that contains between 8 and 21 carbon atoms per molecule. Petroleum diesel is a fuel that is used to operate diesel engine-internal combustion engine.
- India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world today and consequently is one of the largest and fastest growing energy consumers. India is the third largest consumer of oil and petroleum products in the world in 2016, after the United States and China. India imports around 70% of its crude oil and petroleum product requirement. The oil import expenditure has increased by more than six times in the last 25 years due to an increasing population, demand and escalation in global prices.
- In 1890s Rudolf diesel – first person who made biodiesel from vegetable oil. The international energy agency set a goal to reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and switched on to biofuels till 2050
- In 1948, the Power Alcohol Act heralded India’s recognition of blending petrol with ethanol. The main objective was to use ethanol from molasses to blend with petrol to bring down the price of sugar, trim wastage of molasses and reduce dependence on petrol imports. Subsequently, the Act was repealed in 2000, and in January 2003, the Government of India launched the Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBPP) in nine States and four Union Territories promoting the use of ethanol for blending with gasoline and the use of biodiesel derived from non-edible oils for blending with diesel (5% blending). In April 2003, the National Mission on Biodiesel launched by the Government identified Jatropha curcas as the most suitable tree-borne oilseed for biodiesel production. Due to ethanol shortage during 2004-05, the blending mandate was made optional in October 2004, and resumed in October 2006 in 20 States and 7 Union Territories in the second phase of EBPP. These ad-hoc policy changes continued until December 2009, when the Government came out with a comprehensive National Policy on Biofuels formulated by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), calling for blending at least 20% biofuels with diesel and petrol by 2017
- It can reduce our dependence on foreign petroleum. Petroleum imports are at record levels in the United States, and will continue to rise as domestic oil supplies shrink. Our transportation sector, with its great demand for gasoline and diesel fuel, relies almost exclusively on petroleum for energy. Biodiesel can be produced domestically from agricultural oils and from waste fats and oils. Because it can be used directly in diesel engines, biodiesel offers the immediate potential to reduce our demand for petroleum. It can leverage limited supplies of fossil fuels. Regardless of whose perspective we choose to believe on the future of coal, oil, and natural gas, their supply is, ultimately, limited. Biodiesel can help us leverage our use of these fuels. It can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The burning of fossil fuels during the past century has dramatically increased the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other .greenhouse gases. that trap heat in our atmosphere. Their implications are hotly debated, but the levels of these gases have unquestionably risen at unprecedented rates in the context of geological time1. To the extent that biodiesel is truly renewable, it could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. It can help reduce air pollution and related public health risks. One of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.s (EPA) primary charges is to reduce public health risks associated with environmental pollution. Biodiesel can play a role in reducing emissions of many air pollutants, especially those targeted by EPA in urban areas. These include particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and air toxics. Has almost no Sulphur In built Oxygen content Burns fully No Aromatics Complete CO2 cycle Emissions reductions compared to petroleum diesel: Carbon monoxide -20% Unburned hydrocarbons -30% Particulate matter -22% Sulphates -20% PAH -50% Mutagenicity -20% It can benefit our domestic economy. Spending on foreign imports of petroleum takes dollars away from our economy. Biodiesel can help us shift this spending to domestically produced energy, and offers new energy-related markets to farmers. One gallon of biodiesel provides the same benefits used neat (100%) or used in blends, such as B20 (20% biodiesel with 80% diesel fuel) Because the tailpipe emissions of biodiesel vary linearly with the blend level, the benefit of any blend level of biodiesel can be estimated by using the following formula: percent biodiesel multiplied by biodiesel life cycle inventory plus percent diesel fuel multiplied by diesel fuel life cycle inventory.
- Density: Knowing the density is also necessary in the manufacturing, storage, transportation and distribution process of biodiesel as it is an important parameter to be taken into account in the design of these processes. The density of biodiesel is typically higher than that of diesel fuel and is dependent on fatty acid composition and purity.
- In silk producing areas, the disposal of large quantities of pupae can cause serious environmental problems (Wang Jun et al., 2010). The utilization of this resource for feed and food or for the production of valuable biological substances such as chitin, protein, oil and fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) is a way to reduce the environmental impact of silk production.
- A systematic analysis of the fatty acid composition and comparable fuel properties are important to select the best species for biodieselproduction. These fatty acids have a direct impact on the chemical and physical properties of biofue
- Viscosity:Viscosity is one of the most important properties of biodiesel. Viscosity influences the ease of starting the engine, the spray quality, the size of the particles (drops), the penetration of the injected jet and the quality of the fuel-air mixture combustion (Alptekin and Canakci 2009). Fuel viscosity has both an upper and a lower limit. The fuel with a too low viscosity provides a very fine spray, the drops having a very low mass and speed. This leads to insufficient penetration and the formation of black smoke specific to combustion in the absence of oxygen (near the injector). Too high viscosity also causes operational problems at low temperatures because the viscosity increases with decreasing temperature
- pupae stores energy in the form of lipids. There are various methods for extracting the oils, such as pressing, hexane solvent wash and ultrasonic extraction algae stores energy in the form of lipids. There are various methods for extracting the oils, such as pressing, hexane solvent wash and ultrasonic extraction. Read more: https://www.hielscher.com/algae_extraction_01.htm Mechanical pressing extraction organic solvent extraction aqueous enzymatic extraction supercritical fluid extraction
- Yield was calculated on dry weigth basis. Solvents such as alcohols, hexane, chloroform, benzene, and ether can be used to extract pupae oil. Silkworm pupae are first separated from the fibrous sheath (pelade), dried to remove moisture, and crushed to form a powder. This powder is soaked in a suitable solvent and the pupae oil extracted by a Soxhlet extractor. The solvent used for extraction can be reused after it is separated from the pupae oil. Indian Standard IS 9586 (1980) explains a solvent extraction process for extracting the pupae oil from silkworm pupae using hexane as a solvent (Patel and Modasiya, 2011). Adv: As compared to the mechanical extraction method, the solvent extraction method makes high oil yield, spends lower production cost and less time and care, it is a much safer alternative to the previous way. You won’t have to spend all day long to watching you expellers working! The solvent extraction method always have disadvantages, Large quantity, can work continuously, high pressure, for example, the high construction cost of the solvent extraction and refining workshop.
- Raw materials enter one side of the press and waste products exit the other side. The machine uses friction and continuous pressure from the screw drives to move and compress the pupal material. The oil seeps through small openings that do not allow solids to pass through. Afterward, the pressed pupae are formed into a hardened cake, which is removed from the machine. Pressure involved in expeller pressing creates heat in the range of 140–210 °F (60–99 °C).[1] Raw materials are typically heated up to 250 °F (121 °C) to make the pressing more efficient, otherwise the pressing itself will heat the oil to 185–200 °F (85–93 °C).[2] Some companies claim that they use a cooling apparatus to reduce this temperature to protect certain properties of the oils being extracted Adv: The mechanical extraction is a greener and healthier way of making oil for there will be no solvent (chemical) residues in oil. The expeller pressed oil is cleaner more pure oil, higher in natural colors and flavors. The advantages of pure mechanical extraction are lower initial investment costs, higher-value edible oil and meal, less complex operation, versatile to process many kinds of oil seeds, The disadvantages are high power requirements, wear and tear on the equipment that requires maintenance, and lower yield due to residual oil in the meal. Cage: This assembly houses the screw and cage bars. As seeds pass through this section, oil seeps out into the oil reservoir below. Some solids pass through as well and are pumped out with the crude oil. Screw: This conveys the seeds through the press cage and against the cage bars. The action of the seeds being conveyed against the cage bars squeezes the oil out of the meal. When the meal reaches the end, the cake falls out and is conveyed to the next process. A motor is used to drive this screw. Cage Bars: These bars are spaced very closely together and form a ring around the screw. When the cage is closed, these encircle the screw. As mentioned above, these work with the screw to help shear and press the oil out of the seeds.
- Triglycerid + methanol (1:6), Alkali catalyst (NaoH), glycerol, 3 methyl estar (or) biodiesel
- 12kg pupae= 1lit of biodiesel
- Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow 1kg pupa= 9lit oil