The H1N1 Influenza Virus

The H1N1 Influenza Virus
The H1N1 Influenza Virus
A virus is "snippet of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA" (YouTube, Dr. Tony Fauci, H1N1 Influenza
a Virus, 2009) that is able to replicate itself only in other cells. Unlike bacteria, a virus cannot thrive
on its own. A virus has to break into a cell and take control of the cell functions in order to replicate,
often causing disease. Some viruses are benign, and others cause diseases like polio, smallpox, and
measles. There are be three types of influenza: A, B, and C, which are all found in humans.
Influenza A is found in "birds, pigs, whales, horses, and seals" (Microbiology: An Introduction,
2016, pp. 364) and also humans. It has the ability to attack the respiratory system, nose, throat, and
lungs. Influenza A can also cause fever, chills, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and
fatigue. The swine flu (influenza a virus) is an acute virus. The infected person shows the symptom
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was evolved by its molecular make up from genes that have rearranged themselves from multiple
viral species from an influenza virus that is in pigs or swine; from an influenza virus that infects
birds; and from an influenza virus that infects humans. In 2009 when H1N1 was spreading, there
was no effective vaccines available at the time because the scientists or the physicians just became
aware of this brand new virus. It has been isolated and characterized and they certainly intend to
move forward to make a vaccine against this H1N1 influenza virus. Later, a vaccine was developed
to cure people who were infected and also prevent others from being infected. The injectable form
of H1N1 influenza virus vaccine is a "killed virus" vaccine and does not cause people to be infected
with the virus. The vaccine effects itself by stimulating the body to make an immune response
against the virus before the body actively sees the virus that it
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The Signal And The Noise Book Report
The Signal and the Noise Why So Many Predictions Fail– but Some Don't is a book written by Nate
Silver an American statistician and writer who analyzes baseball and elections. The Signal and the
Noise was published on September 27, 2012 in the United States after its first week in print it
reached the New York Times Best Sellers list as No. 12 for non–fiction hardback books. The Signal
and the Noise opens with an Introduction that looks at the rise of information availability over the
past several centuries. It notes that though the increasing levels of information has lead to
advantages in many areas (such as boosting the economy), it has also increased the sheer amount of
incorrect or misleading information (the 'noise') that exists in the ... Show more content on
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In this chapter he talks about the swine flu 'epidemics' of the late seventies and of 2009 serve as an
example of how extrapolation can lead to improper predictions, particularly if you assume that
things will keep proceeding as they have in the recent past. It notes that self–fulfilling and self–
canceling prophecies complicate the process of determining the future, by altering which directions
the given traits proceed and altering their progress. The efforts to change the progress of certain
events, helping the good and thwarting the bad, mean that many traits change their course from their
initial progress (as when the swine flu outbreaks were stopped shortly after starting). Self–fulfilling
predictions can be caused by the sheer act of releasing the prediction. For example, when news
about H1N1 flu is broadcast, more people go to doctors and more H1N1 is identified. Self–
cancelling predictions can also occur. Navigation systems show where the least traffic is but
simultaneously invalidate the route by sending all traffic there en masse. Chapter 7 deals with the
dangers of extrapolation and overly simplistic assumptions, using misfiring flu–predictions as an
example. Also discussed here are self–fulfilling and self–cancelling predictions. Often the very act
of prediction can alter the way people behave (an observation that also John Adams makes with
regard to risk – a form of prediction, of course –

Influenza As An Influenza Virus
INTRODUCTION: Influenza, more commonly known as the 'flu', is a chameleon like infectious
disease, that presents itself with varying characteristics from year to year, due to the wavering
identity of the strain. "Like HIV, influenza is an RNA virus, constantly changing its appearance and
adept at eluding recognition by the human immune system" (Schneider, 2014). From its inception of
1918, influenza claims an average of 250,000 to 500,000 people worldwide, annually. Little is
known of the virus's origin however; recent studies examined pathology specimens belonging to
deceased soldiers of 1918, revealing similarities with that of the avian flu virus (Schneider, 2014).
Evidence has correlated a pattern of influenza strain elements, accompanied by consistent
transmutation, that has established a paralleled relationship between that of animal reservoirs and
Asia. It is believed that global transmission of the virus is carried via birds that consume food from
the same sources that of pigs, consisting of contaminated feed and waterfowl. "Human and animal
influenza viruses incubate in a pig's digestive system, forming new genetic combinations"
(Schneider, 2014). Asia occupies cohabitation of the two species that yield fertile breeding grounds
for a virus to manifest, while posing a significant threat and concern to the heavily populated areas
within close proximity.
HISTORY:
Viruses that were responsible for the 1957 and 1968 epidemics, resembled that of the avian

How Biosecurity Affects Human Health
Outline
I. Introduction
a. Discuss what biosecurity is
i. Definition ii. Different systems of health
1. Human
2. Animal
3. Plant
b. Discuss how biosecurity affects human health
i. Define human health system
II. Body
a. Historical issues
i. Diseases in the past that affect human health
1. Plague
2. Anthrax
3. Smallpox
4. Botulism
b. Current issues
i. Diseases/Pests that still affect human health
1. Direct impacts
a. Ebola
b. Zika
c. Chikungunya
2. Indirect impacts
a. Avian Influenza
b. Influenza A
c. Possible emerging threats
III. Conclusion
a. Summarize
i. Past human health effects ii. Present human health effects iii. Possible future effects
b. Discuss ways on how to deal with biosecurity issues
i. How to avoid/prevent ii. How to contain
What does Biosecurity have to do with Human health? Biosecurity is set to keep a close eye on
biological agents that can be used as weapons of war as well as protect humans from said agents
(Mandal 2014). Over time, biosecurity has increased in the eye of the public as good procedures

taken to ensure the safety of the human race. Biosecurity has implemented wise techniques into the
agricultural world playing a very important role in the sustenance of life for human beings.
According to WHO Biosecurity measures, it defines the difference in systems of health: animal,
human, and plant. Animal health is threatened when a pathogenic agent produces "adverse
consequences on the importation"; this can be interpreted as realizing that there

Influenza A H1N1 Virus
Introduction
In 1918–19 approximately 50 million deaths were a detriment of the Spanish H1N1 virus pandemic;
a respiratory virus. According to the World Health Organization, the second Influenza A H1N1
pandemic in 2009 spread to more than 200 countries causing more than 18 000 deaths. Before the
World Health Organization had announced the official end of the pandemic in August 2010, in July
2009 the World Health Organization sent out a phase 6 warning that H1N1 could soon be a global
pandemic. It is important to recognize that the 2 different outbreaks had different A/H1N1strains
effecting the world population; this suggests A/H1N1has a high ability for mutation, severely
complicating the human body's natural immune mechanism of ... Show more content on
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(Cowling, Fang, Riley, Malik Peiris & Leung, 2009) In the investigation conducted by the swine flu
investigation team they determined that the transmission in households was completed in less than a
week from host to host. (France, Jackson & Schrag, 2010) Still this is significantly less than the
school outbreak transmissions (11.3% of household contacts, compared with >30% of school A
students) The recommendation to reduce transmission is to encourage domestic discussions about
prevention.
PDF Document Attached–Table 2. Symptom Profiles in Groups of Patients with Suspected or
Confirmed Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Virus Infection Worldwide. (Writing Committee of the WHO
Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza New England Journal of
Medicine 2010; 362:1708–1719May 6, 2010)
Etiology
An influenza virus possesses 8 genes, 6 derived from the triple North American swine virus lineages
and 2 from the Eurasian swine virus lineage. (Cauchemez, Donnelly, & Reed, 2003) Influenza A is a
part of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses that contains a segmented RNA genome. There are 3
influenza types A, B and C, influenza A and B being responsible for the influenza pandemics. The
Influenza A subtype morphology determination is as a result of the antigenic properties of two
membrane glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA–16 types) and neuraminidase (NA–9 types). In

The Ethical And Morality Of Flu Vaccination Essay
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this narrative review is to discuss what influenza is? And what the
ethical and morality of flu vaccinations. This discussion is grounded whether or not flu vaccinations
are necessary for individuals.
METHODS: A search using PubMed, EBSCO, and Google scholar sources, academic textbooks,
and some governmental agencies sites such as CDC and WHO will be utilized in order to better
understand the topic and gain insights about the research that was performed. Articles were analyzed
to better understand the cognitive process regarding vaccination rejection.
RESULTS: Potential reasons for rejection of flu vaccine was the swine flu pandemic of 2009–2010
where 200 adults and children were diagnosed with narcolepsy after flu vaccination. The media
played a big role in anti–vaccine persuasion. As a result, pharmaceutical industry must ensure the
most utter importance in creating a tested and uncontaminated vaccine for public use.
CONCLUSION: Flu vaccinations are the most effective method at protecting the public from the
flu. WHO organization must predict the correct circulating strain for the yearly flu vaccinations. It is
important to encourage people to be vaccinated before the flu season begins.
KEYWORDS: ethics, influenza vaccine, healthcare professionals, vaccine mandates.
Introduction
The flu has a number of common names which include "English Sweat," "Grippe," "Influenza," and
"Swine Flu." It is a very tiny virus with a diameter of 80–120

The Effects of the Influenza Virus Essay
Influenza: The Virus and its Effects
Abstract
The flu, properly called influenza, is an amazingly widespread and widely known disease. There are
many variations of the influenza virus, differing in severity, but not significantly different in
function. The influenza virus infects epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, taking over the cell's
production mechanisms so more viruses are produced, eventually causing the host cells to burst. The
body's immune system tries to combat the infection from succeeding. This internal battle produces
many outward symptoms including a fever and dry cough, among others. Influenza is not usually a
fatal disease, but its high mutation rate insures its continuing import by allowing it to return in ...
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An example of an influenza virus is H3N2. (Wilschut 29)
The influenza virus is a rather typical virus. It is roughly spherically shaped but is able to change
shape somewhat. The particles rang from 80 to 120 nm in diameter. (Wilschut 29–31) Type A
viruses are made of 10 proteins and eight strands of RNA. (USinfo) Influenza viruses are
characterized by having an external layer of about 500 spike–like projections. The spikes are either
rod–like or mushroom–shaped projections. The rod–like spikes represent the envelope glycoprotein
HA and the mushroom–shaped ones are the NA. There are about four times more HA spikes than
Nan (Wilschut 31)
The influenza virus keeps reappearing because it can mutate easily. Influenza is caused by an RNA
virus, meaning that the DNA is stored in the form of RNA chains, not in DNA like ours (UCSC).
RNA viruses have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses. Influenza circulates in the fall and
winter months. As the virus travels around the world infecting people the RNA that codes for either
the N or H antigen will usually mutate. When the H or N antigen mutates, the bodies antibodies
loose their ability to bind to it. Usually either the H or N antigen remains the same so the body has
antibodies to one of the two, allowing it to so it will have partial protection to the disease. In this
circumstance, the infection will

Advantages Of Naive Bayes Classifier
IV. NAIVE BAYES CLASSIFIERS
Naïve Bayes classifier is a simple but effective the Bayesian classifier built upon the strong
assumption that different features are independent with each other. Classification is done by
selecting the highest posterior of classification variable given a set of feature. Naive Bayes
classifiers assume that the effect of a variable value on a given class is independent of the values of
other variable. This assumption is called class conditional independence. An advantage of the naive
Bayes classifier is that it requires a small amount of training data to estimate the variable values
necessary for classification. 1. Each data sample is represented by an n dimensional feature vector,
X = (x1, x2..... xn), depicting n ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A set of cases was taken and the program was trained with these data sets such that the probabilities
of all the classes with all the conditions were calculated. Result was stored in database and when the
test data was given we got the probabilities for the various classes for the given symptom values on
the basis of which we inferred that the patient fell into the class with the highest probability. This is
what is called the Naïve Bayes‟ classification. This is a very powerful technique that is instrumental
in helping us predict the category a patient falls into.
Swine flu is presumptively diagnosed clinically by the patient's history of association with people
known to have the disease and their symptoms listed above. Usually, a quick test (for example,
nasopharyngeal swab sample) is done to see if the patient is infected with influenza A or B virus.
Most of the tests can distinguish between A and B types. The test can be negative (no flu infection)
or positive for type A and B. If the test is positive for type B, the flu is not likely to be swine flu. If it
is positive for type A, the person could have a conventional flu strain or swine flu.

National Influenza Immunization Program
In 1976, due to an outbreak of influenza at Fort Dix, New Jersey, the United States set a precedent
in immunology by attempting to vaccinate the entire population of the country against the
possibility of a swine–type Influenza A epidemic. While a great many people were successfully
immunized in a very short period of time, the National Influenza Immunization Program (NIIP)
quickly became recognized as a failure, one reason being that the feared epidemic never surfaced at
all. But this massive undertaking deserves more analysis than just a simple repudiation. For
example, all evidence linked to the pathology, microbiology, and historical cycle of influenza and
the outbreak at Fort Dix suggests that the reactions of the scientists and other ... Show more content
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(Silverstein: 13) There are three types of influenza, depending on their activity: type A, which is
usually the cause of outbreaks; type B, which is linked to sporadic cases, and type C, which rarely
causes disease reactions. (Silverstein: 54) The virus which causes influenza enters the host through
the respiratory tract, and binds itself to epithelial cells. The virus causes the cell to engulf it by
endocytosis, and then fuses to the wall of the endocytic vesicle, injecting the contents of the virus
into the cytosol of the cell. The RNA of the virus enter the nucleus of the cell, and spur the creation
of new copies of the genes. These genes, as well as new viral proteins that are created in the cell,
leave the cell as fresh viruses, budding off the plasma membrane of the cell.
While Scientists still do not know a great deal about the communicability of influenza, they do
know that it can be spread by human–to–human contact, and has some airborne stability.
(Silverstein: 59) Specifically, the characteristics of the influenza at Fort Dix was extremely
discouraging. First of all, it was very similar to the 1918 swine influenza A pandemic, which turned
out to be one of the most lethal outbreaks of disease in recorded history, and one victim had already
died. Also, while usually this disease is caused by exposure to pigs, it was obvious that this was the

Influenza Is An Acute Viral Infection
Introduction (.5 pages)
Seasonal influenza commonly referred to as the "flu" is an acute viral infection caused by the
influenza virus that can have possibly devastating effects on a community ("Influenza (Seasonal),"
2014). Seasonal influenza viruses cause annual epidemics that peak during the winter but can begin
as early as late fall and last through early spring ("Prevention and Control of Influenza," 2008).
Influenza infections in the US affect a large amount of the US population. On average in the United
States 200,000 people are hospitalized due to influenza infections ("Vaccine–Preventable Adult
Diseases," 2016). In addition, the annual death toll in the United States alone related to influenza
and its complications is about 20,000 (Fallon, 2013). Though influenza can affect people at any age,
the rates of serious illness and death are among the highest in persons aged sixty–five or older
("Prevention and Control of Influenza," 2008). The disproportionate effect of the influenza infection
on older adults calls for public health interventions.

Is It Worth The Shot?
Is it Worth the Shot?
I am a living thing and I need you in order to survive. I am invisible. I move silently, floating
through the air or laying patiently to plunge my next victim. I'm sure I have knocked you off your
feet several times. I am the world's most wanted fugitive; constantly changing my appearance and
using aliases like Swine, Spanish, Hong Kong or Avian. I am influenza, commonly called the flu. I
am not always a serious illness, but I'm labeled as dangerous and life threatening because of the
company I keep, like pneumonia and bronchitis (Ratini; Jae). So why do I have to take the rap? How
many people actually die from the flu? The world is trying to wipe out my existence by offering a
flu shot that is plagued with a copy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People are misled to believe that flu–related deaths are based on body counts, lab tests or autopsies.
Shockingly, the numbers of flu deaths are based on a statistical guess and assumptions made from a
computer model (Growe). Dr. Michael Gardam, director of the infection prevention and control unit
at the University Health Network in Toronto and Dr. Tom Jefferson, a researcher with the Cochrane
Collaboration were interviewed by a CBC News reported Kelly Growe. Both doctors stated that the
computer model is unreliable and is nothing more than guesswork that is far from the truth. Dr.
Michael Graham supported his statement by explaining how "one model counts all respiratory and
circulatory deaths – that's death from heart and lung failure – as flu deaths. Deaths from pneumonia,
even though not all pneumonia is caused by flu" are categorized within the model as flu deaths
during the flu season. Ironically, according to U.S. Department of Health & Human Services,
"people who caught the Spanish flu in 1918(the world's worst pandemic flu in history that lead to 20
million deaths worldwide) did not die from it, but from the complications caused by bacteria, such
as pneumonia" ("Pandemic Flu History"). Statistics Canada stated that there were about 300
influenza–related deaths each year between 2000 and 2008. Following the flu pandemic, H1N1 hit
in 2009, the final count of flu–related deaths among 34

What Causes Pig Influenza
Every day brings a new challenge, a new lesson, and prayerfully, a new blessing. Good things come
but unfortunately, so do the bad. I remember just a few years ago hearing of people near and far
being infected with the swine flu, which is the transmitting of pig influenza into humans. It is also
known as swine influenza, pig influenza, or hog flu. This was devastating to hear. Being of a
younger generation, this was my first time hearing of something as drastic and severe as this. I
began wondering what caused this and why now? This disease destroyed the lives of many. Some
begin exiting their homes wearing masks, stocking on disinfectants, and covering up to prevent this
deadening disease. Hearing that this was not the first time that this ... Show more content on
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Its significance began with the initial onslaught in 1347 to 1354. Frequent recurrences made it hard
to regain the balance of the middle ages, and the social pillars of the church, family life, and the
economy were changed forever. Monasteries and clergy suffered the greatest loss. The Europeans
began to blame God because they had no explanation for the outrage. Priests and bishops could not
give answers for what was happening so they abandoned their Christian duties and fled. This caused
the monasteries to be run by less educated people, who eventually resigned. As the church
weakened, so did the hope of the European people. Animosity between the Christians and Jews
arose, art and music became dark and depressed, and people became obsessed with cultural death.
The rich and poor, the young and old, man, woman, boy and girl were all impacted. No one was
safe. No one could help the

Influenza And The Elderly : Epidemic
Influenza and the Elderly
The last few days of summer are upon us, the leaves are beginning to change and it is once again
fall in East Tennessee. While many are beginning to enjoy a relaxing break before the stresses of
winter and the holidays, healthcare providers are bracing for the rush. The rush I speak of is that of
doctor's offices which are over run with those complaining of fevers, aches, and chills. Influenza
season begins as early as August and can run as long as in to late March. Those affected by the virus
can range from infants to the elderly, but most complications occur in those over 65, including
death. According to the World Health Organization, the number of elderly persons is expected to
increase from 600 million currently to over 2 billion worldwide by 2050. (WHO, 2015) Due to the
rapid increase of this age group in the upcoming years, the need to prevent and establish treatment
for illnesses that have the potential to be fatal in this population is a top priority. Greater risks of
mortality in those over 65 who contract influenza can be attributed to several factors including: the
elderly's decline in immunity response, the inability of the elderly's body to fully recover from
infection, and finally, the long term complications of influenza among those who are already
compromised. Disease Characteristics
Causative Agent and Mode of Transmission
Influenza, commonly referred to as the seasonal flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a virus.
Areas

The Population of the Wild Hog is Exploding
Today in America there is a wild dangerous animal that is greatly expanding. It is being seen more
often in neighborhoods more than ever. The wild hog population is currently exploding. These
animals get up to 400 pounds with 6 in long razor sharp teeth. They also have a thick hide and a
armor like plating called a shield around their chest area. They are destroying Americas agriculture
industry as well as peoples property. By digging their snouts into the earth and flipping it up to eat
plant roots. This is called rooting. A group of hogs can root and destroy several acres of crops or
land in a single night. Wild hogs were first introduced to America by the Spanish as a domestic
animal used for meat. Over time these animals escaped and began free ranging and breeding. They
quickly became wild. In the 1930's owners of ranches introduced Russian boars to be shot in game
preserves. These Russian boars grow much larger, are more aggressive and have larger, sharper
teeth. When they escaped, cross breeding occurred that introduced the genes that gave America the
hybrid feral swine they have today. These animals are not only a threat to the economy but they are
also a threat to people, other wildlife and the native
land.http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/nuisance/feral_hogs/
http://agrilife.org/texnatwildlife/feral–hogs/the–ecological–impacts–of–feral–swine/ Wild hog carry
several diseases such as pseudorabies, swine brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, FADs, African swine

Influenza Research Paper
Influenza is an acute condition that results in high fever, a dry cough and sore throat, body aches,
headache, runny nose and malaise upon contracting the influenza virus (1). These symptoms often
progress into more severe conditions and in certain populations; infection with influenza can lead to
death. The influenza virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the family orthomyxoviridae. There are
three types of influenza virus and they are classified as type A, type B and type C (2).
Influenza A virus is extremely virulent and is known for being the most severe type of influenza.
This type of virus generally resides in aquatic birds, which act as hosts for the virus. However,
influenza A is capable of being transmitted to other species which ... Show more content on
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A suspension of influenza virus was prepared to contain 4 haemagglutinating units. The non–
specific inhibitors of agglutination and non–specific agglutinins were then removed. Doubling
dilutions of the patient's acute and convalescent sera were performed. Double dilutions were also
performed on the A, 1998, H3N2 positive and negative control, using 25μL of PBS. 25μL of
influenza virus suspension was then added to the appropriate wells and mixed. The mixture was
then left to incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature. Following the incubation, 50μL of 1%
chicken red blood cells were mixed into all the wells and left to incubate at room temperature for 1
hour. Agglutination was then determined by eye. The assay was then repeated for the other strains of
influenza and the titres

Essay on Causes of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
"It killed more people in twenty–four weeks than AIDS has killed in twenty–four years, more in a
year than the Black Death killed in a century. – John Barry
Many historians call the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 the deadliest disease outbreak of all
time. As many as 100 million people were killed as a direct result of this disease (Taubenberger 1).
The Great Pandemic affected everyone, the prosperous and the poor, developed and underdeveloped
nations. Entire villages in Alaska were wiped out because of the viral disease (Public Health
Service). The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 was caused by World War One, a high volume of
immigration, and poor sanitary conditions.
First reports of the virus came in from a small county in Kansas. In ... Show more content on
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Medical care was as scarce as clean water. Basic medical care was rudimentary. Describing the
situations as "incredibly unhygienic" would be an understatement. War fatalities were the immediate
effects of the Great War and the incredible spread of a disease was a later one. As a matter of fact,
more people died from the Great Influenza Pandemic than from World War One (Tauenberger1).
After World War One, Europe and Asia were in chaos. Many European people were without a home,
a job and way of life. Desperate, hundreds of thousands immigrated to more stable and
industrialized nations such as the United States of America. From 1915 to 1919, an average of over
two–hundred thirty–four thousand immigrants per year came to the United States of America (Cohn
2). A large number of these immigrants came from Europe and were processed at Ellis Island in
New York City. Forty percent of all Americans can trace their heritage to Ellis Island (United States
Department of the Interior). Ellis Island was so overcrowded with people, the government hurriedly
built dormitories, kitchens, and hospitals (United States Department of the Interior). When these
people came, they arrived in over–crowded boats from unclean places. Due to widespread disease in
the boats, there were many burials at sea. One of these burials quite ironically, was my great–uncle
who was four–years–old. Upon arrival, from Italy, my great–aunt was buried. When the immigrants
arrived, government

Essay on The Flu Epidemic F 1918
Walking down any given street in the year 1918 between the months of June and December, one
would take notice of coffins lining the sidewalks. Nobody was on the streets, and dead bodies were
stuffed into every available space. The Flu Epidemic of 1918 not only was the most devastating
event of the twentieth century, but propelled the United States to search for a vaccine that has not
yet been found, causing concern that the flu will strike again.
Influenza has been around almost as long as people have walked the earth. Its roots draw back as far
as 412 B.C., when a man named Hippocrates wrote of an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease that
closely resembles influenza. This pandemic devastated an entire ... Show more content on
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On August 12, 1918, Mrs. Olsen became the first person to die of influenza, beginning the killing
streak that would make influenza the number one killer (Persico 30). It spread like wildfire, with
one person falling ill, followed by another, 107 by afternoon, 522 by the end of the week, and 1,127
suffering with 46 dead five weeks later. Nevertheless, these occurred before influenza was
discovered, and pneumonia was blamed for deaths (Persico 28).
There have been about 20 million reported deaths due to the influenza of 1918. The doctors were
too overwhelmed by the many cases they had to care for, which brought about many unreported
cases, causing this minuscule number. One fateful day in October 759 people died in Philadelphia
(Kolata 19–20). The epidemic spread so far so fast that public officials became frantic looking for
ways to fend off the virus. Arrests were made for spitting and coughing, public meetings were
prohibited, and a series of medical procedures were all attempts to prevent the virus from entering
victims' lungs (Persico 83).
This new influenza baffled researchers and doctors everywhere. Up to this point, all viral diseases
has spread prominently throughout heavily populated areas and into the lungs of the very young,
very old, or sickly. On the contrary, the Influenza of 1918 swept through the Midwest and preyed on
the

Seed Disease And Develod Health
When a disease strikes a herd it can create stress, not only for the herd, but also to the workers and
grower. For example, when porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) hit the United States in 2013,
10% of the U.S. swine population was eliminated according to NCBI. Millions of piglets lost their
life due to this coronavirus. To better understand the hardships the swine industry endured, the first
two week that the virus was present, there was a 0% chance of piglets surviving. Week 3, the
survival rate increased to 25%, week 4 survival rate became 50% and so on. Workers were coming
to work to remove dead pigs, which takes a toll on moral. This virus specifically targets young
piglets and impacts the growth of the pigs that survived this ... Show more content on
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By introducing that new pig into the herd (s)he must be isolated from the herd for 4 weeks to
become acclimated to the challenges that individual will face as well as prevent her from possibly
infecting the herd with disease causing agents. The cleanliness of the environment and ventilation
attribute to the cumulative risk of a disease. If pigs are housed in a dirty environment there is a
possible increase in exposure to an agent, which plays into ventilation, too much air can help the
disease spread and not enough ventilation can cause an increase in a specific pathogen to increase
within a certain area and lead to fomites. Another way to reduce the risk of disease is to practice all–
in, all–out, this helps break disease. In addition, by not mixing older pigs with younger pig,
eliminating the ability for older pigs to infect younger pigs.
After a disease in the herd is detected there are several ways to obtain a plan of action. First and
foremost the present disease must be understood be able to effectively and efficiently treat it. First, a
worker must understand what disease challenges that herd faces and have any of those challenges
arisen and is a challenge surfacing? To make this conclusion an evaluation of the signs the pigs are
expressing and talking to your

The Science And History And Development Of The Influenza...
Introduction Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that claim to protect against
influenza. The extent to which the influenza vaccine reduces the risk of disease under controlled
conditions is known as the vaccine 's efficacy. The testing of vaccine efficacy is quite stringent and
involves Phase I, II, and III trials. Two of which, are double–blinded placebo controlled trials.
Influenza adapts, and mutates such that is never the same from year to year, and therefore making
the double–blinded placebo controlled trials very difficult to accomplish before the vaccine is
needed to be released to the public. This causes an ethical predicament in which there is a trade–off
between waiting to project which viruses will be prevalent in the upcoming year, and beginning
deciding on the projected viruses earlier in order to conduct the efficacy testing. In this paper we
review the science and history of influenza as well as the science, history and development of the
influenza vaccines. We then discuss the stringent process required by law in order to test vaccines
before they reach the population. We look at the efficacy studies conducted by the CDC, and
conflicting views of geneticists highly involved in vaccine safety. Finally, we present an overall
assessment of the efficacy of the influenza vaccine, and leave to the reader, the level of efficacy the
influenza vaccine has actually achieved.
What is Influenza? The influenza virus initiates in wild

E. Coli Personal Experience
E. Coli PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Myah Winter | Sanitation and Safety | November 16 2016 I had
recently experienced the terror that is referred to as E. Coli. I can tell you all about how it is much
worse than the flu, although I will also be talking about this one girl I stumbled upon on the internet
also. She had a life threatening experience that you can definitely experience if you go untreated
when finding out that you have E. Coli. She had it for 19 days straight when I had been extremely
lucky that I had only had it for eight days. I know that I definitely did not feel lucky, but doing this
project has let me realize that I was very fortunate. Some people just chalk it up as the stomach flu
like my mother and aunt did, but my grandmother knew it was something more than that. She ended
up taking me to Med Express which is not a very good place to go if you want to get a work release
on the same day or week by the way. On top of the issues I had at the doctor it was nonstop viral–
like symptoms that only got worse until they got better. You might think that it will just go away, but
you have another thing coming for you if you think it will just pass. It took me half the time to
completely get rid of it and it was one painful process. I am not completely sure of the medicine that
they gave me, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She shows how she turned this horrific event into a positive learning experience. She is one of the
very few people in the world that look at an illness and see something positive from it for sure. I
know that if I would not have read it, then I would not have learned too much besides the fact that I
am still leery to try hamburger from certain places or people. The experience made me more
cautious and aware of what could happen if you eat that taco even if you are very hungry. Avoid the
severe flu like symptoms and prepare your beef with pride and perfection for you and others to

H1N1 Influenza Essay
With fevers, chills and aches, the flu can pound the body. Some influenza viruses may hammer the
brain, too. Months after being infected with influenza, mice had signs of brain damage and memory
trouble, researchers report online February 26 in the Journal of Neuroscience.
It's unclear if people's memories are affected in the same way as those of mice. But the new research
adds to evidence suggesting that some body–wracking infections could also harm the human brain,
says epidemiologist and neurologist Mitchell Elkind of Columbia University, who was not involved
in the study.
Obvious to anyone who has been waylaid by the flu, brainpower can suffer at the infection's peak.
But not much is known about any potential lingering effects on thinking or memory. "It hasn't
occurred to people that it might be something to test," says neurobiologist ... Show more content on
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12). Korte and colleagues shot these viruses into mice's noses, and then looked for memory
problems 30, 60 and 120 days later.
A month after infection, the mice all appeared to have recovered and gained back weight. But those
that had received H3N2 and H7N7 had trouble remembering the location of a hidden platform in a
pool of water, the researchers found. Mice that received no influenza or the milder H1N1 virus
performed normally at the task.
Researchers also studied the brain tissue of the infected mice under a microscope and found that the
memory problems tracked with changes in nerve cells. A month after H7N7 or H3N2 infection,
mice had fewer nerve cell connectors called dendritic spines on cells in the hippocampus, a brain
region involved in memory. Electrical experiments on the nerve cell samples in dishes also
suggested the cells' signal–sending abilities were

Fighting the Swine Flu
Swine Flu The swine flu also known as the H1N1 virus was first detected in 2009, it was called
"swine flu" because the virus was similar to those found in pigs it is now a human seasonal flu virus
that also circulates in pigs. The H1N1 viruses has continues to circulate since the sickness, 2014 is
the first season since 2009 that H1N1 has been so major in the United States. You can't get H1N1
from correctly handled and cooked pork or pork products. (H1N1 (originally referred to as Swine
Flu)) In 1976, there was an outbreak of swine flu at Fort Dix. This virus wasn't the same as the 2009
H1N1 outbreak. There was one death at Fort Dix. The government decided to produce a vaccine
against this virus. The vaccine was associated with rare instances of neurological problems and was
stopped. Some individuals wonder that formalin, used to deactivate the virus, may have played a
role in the growth of problem in 1976. There is no proof that anyone who found this vaccine would
be protected against the 2009 swine flu virus. One of the reasons it takes a few months to develop a
new vaccine is to test the vaccine for safety to avoid the problems seen in the 1976 vaccine. People
with active infections or diseases of the nervous system are also not suggested to get flu vaccines.
Early in the spring of 2009, H1N1 flu virus was first noticed in Mexico, causing some deaths among
"younger" people. It began growing during the summer 2009 and quickly spread to the U.S. and to
Europe and eventually

Influenza Virus ( Kapoor And Dhama 2014 )
A disease that can affect numerous species ranging from humans to birds and even swine is the
influenza virus (Kapoor and Dhama 2014). The influenza virus is separated into three genera; A, B,
C (Kapoor and Dhama 2014). While all three types of influenza have their own effects on different
populations the one that is mostly known for pandemics is influenza virus A (Kapoor and Dhama
2014). This viral strain functions through a different charged sense located in its RNA genome; an
area where deleterious mutations can increase in the body of its hosts allowing replication (Webster
and Govorkova 2014). The popular subtype that cause the respiratory immune issue is mostly from
H1N1; a serious and deathly disease (Kapoor and Dhama 2014). While influenza virus A can cause
numerous complications to the human population it is also known for its relationship among humans
and mammals (Kapoor and Dhama 2014). The virus circulates among many bird species causing
concerns and risks to spread in further populations worldwide (Webster and Govorkova 2014).
NEED MORE INTRO
Influenza Virus A can affect the human body in so many ways. The study of the virus to body
relationship can help medical professionals understand the role of illness and future consequences it
can play on human health. A major point that has been tested in various ways is the relationship of
natural killer cells with the virus. Natural killer cells are known as defensive cells in the human
body that protect against

The Impact of a Pandemic
The world has experienced a total of four pandemics within the twentieth century. These pandemics,
as horrific and deadly as they are, have brought so much more positive advances to our health care
system and how we prepare for biological threats. Although we are in the twenty–first century and
we have advanced so far in healthcare, there is still the possibility of a deadly pandemic. Many
people may confuse Pandemic with Epidemic which can often times lead to being over prepared or
under prepared. An epidemic as an infectious disease that quickly travels within a city, state, or
country from person to person. An example of an epidemic would be SARS, which spread through
many countries and killed roughly 800 people. On the other hand, Pandemics differ because the
infectious disease is spread globally. A pandemic has a much higher infectious rate and an even
larger death rate compared to an epidemic. The world has experienced a total of four pandemics in
the twentieth century starting in 1918 until present. In 1918, the spanish flu caught worldwide
attention when it infected close to half the population of the world, claiming more than 40 million
lives. What made the spanish flu capable of infecting over a billion people was the ability to quickly
transfer from person to person. At the time, world war 1 was happening and the mass activation and
recruitment of troops to fight made the spread of the flu easy. The Asian flu of 1957 was second
deadly pandemic to hit the

The Negative Effects of Concentrated Animal Feeding...
Introduction
Where do happy cows actually come from? Most of our minds create an image of large fields where
cows and other animals are free to roam and graze. In reality, however, most farms today are
actually large corporate factories, not the vast fields and red barns that most Americans imagine.
These consolidated operations known as CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) are
able to produce meats in high volume but have little to no regard for animal or human welfare, the
environment, or food safety. CAFOs in the United States are able to produce and process these large
amounts of meat year–round by providing sheltered farms for a range of livestock such as cattle,
swine, and sheep. However, within these farms animals are ... Show more content on
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Recent outbreaks of strains of the influenza only further support stricter regulations on CAFOs. One
such case is the H1N1 epidemic, more commonly known as the swine flu. Since its outbreak in
2009 this particular strain of the flu has infected over 150,000 and killed another 12,000 people in
the US (CDC). It name comes from its alleged origin, a swine CAFO in La Gloria, Mexico operated
by Smithfield Foods, the world largest. The CAFO itself has been described as "grotesque because
pigs are crammed into giant building, kept in stalls so small they can't even turn around... The
pollution from their waste is so noxious that you must wear a gas mask to enter the building"
(Brainard). These conditions lead to the misuse of antibiotics which results in strains like H1N1 that
cannot be treated with regular antibiotics. If this continues, many of our medicines will become
obsolete. Current statistics show that an estimated 70% of all antibiotics and related drugs used in
the United States are given to food animals to promote faster growth and to hold off diseases in
highly crowded CAFOs, with the resulting total antibiotic resistance already causing U.S. health
care $4 billion annually ("Hidden Costs of CAFOs"). With this pressing issue, the EPA needs to
change policies in order prevent epidemics. A closer look reveals that many CAFOs are able to
sidestep through

H1n1 Influenza Essay
There is an outbreak that occurred in the United States. Many local hospitals have reported a lot of
patients becoming ill with high fevers , congestion , and difficulty breathing. The thing that each of
the hospitalized patients had in common is that they had come into recent contact with some of the
local farmers. After receiving several reports the CDC have investigators at local hospital's
assessing the extent of the illness. The US Dept. of Agriculture have made a visit to a farm for an
inspection in regards to multiple people and pets becoming ill. The inspector notices signs and
symptoms in some of the pigs that are coughing (barking), runny nose, congestion, breathing
difficulties, high fevers, nasal discharge, and a loss of appetite. ... Show more content on
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Those that have exhibited signs and symptoms less than 48 hours ago were tested with the Rapid
antigen test. The RT–PCR is the standard method for detecting H1N1 it amplifies and identifies the
nucleic acid after cultures have been submitted. RT–PCR will determine the presence of the bacteria
within 24 hours. The outbreak have millions of people afraid on a national level. The World Health
Organization, USDA, and the CDC are working hand in hand to contain the virus. The virus have
been confirmed as H1N1 Influenza this is a negative strand RNA with eight genomes, under
microscope it is spherical in shape, it is also known to be apart of the Orthomyxoviridae family. Pigs
can be infected by avian (bird), human, and swine (pig) influenza (flu) viruses. "When flu viruses
from different strains infect pigs at the same time, the viruses can transform, and the new viruses
that are a mixed with different strains, such as human or avian flu viruses can develop into
something . Infected individuals can transmit the virus by, coughing, sneezing, saliva, nasal
secretions, feces, and blood. Though the CDC, WHO, and the USDA that it is not transmitted by
eating pork product, for those that have been infected antiviral medication have been started to
prevent or reduce flu–like

Westjet Swot Analysis Essay
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to represent a SWOT analysis for a WestJet Airlines
Ltd. "SWOT is an acronym describing an organization's appraisal of its internal Strengths and
Weaknesses and its external Opportunities and Threats." These factors will determine the success or
failure of any company. This WestJet SWOT analysis is done at the level of the entire organization
and is a useful tool for understanding, decision–making and achieving company's corporate goals
and objectives. Based in Calgary, Alberta WestJet was founded in 1996 by a team of Calgary
entrepreneurs as a Western Canadian regional carrier with just a few aircrafts flying to five cities.
Today WestJet is one of the most profitable airlines in North ... Show more content on
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Marketing professionals have questioned whether WestJet's roots as a leisure carrier and its
reputation for subjecting passengers to groan–eliciting jokes and skits sits well with the corporate
crowd. This marketing approach may not serve the company well as it attempts to expand into new
markets and the company may need to revisit this marketing strategy. The Calgary carrier has been
stunted in recent years by the troubles it has faced implementing a new reservation system
(SabreSonic). This caused the delay of new frequent– flyer program and delayed the launching its
new credit–card loyalty program. While West–Jet tickets can be purchased with Air miles, rewards
can no longer be redeemed by travelling on the airline. The airline's current Open Skies system
lacks the functionality it will need to allow for such things as forging code–share with other carriers.
Threats: Threats are external unfavourable factors that can potentially affect the success of the
company in a negative manner. WestJet is either currently or has previously encountered the
following threats. H1N1 Flu Virus: The threat and the spread of the Swine Flu virus and other
viruses has had a negative effect on the airline and travel industry in general. With the recent fear of
the H1N1 flu virus, many potential clients of the airline have been hesitant to travel, not only to
Mexico where the virus seems to have originated from, but also negatively affecting other
destinations

The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
INTRODUCTION
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as
the flu season approaches, which starts around the October–November period and reaches its peak
between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S
in particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma,
given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population
and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to
control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in
multiple animal hosts. In fact, many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seasonal influenza viruses can cause mild to severe illness and even death, particularly in some
high–risk individuals. People at increased risk for severe disease include pregnant women, very
young, very old and immune–compromised individuals, and people with chronic underlying
medical conditions. That being said, type C virus is associated with only minor symptoms, but types
A and B remain the most influential as they are mostly related to the major outbreaks of influenza.
Type A influenza viruses are further divided into two groups according to the combinations of the
hemagglutinin or "H" protein and the neuraminidase or "N" protein, which are found on the surface
of the virus. This type is the most spread and can affect humans and animals. Type B virus can also
be divided to two subtype viruses that are considered to belong to the seasonal influenza family,
being named after the area they were first identified: Victoria lineage and Yamagata lineage. Since
type C of the virus is not very dangerous and does not cause any major health threat, only types A
and B are included in vaccines for the seasonal flu, an annual challenge that threatens professionals,
scientists and public health leaders.
What is Pandemic influenza?
A pandemic influenza is when a new virus emerges and spreads out quickly among the population
worldwide because it has not been circulating before, and thus people don't have immunity to it. The
appearance of this new

Avian Plague Thesis
Tom Gordon, Connor Kirschbaum Thesis: Throughout history humans have dealt with many
diseases and plagues, some of these were the Bubonic Plague (the Black Death) in mid 1300's, the
Avian Flu which started in 1878 and the Swine Flu which started in the 1918. People have been
discovering the causes for these plagues and diseases. They found out that animals such as Rodents
for the Bubonic Plague, birds for the Avian Flu and pigs for Swine flu were vectors for diseases. The
Bubonic Plague was a epidemic in the mid 1300s and killed the vast majority of the population in
Europe. The Bubonic Plague killed an estimated 25 million people during the epidemic. The
Bubonic Plague is estimated to kill 30–50 percent of the total population in Europe (DeWhite, ...
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B) How did this disease spread to humans –B Spread from pigs to humans by saliva, feces and nasal
secretions from infected pigs C) How do you cure/ get rid of swine flu –C Rest, pain relievers and
fluids IV: Conclusions –A in all three different cases, these animals were considered vectors of
diseases by the diseases from Swine Flu, Avian Flu and the Bubonic Plague all started with infected
bacterium that went into a host body which spread to humans. In avian flu it was birds, in swine flu
it was pigs and bubonic plague it was rodents. After humans realizing the diseases, they quickly
adapted and fought off these diseases by using many different methods such as antivirals,
medicines, rest and eradicating the cause of the disease (birds for avian flu, pigs for swine flu and
rodents for the bubonic

Swine Influenza Virus
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that
causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can
and do happen. Swine flu is also known as pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu. This is a
viral disease caused by several type swine flu viruses known as Swine influenza virus (SIV) or
swine–origin influenza virus (S–OIV) which is a strain belongs to the influenza family and endemic
to pigs. There are several subtypes of Influenza A virus known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1,
H3N2, and H2N3. CDC has determined that this virus is contagious and is spreading from human to
human. However, at this time, it not known how easily the virus spreads between

Orthomyxovirus Research Paper
Kellee Bowie
Causative Agent: Orthomyxovirus
Disease: Influenza A, B, and C
Classification of Orthomyxovirus:
Orthomyxovirus is a negative sense, single stranded RNA virus. Orthomyoxvirus(es) belong to the
Orthmyxoviridae family. It has an envelope covered by a lipid bilayer.
History and Interesting Facts about Influenza:
The CDC initially called the swine flu, the "Novel Influenza A, H1N1" to protect the pork industry.
Pigs are a perfect breeding ground for new and dangerous strains of the flu.
The source of the flu vaccines are chickens. People who are allergic to eggs should not receive
injectable or nasal spray without a physician's approval.
Orthomyxoviridae is Greek orthos meaning "straight" and myxa meaning "mucous
Flu virus can live up to 48 hours on hard non porous surfaces and 12 hours on tissue or cloth.
"Influenza" come from the Italian influentia because it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nausea and diarrhea may occur during Uncomplicated acute influenza can cause a persistent dry
cough and malaise (feeling tired and lethargic). Complicated influenza can be worsen with pre–
existing health conditions, such as pulmonary or cardiac disease that can lead to secondary bacterial
pneumonia. Also individuals with underlying blood disorders or neurological conditions can be at
high risk. Death can occur with either of these pre–exisiting or secondary conditions. Death results
are between 12,000 and 56,000 annually with influenza.
Treatment:
There are three main antiviral medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Oral
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Inhaled Zanamivir (Relenza) is not recommended for people with underlying
respiratory disease such as asthma and COPD, and Intravenous Peramivir (Rapival). Other
treatments include getting bed rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and taking paracetamol to reduce
muscular aches and fever.

Drug Addiction
What is drug addiction?
–Drug addiction is a complex brain disease. It is characterized by compulsive, at times
uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of extremely negative
consequences.
–Drug seeking becomes compulsive, in large part as a result of the effects of prolonged drug use on
brain functioning and, thus, on behavior. For many people, drug addiction becomes chronic, with
relapses possible even after long periods of abstinence. Drug addiction is a chronic, often relapsing
brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences to the
individual that is addicted and to those around them. Drug addiction is a brain disease because the
abuse of drugs leads to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most common symptoms of alcohol withdrawal is irritability and anxiousness. The desire
to use can quickly cause users to become violent to even close family members in order to get help
or money for their next high.
Abandonment
* One of the most heart–breaking effects of drug abuse on families especially is abandonment. Once
drugs have altered the nerve pathways in the brain, the desire to use quickly becomes more
important to anything else in the drug addict 's life. Friends and family members quickly get
replaced by the next score of the drug of choice. This can often lead to divorce or the loss of
children to state custody due to a lack of ability to be a loving and providing parent. There is also an
increased risk of parents or spouses being locked up in prison for extended periods of time, leaving
their children to grow up without a mother or father. The effects of this abandonment may stick with
kids all the way through adulthood.
Diseases Involved In Using Drugs
Date: Tue 29 Jan 2013
Source: University of Oxford/Medical Research Council, press release [edited]
The genetic variant rs12252–C was present in 69 per cent of Chinese patients with H1N1 swine flu
[influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09]. A genetic variant which explains why Chinese populations may be
more vulnerable to H1N1 swine flu has been found by researchers at the University of Oxford and
Beijing Capital Medical University. This finding could help identify those

Avian Bird Flu Essay
Emerging infectious diseases: Avian bird flu (Influenza A) Although diseases which begin in the
animal kingdom do not normally affect human beings, there has been a worrisome trend in favor of
cross–species contamination. According to the CDC, the majority of human cases of avian influenza
have been individuals who have worked with poultry, often in the developing world where proper
sanitary practices are not observed (CDC 2015). Transmission of avian flu between humans versus
between birds and humans is less common but given the mutability of influenza A, this is being
closely monitored by world health organizations. As many as 65% of commonly–identified
pathogens (including swine flu as well) are classified by scientists as "zoonotic" or ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bird flu can afflict all avian species and can be easily passed between them (NHS 2015). This
allows the disease to be spread very quickly, given that domesticated fowl can be infected via
chance exposure to wild birds. Even though the humans highest at risk for contracting avian flu are
those in close contact with birds, when transmission does occur there is no human immunity that has
been built up to any bird flu strains (Web MD 2015). Birds may be asymptomatic yet the disorder
can cause highly virulent conditions in humans (ECDC

A Research Study On Influenza Viruses
1 Executive summary
Influenza viruses are zoonotic pathogens that constantly circulate and change animal hosts this
includes birds, pigs, horses and humans. The possibility of emergence of new virulent strains that is
able to cause human epidemic or pandemic is significantly high. Rapid development in this field
continues at a rapid rate leading to constant updates on theory, techniques, and applications that are
important for informing users of genetic information. This study aims to detect and characterise
influenza A viruses that may have significant zoonotic or reverse zoonotic potential. Different
genetic techniques have been used to understand the surveillance and characterization of naturally
occurring influenza viruses. This in turn will help in understanding of the host tropism and virulence
of viruses. This study will provide both, human and veterinary research, the potential cross species
transmission capacity of influenza A viruses.
2 Introduction Influenza, commonly known as 'the flu', is a respiratory disease found in humans and
certain animal species this includes pigs, wild aquatic mammals like whales, domestic and wild
birds, minks and farmed carnivores (Nicholson, Webster, Hay, 1998). There are three types of
influenza viruses type A, type B and type C. Type A virus is the important one as far as cross–
species infections are concerned (Nicholson, Webster, Hay, 1998). Types B and C are human viruses
that primarily affect young children with mild disease

INFLUENZA Essay
INFLUENZA
A virus called an Orthomyxovirus causes influenza. Often called flu, sometimes–even grippe. It is a
very contagious disease, and it infects many parts of our bodies. This also includes are lungs. A
person can get influenza if someone coughs, sneezes, or even talks around you while they are
infected. Influenza is sometimes considered serious in some cases but can be prevented and treated.
When you get the "flu" in the lungs, the lining of the respiratory tract is damaged by becoming
swollen and inflamed. But the damage is not always permanent, and tissue heals within a couple of
weeks. It is a respiratory disease, even though it infects the whole body. ... Show more content on
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Some complications these people at high–risk face are sinus and inner ear inflammation as well
bacterial pneumonia (yeah, and I'm sure that sounds real pleasant). Unfortunately, most
complications end with bacterial infections. In the end if you don't get treated influenza can be
severe and fatal.
People that are at a high risk are ones that have chronic lung disease such as asthma, emphysema,
chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, or cystic fibrosis. You are also at high risk if you have heart
disease, chronic kidney disease or metabolic disorder. Diabetes, severe anemia, and people who
have diseases or having treatments like chemotherapy, which depress immunity. Disease and
disorders are not the only reason you can be at risk. If you reside in a nursing home or are over the
age of 65 you are as well at risk. Finally, health care providers should get immunized to protect
high–risk patients.
Anyone can get influenza, especially when an epidemic sweeps through a community. In 1994 over
90 million cases of influenza was reported, not counting the ones that weren't reported. People who
know that they're at high risk should be immunized.
In 1941 it was discovered that influenza can be prevented and treated with a vaccine or shot. The
vaccine is made each year so that the vaccine can contain the virus that is expected that

The Pros And Cons Of The Spanish Flu Vaccine
The flu is short for influenza, influenza is a virus, a respiratory illness, that causes your body to
ache, it makes you feel fatigue, it causes you to cough and to eat less. When you get the flu you
could be out of work for at least three days, getting the flu vaccine can decrease the number of days
you are home sick. Many people have misleading misconceptions about the flu shot. They believe
that it could give them the flu. They think that pregnant women shouldn't get the flu shots. People
also think that there are bad ingredients in the shot. There is not many negatives to getting the
vaccine, the positives out way the negatives. The flu is a very complicated virus. It is made up of
different strains, which means one year it won't be as bad but other years it could be a worldwide
epidemic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The flu virus dates all the way to when Christopher Columbus came to america from Europe. The
worst yet was in Spain, according " The History of Influenza and the Flu Vaccine", "The Spanish
Flu Pandemic didn't end until the following year, costing tens of millions of lives. The Spanish Flu
even made its way to the Arctic and the Pacific Islands" (Martinez). Many people died from the flu
virus because there weren't any vaccines and when the influenza virus isn't cured peopled contracted
pneumonia, which causing them died. In the article, "Flu Vaccine (Seasonal and Pandemic Flu)", it
states, "In 1938, Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis developed the first vaccine against flu viruses. This
first flu vaccine was used to protect the U.S. military forces against the flu during World War II. Dr.
Salk used his experience with influenza vaccine to develop an effective polio vaccine in 1952"
(Davis). When the vaccine was first created it wasn't as efficient, many people thought, like today,
that the vaccine has side effects like making your body ache and fever. There was a swine flu
outbreak in 1979 on 25 percent of Americans took the flu vaccine. "People

Viral Infection: Influenza or Flu Essay
Influenza or "flu" is a rather contagious viral infection that infects the respiratory tract. Fever,
cough, muscle aches, fatigue, rhinorrhea, and sore throat are the symptoms commonly associated
with influenza virus. Individuals infected with influenza normally experience mild illness and
recover within two weeks. However, specific groups, such as the elderly, young children, and
individuals with co–morbidities, appear more susceptible to severe illness as well as mortality due
to influenza related complications. H1N1, a causative agent of influenza was identified in spring of
2009. Communication of H1N1 and seasonal influenza occur through droplets created when
individuals with the illness cough, sneeze, or talk. Indications of H1N1 ... Show more content on
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Conclusions demonstrating increases in earlier vaccination is more cost–effective and successful in
the prevention of influenza associated mortality is perhaps most essential for regions experiencing
rapid growth of the virus (Khazeni, Hutton, Garber, Hupert, & Owens, 2009). Since the occurrence
of the pandemic, great emphasis has been placed on the importance of influenza vaccination and its
role in preventing and slowing transmission of the virus. The three types of influenza viruses that
exist to date include A, B, and C viruses. Seasonal epidemics within the human population are
caused by A and B viruses. In the United States, epidemics of this sort occur nearly every winter.
Respiratory illness that is generally mild can be attributed to influenza type C and is not responsible
for epidemics. Seasonal epidemics due to influenza A can lead to extensive morbidity in addition to
mortality. Additionally, type A viruses have an exceptional ability to demonstrate modifications in
mutation plus lesser antigenic transformations sporadically. These changes can arise in either one or
both of the proteins, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), located on the exterior of the
influenza A virus. The presentation of viruses proven to be different from those previously identified
in which established immunity is no longer of effect is the outcome of antigenic drift. This process
is a significant contributor to the trend of seasonal epidemics which develop annually and is

The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as
the flu season approaches, which starts around the October–November period and reaches its peak
between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S
in particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma,
given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population
and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to
control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in
multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers have been doing in–depth intensive
research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find
new ways to control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.
Before jumping into talking about the different features of Influenza, ranging from its pathogenesis
and virulence, to the transmission and treatment of the disease, it is necessary to mention the slight–
but important– difference between seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza and zoonotic influenza.
What is seasonal Influenza?
First of all, the name "Influenza" is derived from the Latin word for "influence", and it is an
infectious disease that is caused by the RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae family:

The H1N1 Influenza Virus

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The H1N1 Influenza Virus