Techniques Of Coding Theory

Techniques of Coding Theory
Bit strings composed of zeros and ones are the most usual way to represent, change and
communicate information. This data however s subject to errors due to a variety of factors, such as
deterioration of magnetic tape over time, or a scratch on a CD or DVD. Coding theory uses
techniques that can help find the errors. However if there are too many errors, the techniques may
not always work. One of the first techniques is the error detecting codes, which adds a parity check
bit to the end of the bit string. The idea is to add an extra bit to the end of the code to make it either
even or odd. For example, if there are an even numbers of 1's, a 0 is added to the end of the string,
and if there are an odd number of 1's then a 1 is added to the end of the string. When reading the
code, if the will use the parity bit to determine if the correct numbers of 1's are in the string. If an
error is made, the number of 1's will be odd. A downfall of this technique is that only an odd number
of errors will be detected by the technique because if an even number of errors are made, the
number of 1's read will still be even and an error will not be found. The next technique is the error
correcting code, which take redundancy into account. It can detect errors and then correct them. By
using the triple repetition code, which repeats a message three times, we can decipher a string using
the simple majority rule which will compare the bits in the original bit strings and use it to decide if
an
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Bloom 's Taxonomy : Taxonomy Essay
Bloom's Taxonomy
Bloom's Taxonomy provides teachers a basis to develop classroom lessons with more depth and
higher levels of critical thinking. This hierarchy shows how students can learn material better and
retain more later. There are six levels (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
and evaluation) which cover the basics of the information (knowledge) all the way to critical
analysis proving or disproving theoretical situations (evaluation).
This technique appears ideal for my classes – Computer Science (Java programming) – because of
the intense focus on critical thinking and problem solving aspects of knowledge acquisition and use.
I believe that the 1st three levels – knowledge, comprehension, and application – are ideally suited
to the "on–level" CS classes, and I can add analysis and synthesis to the "Pre–AP" CS classes.
These two classes assume that the students have little to no prior experience with computer
programming and that the courses are geared to that end by providing much of the basics of Java. It
is because of this that so much of the 1st half of the year–long course is spent on basic concepts. We
naturally fall into these first three levels, knowledge, comprehension, and application, during this
part of the course. Through the first 8 weeks, we have discussed basic information such as variables,
arithmetic operators, displaying data on the terminal, keyboard input, and decision control. Through
lecture, demonstration, and

Pedagogical Strategies for the Teaching of Mathematics in...
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR THE TEACHING OF MATHEMATICS IN NIGERIAN
PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
BY
AJILEYE, Adewole Mukaila Department of Mathematics
Osun State College of Education, Ilesa
E–mail: ajileye4ever@yahoo.com
Abstract
For a country to be technologically developed there is need for efficient handling of mathematics at
levels of education. The perennial low performance of pupils in mathematics has been attributed
among other things to inadequate knowledge of subject matter content by teachers and poor
instructional techniques. This paper highlighted the basic principles for effective teaching and
learning of mathematics in primary school which is a fundamental stage of child education. ... Show
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The teacher may acquire mastery of the contents but lack skills in the appropriate methods. This
may affect the students understanding of the subjects. There are many approaches to teaching of
mathematics. These include: * Problem solving * Discovery Approach * Expository * Laboratory *
Questioning skills * Individualization group work * Demonstration, etc. (Johnson & Rising,
1972)
All these methods are good but no teaching method could be regarded as superior to the other. In
application, combination of these methods will be desirable. It all depends on the content, objectives
and the nature of the learners.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING OF MATHEMATICS 1. Basic stages of
teaching and learning
Fakuade (1981) identifed three significant stages of learning topics in mathematics. These are: *
Concrete materials and demonstration of real life situation stage * Semi–concrete or pictorial studies
stage * Abstraction stage Pupils in the primary schools have the age ranges between 5 and 12. This
is the age period that coincides approximately with the Piaget's concrete operational stage. This is a
transitional stage between the pre–operational period (a period when the child cannot yet perform
any serious operation, a period of intuition when the child's reasoning is not yet quite logical) and
the formal operational stage (a period when the child thought process

My Math Experience
My earliest math memory was in Elementary school; it was a time that I completely understood
what I was supposed to do (math wise at least). It was in middle school that I was introduced to
different math equations and formulas. At the time I had enjoyed the way that these can be applied
to the shapes that were given and the variety of ways to solve one problem. In 2013 I was accepted
into Mt. Edgecumbe High School, where the math program was one of the many aspects that were
different in comparison to the village educational expectations that I was accustomed to. My
freshman year was the beginning of a burgeoning distaste and struggle in mathematics.
The ninth grade is when I had been placed into a year long Algebra I class. The first few weeks went
smoothly, due to what I was taught at my hometown, but then I started to fall behind when we began
the computer program for math. This was the first time that I had done anything similar to this and it
was difficult to say the least. There were conflicting educational goals between the teaching
happening in the classroom and the electronic lessons on the desktop. However, fear of failure was a
major justification on my dedication to have an adequate grade in the class, even with the frustration
that came along with it. In the course of the year, I had become well educated in many math areas.
Nonetheless, now having the opportunity to look back, I now see that the electronic program had not
taught me an abundance of math as

Coding Theory Case Studies
Abstract
This case study covers the coding theory, its components and its practical applications. Coding
theory, sometimes called logarithmic coding hypothesis, manages the configuration of lapse
remedying codes for the dependable transmission of data crosswise over uproarious channels.
Error coding is utilized as a part of numerous advanced provisions like workstation memory,
attractive and optical information stockpiling media. The investigation of mistake rectifying codes
and the cohorted arithmetic is known as coding hypothesis. In information theory, the amount of
positions at which the relating images are distinctive between two strings is Hamming distance.
Hamming code is a set of error correction codes that might be utilized to recognize and right bit
errors that can happen when machine information is moved or put away.
There is lot of examples of coding theory; one of the biggest examples of its use is in
communication field, i–e modulation, encryption and decryption of signal.
Coding Theory – A Case
In 1948, Claude Shannon, working at Bell Laboratories in the USA, introduced the entire subject of
coding hypothesis by indicating that it was conceivable to encode messages in such a path, to the
point that the amount of additional bits transmitted was as little as would be prudent. Unfortunately,
his confirmation did not give any express formulas for these ideal codes. It was two years after the
fact that Richard Hamming, likewise at Bell Labs, started

Attributes Of An Ideal Image Target Related Work
TABLE 3: Attributes of an Ideal image target Related Work
Sl. No. Attribute Example
1. Rich in detail PCG scene, group of features, Mixtures of hidden acoustic signals and murmurs
2. Good contrast Bright and dark regions, and well–lit
3. No repetitive patterns Abnormalities may be multiple and random.
4. Format Must be 8– or 24–bit PNG and JPG formats; less than 2 MB in size; JPGs must be RGB
or greyscale (no CMYK)
C. Applications
1. Text recognition from a vocabulary of words.
2. Object recognition from scanning: This application is utilized in this work for PCG wave image
and the classification is done. With this method, apps that recognize and track intricate rigid scans
can be achieved. This includes wrapped target images (cylinder Targets)
3. Content interaction: This is used in this work, with the PCG wave content (without the need for
feature extraction) interacting with the background classification algorithm.
D. Advantages
1. Standalone 'app' has the advantage that Query times for device databases are faster than for cloud
databases.
2. Data in Standalone 'app' support tracking of multiple targets simultaneously, while cloud
databases support tracking of only one target at a time.
3. Large Device Databases can take up to a few seconds to load, while the Cloud Databases can be
queried as soon as your app starts up.
Hamming distance method
This method is adopted to detect the heart abnormalities by making use of the hamming distance
between two images. Hamming

Why Are Significant Figures Important
Science has always worked hand–in–hand with data. Data relies on both quantitative and qualitative
data. Some examples of qualitative data are color, scent, texture, etc. Quantitative data are always in
numbers either measured or calculated such as length, volume, density, temperature, etc. The results
are always dependent on the amount of significant figures the measurement has, and so there is a
large emphasis on how many significant figures should be used in the data. The importance of
significant figures will be explained in the rest of the essay, as it is a crucial part in all calculations
of chemistry.
There are rules in acknowledging what significant figures are. First rule is that all non–zero numbers
(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are considered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rules that were explained here are that of the course and do not reflect the policies in the
textbook. In relation to arithmetic calculations, Silberberg's rules are both similar from the course's.
For multiplying/division, the two rules are the same: the answer should contain the least amount of
significant figures used in the calculation. In addition/division, the answer should contain the least
amount of decimal places used in the calculation. In relation to rounding off, Silberberg's rules are
different. Rounding off rules are similar, except in the case when the number being rounded off is 5.
Silberberg explains that if the number preceding the 5 is odd, round up. If the preceding number is
even, it remains the same. This is in the case if there are proceeding 0s after the 5, however if there
are any other digits after 5 that aren not just 0, round up no matter what the preceding digit

Coding Theory Case Study Essay
Coding Theory Case Study
Alicia Griffin
MTH 221
June 9, 2014
Howard Thomas
Coding Theory Case Study
What is Coding Theory? "Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a
specific application. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error–correction and more
recently also for network coding. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines – such as
information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, and computer science – for the purpose of
designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of
redundancy and the correction (or detection) of errors in the transmitted data." (Coding Theory,
2010) There are many aspects that go into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the original message were 1001, we would encode that as 10010, since the original message
already had n even number of 1's. When someone receives the message 10101, since there are an
odd number of 1's, we know that an error occurred during transmission. We do not know how many
there were or which digit(s) were effected and the parity check does locate them for correction.
Once the errors are located an error–correcting code can begin. An ECC "is an algorithm for
expressing a sequence of numbers such that any errors which are introduced can be detected and
corrected (within certain limitations) based on remaining numbers." (Weisstein, 2014) The study of
error–correcting codes and the associated mathematics is known as coding theory. Detecting the
errors within codes is much easier than actually fixing the errors. The major difference between a
parity check is that with error–correction, errors are detected and corrected right then, not just
detected. Error correction may generally be realized in two different ways: Automatic repeat request
(ARQ). This is an error control technique whereby an error detection scheme is combined with
requests for retransmission of erroneous data. Every block of data received is checked using the
error detection code used, and if the check fails, retransmission of the data is requested – this may be
done repeatedly, until the data can be verified. The other is forward error correction (FEC). Here the
sender encodes the data using an

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Fact School
This is a number & operation lesson for Kindergarten– 2nd grade. This lesson might be used in
conjunction with lessons involving fact families. The goal of the lesson is to help the students gain
an understanding of fact families. The students will start with one number, 7, and find the different
addition and subtraction fact families for each number. After the students have used the
counters/cubes/buttons and the red strip and found the different facts of the first number, the
students will count out 8 counters/cubes/buttons and find the next numbers in the fact families.
Strengths & Weaknesses:
The activities in this lesson promote a deep understanding of fact families and the different
properties of fact families involving addition and subtraction. A strength of this lesson, with it being
the beginning of learning and using fact families, is the fact that the students are using manipulatives
to visualize and see the similarities in fact families. The students are also recording their information
and facts down as they manipulate the counters/cubes/buttons. This allows the students to visualize
the fact families in all of the possible ways, while still getting the practice of writing out the
information, since they will not always have the materials as supports. Students use of manipulatives
and writing in conjunction allows the students to have maximum practice in learning number
combinations. The questions that are related to this lesson will help the students
The

Diana Gu Passion
True Passion: Diana Gu's Experience of Success Mathematics is not for one type of person: not only
for the nerdy and weird outcasts, not only for the white male, not only for those who are not targeted
by the stereotypes prevalent in the field. Mathematics is not dry, nor boring, nor focused on inane
solutions never to be used after the discovery. Mathematics is not what people think it is; it is not
one field, one theme, one subject. Mathematics is everything. Look around, with clear eyes, and you
will see the art of mathematics everywhere. Dr. Diana Gu, the founder of MTY Academy, an
extremely successful institute in the Austin community, and long–time, inspirational professor at the
Texas State University, looks at the world and sees numbers. She sees passion and dedication and
motivation. She sees intensity and zeal and excitement. Explaining that mathematics is essential for
everyone, she emphasizes an idea: innate skill matters little, while practice is what defines you. The
belief originates from her experiences in her youth: her parents were extremely supportive,
providing her with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mathematics is essential. She likens mathematics to a computer: it's indispensable, it's a tool, it's an
instrument to be used. She explains that everyone has misconceptions about math, and explains that
as a community, the face of mathematics can be changed. Mathematics is for everyone: not only for
the nerdy and weird outcasts, not only for the white male, not only for those who are not targeted by
the stereotypes prevalent in the field. Mathematics is lively, and exciting, and focused on solutions
to change the world. Mathematics is what Dr. Gu is guiding students to see; it is not one field, one
theme, one subject. Dr. Gu, the teacher I look up to the most, shows her students that mathematics is
beautiful. Mathematics is everywhere. Mathematics is our past, present, and

The Stata And Hlm Software
The HSLS data was collected through a stratified two stage sampling process. That is, 944 schools
(including public, private, and charter schools) were sampled in the first stage and in the second
stage 25, 206 students selected in 50 states in the District of Columbia (Ingels et al., 2011, 2014).
There were approximately 27 students selected per school. To cater for the complex sampling, the
data include weights (students weights, parent weights, teacher weights, counselor weights, and
school weights) that should be used to account for the sampling and non–response at the two stages
of the data collecting process. For these reasons STATA and HLM software will be used in the data
analysis process because these software can be used with weights and correction of standard error.
The HSLS has missing data that has been cleaned and the analysis process made easier because the
data includes variables in which imputation methods (weighted sequential hot–deck [WSHD] were
used to replace the missing data (see Ingels et al., 2011, 2014). To answer the first research question
that examines the trends in (i) algebra achievement, (ii) OTL across the three time points analysis
using descriptive statistics to compare differences by race, location, States, SES, and school type
will be used and presented using a combination of line graphs and histograms. The algebra
achievement used will be the probability of proficiency scores, which is criterion referenced, to
show the gains in

Lee Stiff To Math
History Lee Stiff is an African American Math education professor in the Department of
Mathematics at North Carolina State University. Lee Vernon Stiff was born in 1949. His father
provided for the family by working in a factory with a third– grade education level. While
researching Stiff, no information was found about his mother or siblings (if he had any). This essay
will provide information about the life of Lee Stiff and how he contributes to mathematics.
Education
In the year of 1971, Stiff received his Bachelor's degree in Mathematics from The University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill additionally, He received his Master's Degree from Duke University
(1974) and his PH. D from North Carolina University (1978). (Lee V. Stiff (852), ... Show more
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He has many publications, including the authorship, co–authorship, or editorship of textbooks in
middle grades and high school mathematics, six professional books and eight book chapters. Dr.
Stiff is a textbook author for the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company and McDougal
Littell. ''Houghton Mifflin Math'' is an elementary textbook series, K–6; and McDougal Littell's
titles, such as Math Course 1Algebra 1, Geometry, and Algebra 2 which is usually middle and high
school math textbooks. (Lee V. Stiff (8301), 1999) This is a list of some current textbooks that was
credited by Lee Stiff: Developing Mathematical Reasoning in Grades K–12, Geometry: Reasoning,
Applying and Measuring and Heath Algebra1: An Integrated

Reflection Paper
Do you ever wish you could click the reset button many times in your life? It might've been
something you wish you could've changed, but you can't and now you're faced with that
setback/regret.
It all started in sophomore year when I was assigned to an Algebra 2 & Trigonometry class. Each
year my math course was getting harder and harder to deal with. Algebra 2/Trigonometry was a
math course I couldn't understand. Mathematics isn't my best subject and even though I get good
grades I expect more from myself. I tried almost everything from studying old Barron's Regents
books to going to Khan Academy, an online website that helps students or even teachers
strengthened their weakness in any subject. I can officially say my biggest setback was failing the
Algebra 2/Trigonometry Regents twice back to back. The first time I took the regent I knew I wasn't
ready for it. I doubted myself because I had absolutely no clue how to solve algebraic equations and
trigonometric functions. The only reason I took the exam was that my teachers told me to try it. I
like to go by the saying "You never know unless you try." So I said to myself "why not" and then I
went into the examination room and took the test. Even though I passed my geometry class, I still
failed the exam, which made it challenging for me because I couldn't take over the class again to get
extra help.
but that didn't stop my guidance counselor from moving me onto the next math course. She added
this new math course to my schedule without the intention of how I was supposed to pass the exam
without having that class to give me the help I needed. how I was supposed to pass geometry and
also another math course on top of that. I was left speechless and worried because I didn't feel
mentally prepared to take the exam. I had a lot on my plate with the English and Earth science
regents coming up as well. It was a lot of work to get on track but I manage to pick myself up and
did what needed to be done. After I got back my results and it was a failing grade I knew I had to
take some actions if I wanted to pass the exam again. Some steps I took were coming early to class
before 1st period to get extra help from my teacher, Mr. Dugue. He would sit down with me and

Nt1330 Unit 1 Algorithm Paper
The complexity and memory requirements of the algorithm are in the order of $D_mathcal{D}.
{rm N}$, denoted as $O(D_mathcal{D}{rm N})$. The algorithm become more effective when the
minimum difference $Delta Y_k$ is large between the transmission probability gains $Y_k$.
Consequently, our algorithm finds an optimal solution coupled with linear complexity, when the
network become more heterogeneous due to small ${rm N}$. Our algorithm also finds the optimal
solution with an increased complexity, when the network becomes more homogeneous or less
heterogeneous due to increasing ${rm N}$. The quantization precision ${rm N}$ in Algorithm 1,
is a physical quantity specified by the underlying network that elaborate the designing of
quantization step. The total content size $H$ depends on the required content transmission rate
$r_{c_i, d_i}$ and $Y_k$, whereas $Y_k sigma$ are defined by the contact dynamics of the nodes
in a network. However, if the network is difficult by the required level of transmission ratio, the
values of $Y_k$ and the value of $Delta Y_k$, such that $rm N$ is too large, then the designer
may have to comprise by reducing the desired level of transmission ratio to reduce $rm N$. In
results, the sub–optimal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The transmission rate and contact rates between D2D pairs are often quasi–statistic information. In
cellular network, all the nodes of the network can be known by their contact rates and transmission
rate to the source node, as they can access the services provided by the network. In D2D
communication, where the base station is not taking part of the data transmission, the D2D pair can
transmit the contact rates and transmission rate by opportunistic contacts. Therefore, the information
for the source node for content transmission and resource allocation of D2D pairs are distributed in
the

The History Of Algebra, How It Started, The Most Study...
This paper will show the history of algebra, how it started, and how it grew to be what it is today. It
will show that it started it developments from the basic arithmetic operations that first were used to
solve simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and how it went incorporating more
operations that permitted it to solve problems that involve abstract concepts. It will show that the
recorded history begins mostly with the Egyptian papyrus, and how it went passing from one
civilization. Moreover; it will show how each civilization contributed with something that at the end
helped it to become what it is today, the most study mathematical subject around the world.
1. Introductions
However; the recorded history begins with the Rhind Papyrus from Egypt and clay tablets from
Babylon, which describe the basic mathematical operations that include an unknown variable, then
it passed to India where written records in Sanskrit show that the Indian were already describing
verbally what seems to be the description of unknown variables. Next the recorded history passed to
the Greeks, where Diophantus published the b books that describe the syncopated algebra which are
considered to be the basis of all algebra used and studied by European mathematician.
Moreover; it was in Europe where the recorded history of the algebra really was taken to the next
level. The lead was taken by Fibonacci with is book liber abaci, who added the application of
sequences and crated a

Nt1330 Unit 4 Algorithm Paper
II. Key equation solver, which determines the error locator polynomial through the BM
(Berlekamp–Massey) algorithm as follows:
III. Determining the error locating numbers by finding the roots of error locating polynomial
(identifying the position of erroneous bit). The block diagram of decoding process for a t–error
correcting BCH code is illustrate in figure 1. For further information on BCH codes, we orientate
readers towards references [21, 22].
Fig. 1. BCH Block Diagram
Goal of coding theory is different to data hiding method even though both methods use the error
correction codes [23]. In coding theory, syndrome equation in the first stage of decoder block is used
to detect and correct error which is not expected in advance at the encoder block, whereas in data
hiding, syndrome is used to choose proper coefficients to insert a watermark signal and decrease
distortion. In the embedding process, by choosing proper e(x), some of the host image bits are
modified intentionally. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
r(x) and v(x) can be represented as the polynomial r(x)= r1x + r2x 2+ ... + rn–1xn–1 and v(x)= v1x
+ v2x 2+ ... + vn–1xn–1 over GF(2m). Then watermark image I is obtained as:
(6)
Where H is the parity–check matrix that its entries are constructed by the primitive element in
GF(2m) as follows: (7)
Suppose that v(x)= v1x + v2x 2+ ... + vn–1xn–1 is host image and modify in the host image bits
after insert watermark image results in the following watermarked image: (8)
Let e(x) be flip pattern.

Mathematics : A Key Element For A Young Child 's Learning...
Literature is a key element for a young child's learning process. It can be essential in elementary
students understanding of mathematics topics. Language arts, social studies, and science instruction
commonly uses literature. At times it can be overlooked when teaching or planning lessons for
mathematics. Mathematics instruction tends to have a high emphasis on using manipulatives or
workbooks. Literature does not tend to be at the top of the resource list (Golden, 2012). While books
can be a very useful tool for teachers successfulness in teaching mathematics topics. You can find
mathematics in different types of books. For example: recipe, sequential thinking, patterns, and
problem solving books (Padula, 2004). Math skills and mathematics literature are both equally
important in children's growth in this subject (Kurz, 2012). These components must be combined for
children to effectively learn each math skill (Kurz, 2012). According to the article, "The Role of
Mathematical Fiction in the Learning of Mathematics in Primary School" this series is great for
filling in a few minutes between transitions (Padula, 2004). Also, at the end of the picture books
they include extensions or activities for the class to complete. This study will more closely see if
third graders mathematics scores and achievement increase when consistently incorporating
literature into plans and lessons. Purpose of the Study Gathering information associated with
children's mathematics

`` Wrong Answer : A Case Against Algebra II
Algebra is not an easy subject for many people. It is full of letters, numbers, and rules mixed
together to represent real life problems that are hard to swallow for anyone who doesn't look at the
world from the perspective of a mathematician. In his essay, "Wrong Answer: A Case Against
Algebra II", Nicholson Baker addresses this problem and explains why he thinks Algebra II should
not be seen as a staple in the education of High school students.
The essay begins with the creation of Algebra in 1545 by doctor Giordano Cardan. It was created to
be this way of simplifying problems and Cardan believed it to be an art form that would never go
out of style or lose usefulness over time. For the most part he was correct as nearly 500 years later it
is still in use, yet for many people it does not simplify anything at all. Cardan was a man of
numbers, he gambled and clearly had a great understanding of mathematics, so algebra made sense
in his mind but this is not the case for everyone. Math is puzzle that people need to work through to
understand, explains Baker, and many people enjoy this aspect of it much like Cardan. Baker
himself was a dedicated student who put in week to learn material for a math exam and got a score
of 93 for his efforts. Other students, however do not feel as though they can accomplish this. Not all
students see the world in numbers and the material they are forced to study is confusing and only
gets harder as the course goes on. Fr many student's algebra

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Block Codes
Communication systems consist of transmitter, channel, and receiver. The latter can be affected by a
noise source, such as the Additive White Gaussian noise (AWGN) which, in turn, can cause a
change in the data transmission. As a result of data change or corruption, the idea of channel coding
was introduced as a reliable solution to overcome this dilemma. Nowadays, we use some techniques
as Forward error correction (FEC) to reduce the errors that might appear during the information
transmission over the channel. In this technique, the system adds redundant (extra) bits to identify if
a specific bit is corrupted or not and correct it. FEC Channel codes may be classified into two main
categories: the Convolutional Code and the Block Code. On ... Show more content on
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In other words, block coding is a memory less operation as code words are independent from each
other. In contrast, the output of a convolutional encoder doesn't only depend on the current input
information, but also depends on the previous inputs or outputs; either on a block–by–block or a bit–
by–bit basis. Each kind of block codes gets a special generation matrix and a decoding matrix.
Unfortunately, the main disadvantage of block codes is that we cannot extract the information until
the whole code is received. In addition, the entire block has to be retransmitted in case of error.
Convolutional encoders:
In several applications the message bits are transmitted serially rather than blocks. In such cases, it
is not preferred to use a buffer. Thus, the use of convolutional codes may be the optimum method as
it generates redundant bits by using modulo–2 convolutions–hence the name of the coder.
The convolutional encoder can be represented as a finite state machine (FSM) with a given number
of shift register stages. For example, if there is a K–stage shift registers (usually D flip flops) with a
rate of encoder input bits to its output is 1/n and L bits length message, so the coded output sequence
will have the length of n (L+K) bits .
The most common convolutional encoders have the following parameters: K=2 &

Improvements Of Block Based Pass
Improvements of Block Based Pass Parallel in Image Compression Algorithm Dhivya.T1 1Student,
Dept. of ECE, Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women,dhivyatkalai@gmail.com
Nirmala.R2 2Assistant professor, Dept of ECE, Vivekananda College of Engineering for
Women,nirdha06@gmail.com Abstract¬––– A algorithm for wavelet transformed images. BPS is
block based pass parallel SPIHT is one of the widely used compression much simpler and faster
than many existing compression techniques. The drawback of existing method is a poor quality,
compression block size of the image is large and the compression efficiency is very low. In this
paper we discussed about various compression algorithm to overcome this problem. In improvement
of block based pass parallel algorithm carry select adder is used to enhance the speed, efficiency and
to reduce area. Index term–––Block Based Pass Parallel algorithm (BPS), Set partitioning in
hierarchical trees (SPIHT) I. INTRODUCTION Digital images are very large in size and occupy
large storage space. They take larger bandwidth and take more time for upload and download
through the internet. In order to overcome this problem various compression algorithms are used.
Wavelet based image coding, such as the JPEG2000 standard, is widely used because of its high
compression efficiency. There are three important wavelet–based image coding algorithms are used
that have embedded coding property enabling easy bit rate control with

Advantages And Disadvantages Of LDPC Decoders
This chapter gives an overview of the literature survey on LDPC block codes and algorithm for
LDPC decoder which gives a high throughput, better bit error rate performance with low clock
frequency. R G Gallager [1] in his paper, the overview of low density parity check codes are
presented. The parity check matrix specifies these codes, which consists of few entries of non–zero
elements. The number of non–zero elements in row should be greater than the number of non–zero
elements in column. The typical minimum distance of these codes are directly proportional to block
length for a fixed rate. A simple but non optimum decoding scheme operating directly from the
channel is described. As block length increases, complexity of equipment and data ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Costello et al. [11] in this paper the comparison of LDPC block and convolutional codes based on
various factors such as encoding complexity, decoding computational complexity, decoding
hardware complexity, decoding memory requirements, decoding delay, and VLSI implementation
requirements are presented. LDPC convolutional codes have been shown to be capable of achieving
the identical capacity–approaching performance as LDPC block codes with iterative message
passing decoding. In addition, several interesting tradeoffs have been identified between the two
different types of codes with respect to VLSI

Computer Programming: A Class of Triple Error Correcting...
In a recent paper, Bracken and Helleseth [2009] showed that one can construct triple–error–
correcting codes using zero set consisting different zero set than the BCH codes. In this
correspondence we present some new triple error correcting code having zeros and where gcd (2k,
n) =1 and n be odd. Keywords: Triple error, Parity Check matrix & minimum distance. 1
Introduction BCH codes [R.Bose and D.Ray–Chaudari, 1960] are of great practical importance for
error–correction, particularly if the expected errors are small compared with the length. The BCH
code is a subset of cyclic code. The binary primitive triple –error–correcting BCH code with
minimum distance d = 7 is a cyclic code. We consider a finite field with elements. g(x) be the
generator polynomial of triple –error–correcting BCH code having be its Zeros. The set is known as
triple. Kasami showed that one can construct similar triple–error–correcting codes using zeros sets
of different triples. Later Helleseth and Bracken presented some new triples and in addition they
gave some new method for finding these triple. In this paper with the help of some new zeros we
construct some triple–error–correcting BCH like codes. Let H = be the parity check Matrix of the
triple error correcting BCH code where the order of the matrix is 3n by . The code C = [ , , d]is a
code of dimension and minimum distance d= 7 between any pair of codewords.Generally we are
interested in finding triples s.t. H is the parity

Justifications : Warm Up : Shared Book Essay
Justifications: Warm–up: Shared Book Description: Justification: The warm up for this lesson is
reading a book called, "Earth Day – hooray!" I chose to incorporate reading as a math warm–up
because it is an effective way to explore mathematical concepts, which are both engaging and
informative for the students. Integrating elements of literature into the lesson supports problem
solving and allows students to be fully immersed in the story, solving themselves the mathematical
issues that the characters fall into. Ministry of Education, 2016, endorses this idea stating that
applying visual elements of picture books aid in illustrating mathematical concepts, which are
difficult to teach with other resources, or challenging for students to comprehend. This particular
book introduces properties of place value, discussing the idea that 10 tens is equal to 1 one hundred,
which all groups need assisting with. Picture books contextualize mathematical ideas in meaningful
ways for students, while creating stories, which are relatable and spark curiosity and enthusiasm
(McGrath, 2014). McGrath further explains that learners will respond positively when stories are not
written with the intention of teaching children mathematics and will be more receptive to learning
the math message, if the thinking is second nature. As the cappuccinos are learning about place
value this warm–up is a great launching point for furthering exploring this concept and prompts
ideas for discussion and

The Fantastic Journey Of The Mathematics
Abstract: This paper is to give a brief description of the fantastic journey of the mathematics
throughout the time. It is intended to provide information through archeological about the
importance and use of counting systems by pre–historic men. Also, it will illustrate how the
development of early civilizations and mathematics was closed related. Furthermore; it will shows
the development as a magical journey which involved many thousands of years.
The Origins When and where are the origins of mathematics?
The origins of mathematics accompanied the evolution of social systems in many ways. The social
development of any society requires some sort of calculation and the use of a number system. On
the same way, the arithmetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the invention of numbers and counting systems occurred when people started to live together
and formed the first human society, mathematical scenes was the link that helped them to form
societies and to develop a type of communication system and in a way help them to establish the
first trading system which in turn, was the fundamental factor to establish a communication channel
with other societies. For example, the article titled "Mathematics in pre–history" says that there is an
archeological evidence which describe that they have used some kind of basic mathematics as early
as 30, 000 BCE, the article mentions that "bone artifacts where discovered that had use for
reckoning time in sequences of numbers that agree with the number of days included in successive
phases of the moon". So, ancient math is an accepted fact, and maybe the first method of counting
was just a simple method like adding tow objects, or dividing food among all the family members.
Some scholars agree that they started counting by using their hands and fingers, others say scientist
say that the early man started counting by using sticks and stones. However, we can only speculate
on the effectiveness of these systems, but it is obvious that despite being so simple it was an
effective system for them.
Early Counting systems
How many counting system were there at the

Coding Theory, Its Components And Its Practical Applications
This case study covers the coding theory, its components and its practical applications. Coding
theory, sometimes called logarithmic coding hypothesis, manages the configuration of lapse
remedying codes for the dependable transmission of data crosswise over uproarious channels.
Error coding is utilized as a part of numerous advanced provisions like workstation memory,
attractive and optical information stockpiling media. The investigation of mistake rectifying codes
and the cohorted arithmetic is known as coding hypothesis. In information theory, the amount of
positions at which the relating images are distinctive between two strings is Hamming distance.
Hamming code is a set of error correction codes that might be utilized to recognize and right bit
errors that can happen when machine information is moved or put away.
There is lot of examples of coding theory; one of the biggest examples of its use is in
communication field, i–e modulation, encryption and decryption of signal.
Coding Theory – A Case
In 1948, Claude Shannon, working at Bell Laboratories in the USA, introduced the entire subject of
coding hypothesis by indicating that it was conceivable to encode messages in such a path, to the
point that the amount of additional bits transmitted was as little as would be prudent. Unfortunately,
his confirmation did not give any express formulas for these ideal codes. It was two years after the
fact that Richard Hamming, likewise at Bell Labs, started considering

Math Grade 10 Research
Demographics: Name: Alyssa Gutierrez
Grade level of lesson: 3rd Grade
Subject/Concept: Mathematics: Number and Operations in Base Ten
Duration of lesson: 60 minutes Objectives:
1. TSWBAT demonstrate rounding of whole numbers to the nearest 10. (Understanding)
2. TSWBAT demonstrate rounding of whole numbers to the nearest 100. (Understanding)
Standard/Benchmark /GLE: State the intended standard
3.NBT.A.1 Number and Operations in Base Ten
A. Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi–digit arithmetic.4
1. Use place value understanding to round whole numbers to the nearest 10 or 100. *Introduction
and Whole Group Instruction will take place outside on the black top ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). Rounding to the Nearest 100. Retrieved February 07, 2017, from
http://www.teachertube.com/video/rounding–to–the–nearest–100–389928 Math – Super Teacher
Worksheets. (n.d.). Retrieved March 08, 2017, from
https://www.pinterest.com/superteacherwks/math–super–teacher–worksheets/
Accommodations/Individual Differences/Learner's Needs: Visual/Spatial: The chalk island
demonstration included in the introduction and continued in whole group instruction. Students will
watch a video on rounding to the nearest 100 on the smart board.
Verbal– Linguistic: Students will write and present their solutions to the rounding riddles in guided
practice. Bodily/Kinesthetic: In the introduction and whole group instruction students will find a
number and then will jump to the nearest "island" or decade number. Interpersonal: Students work in
groups during guided practice two to complete rounding riddles. Intrapersonal: Students work alone
to complete handout during independent practice. Early finisher: Students who finish early will be
allowed to complete the Rounding Rocket Ships activity sheet.
Attachments:
1–6. Rounding riddles sheet
7. Round 'Em Up worksheet
8. Rounding Rocket Ships activity

Math Anxiety and Efficacy Scores
Students often struggle with the learning of math concepts; a love–hate relationship has existed for
decades between math and students as they know they need to understand and have a sound
foundation of math skills, yet, they toil to reach a proficiency level and fall short of their goal. This
lack of confidence and anxiety in learning math concepts has created a lack of self–efficacy among
math learners, which fosters a reduction in a desire to learn and use math skills. As education
changes at an increasingly rapid speed not seen before, educators must bring to their students cutting
edge best practices and technology to reach learning goals and build interest in needed math areas.
Deficits in math proficiency are a matter of national concern (Beal, Walles, Arroyo, & Woolf, 2007).
Students are struggling to pass statewide subject–area tests, reach suitable ACT scores, and/or enter
college without enrolling in remediation classes in math. According to the American Institutes for
Research, American students score well below comparable students in other countries (Phillips,
2009). Deficiencies in math scores tend to slip as students progress from one grade to the next. This
chain of events creates students who select non–based math studies as they enter high school and
college which can create real voids in our work force.
Math anxiety hinders students' mathematics learning, thinking positive about math, and feeling
calm. This fear causes low self–esteem,

Improvements Of Block Based Pass
Improvements of Block Based Pass Parallel Algorithm in Image Compression Dhivya.T1 1Student,
Dept. of ECE, Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women,dhivyatkalai@gmail.com
Nirmala.R2 2Assistant professor, Dept of ECE, Vivekananda College of Engineering for
Women,nirdha06@gmail.com Abstract¬––– A block based pass parallel SPIHT is one of the widely
used compression algorithm for wavelet transformed images. BPS is much simpler and faster than
many existing compression techniques. The drawback of existing method is a poor quality,
compression block size of the image is large and the compression efficiency is very low. In this
paper we discussed about various compression algorithm to overcome this problem. In improvement
of block based pass parallel algorithm carry select adder is used to enhance the speed, efficiency and
to reduce area. Index term–––Block Based Pass Parallel algorithm (BPS), Set partitioning in
hierarchical trees (SPIHT) I. INTRODUCTION Digital images are very large in size and occupy
large storage space. They take larger bandwidth and take more time for upload and download
through the internet. In order to overcome this problem various compression algorithms are used.
Wavelet based image coding, such as the JPEG2000 standard, is widely used because of its high
compression efficiency. There are three important wavelet–based image coding algorithms are used
that have embedded coding property enabling easy bit rate control with progressive

Applying The Following Method To Calculate The Optimal...
CE2.18 To increase the BER performance, I applied the following method to calculate the optimal
rotation angle (θ_opt) for the interleaving system applied to MQAM/MPSK schemes. The selection
of optimal rotation angle is based on finding the expression of average symbol error probability
(P_s) corresponding to θ given certain signal–to–noise ratio (SNR). I found out that the optimal
rotation angle (θ_opt) approximately around 8.6 degree will maximize the BER performance.
CE2.19 I noticed that the simulating process was a time–consuming process due to iterative
decoding. I observed that for the calculation of probability of the binary index for kth bit, large
computational load required. As a result, memory usage was increased due to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I designed the normal BCH encoding process by using three steps using the above figure. 1) I used a
generator polynomial according to the DVB–T2 standard table the error correcting capability of
DVB–T2 is equal to 12. 2) I divided the message sequence using the generator polynomial in a
Galois field with α=2 and the remainder resulted in the parity check sequence. 3) I appended the
parity check sequence to the message sequence to get the BCH encoded message C2.25 I calculated
fast encoding process using G(X) = [Ik ⋮P]. The size of G(x) is Nbch × Kbch whereas letter "I" was
the identity matrix with the size of Kbch × Kbch and P was the redundancy matrix , the size of the
matrix was Kbch × (Nbch − Kbch) and Nbch was the length of the binary BCH code. C2.26 I was
concerned about the implementation of the fast encoding process as it was required to build a huge
matrix, which would over exceed the range. I reshaped this huge matrix with the help of Matlab
tool. Based on the simulation results, I concluded that longer parity–check will provide better the
error detection as well as correction and can pre–calculate the parity check sequence. C2.27 I was
assigned to design the BCH decoder. I created a syndrome generation by substituting 2t roots of the
original message in the polynomial form of the received codeword. I used these

The Mathematics Of Mathematics Into Mathematics Education
Mathematics is a versatile and always changing subject as people research and theorize new ideas.
Calvin Clawson proclaimed that "the single most compelling reason to explore the world of
mathematics is that it is beautiful, and pondering its intriguing ideas is great fun" (2). To make this
subject easier to explore, teachers should be implementing the history of mathematics into
mathematics education. They should do so because of the numerous benefits that it would yield to
students and teachers. Po–Hung Liu stated that integrating history of mathematics into daily lessons
and such will help students and teachers by increasing the students' motivation to learn, help them to
develop positive feelings for math, help to develop students' ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This issue is not contained exclusively in the United States' education system; it is a worldwide
problem that has effects on people all around the world. Implementing the history of mathematics
into all mathematics education will save millions of students from loathing mathematics without
really knowing what mathematics is truly about or where it came from.
Involving the history of mathematics in schools would prove to very beneficial, but there are not
many teachers today that are very well enlightened on the history of mathematics and how the
implementation of said topic can be beneficial. We cannot expect those teachers to be able to teach
our students about an area of mathematics that they have no to little knowledge in. A study by
Danielle Goodwin made a very interesting and relevant conclusion:
"There are significant relationships between what California high school public teachers know about
mathematics history and their beliefs about mathematics. Teachers with lower history scores are less
likely to believe that mathematics is a discipline for everyone and that mathematics shows cultural
differences. Teachers with low mathematics history scores are more likely to believe that
mathematics is a disjointed collection of facts, rules, and skills, and that everything important about
mathematics is already known" (87).
Having this kind of mindset as a teacher can be very detrimental to a student as it will discourage
them from further

The Classifications Of Augmented Reality
4.2 Classifications of Augmented reality
There are two types of simple augmented reality: marker–based which uses cameras and visual cues,
and marker less which use positional data such as a mobile 's GPS and compass.
i) Marker based AR
Various types of markers are images that can be detected by a camera, and used by the software as
the location for virtual assets placed in a scene. Most of them are black and white markers. Simple
augmented reality markers can consist of some basic shapes made up of black squares against a
white background. More elaborate markers can be created using simple images that are still read
properly by a camera, and these codes can even take the form of tattoos.
ii) Marker less AR
In marker–less augmented reality the image is gathered from the internet and displayed on a
particular location (gathered using GPS). The application doesn't require a marker to display the
content. It is more interactive than marker based augmentation.
4.3 AR based approach
The feature of the software platform that enables to visualize applications is Vuforia [web based
tool] and is given in TABLE 2.
TABLE 2: Features of the web based tool Vuforia.
Sl.
No. Capabilities Type Examples
1. To recognize images and objects Flat images Print media and product packaging
2. Supports geometric shapes classification Multi Targets of JPG/PNG/RGB/ Gray–scale Cascaded
Images
3. Mapping physical environment Smart Terrain 3D Mesh Creation
A. Extended features
Create devices and

Standard Coding Theory Project Report
EE – 653 CODING THEORY PROJECT REPORT REDUCING THE GAP TO CAPACITY OF A
RATE 1/3 CODE VIA CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING/DECODING ARUN PRAKASH
NACHIMUTHU MARIA HASHMI ABSTRACT In this project we are trying to minimize the gap–
to capacity of a channel given by Shannon's theoretical limit of a rate 1/3 code. This is done through
a convolutional encoding/decoding by varying memory elements for both soft and hard decision
decoding. The basic concepts associated with the convolution code with its encoding and decoding
schemes are used in this project. Using Shannon's optimal code we compare the gap to capacity of
the algorithm that is implemented. Finally we show that the gap – to capacity can be minimized with
respect to the sub optimal un–coded code word or a 1/3 repetition code. INTRODUCTION For a
given code rate constraint of R= 1/3, a binary input AWGN channel this project presents various
convolutional decoder and encoder of varying memory element sizes to reduce the gap to capacity
of a code with respect to Shannon's limit. SHANONS CAPACITY THEOREM AND CHANNEL
CODING Despite the presence of noise, the error performance of a data communication system can
be decreased to an arbitrarily low error rate, so long as the data rate was below a certain level (i.e.)
the presence of noise limits the data rate not the error rate. To improve the error performance of
communication system requires larger Bandwidth. If we are willing to accept erroneous data, the
capacity of any

Nt1330 Unit 4.2 Paper
4.2 Implementation Details 4.2.1 Data Source Random Bernoulli generator generates binary data on
a per frame basis. In data output, 144 samples per frame are used, and data rate is 36 Mbps. Figure
4.2: Data Source 4.2.2 Forward Error Correction Coding A typical problem in OFDM based systems
is a high Peak–to–Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The available RF power amplifiers usually have a
limited linear dynamic range. This is not a problem for constant amplitude signals, however, in
OFDM, due to IFFT operation, some of the sub–carriers add constructively to large amplitudes
while others add destructively. The amplitude of the signals thus varies randomly and for large
amplitude signals, non–linear amplifications cause errors. Therefore, error correction codes are
employed. In HiperLan2, the data is coded with a convolutional encoder of rate 1/2. The
convolutional encoder uses the industry–standard generator polynomials, g0 = 1338 and g1 = 1718,
and is shown in Figure 4.3. The bit denoted as "A" is the first output from the encoder while the bit
denoted "B" is the second one. Higher code rates are derived via puncturing. In puncturing, some of
the encoded bits in the transmitter are removed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stream of complex numbers is rearranged so that the pilots can be inserted. In each OFDM
symbol, four pilot signals are inserted in order to make the coherent detection robust against
frequency offsets and phase noise. The pilots are BPSK modulated by a pseudo binary sequence to
prevent the generation of spectral lines [18]. A zero padded block adds zeros, in the right places, to
adjust the IFFT bin size to length N. Selector block rearranges the sub–carriers so that real signal
output can be generated. The IFFT block then computes the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)
of length N, where, for ease of implementation, N is a power of

Advantages And Uses Of MATLAB
5. Implementation Tool
MATLAB (MATRIX LABORATORY) is a numerical computing environment and fourth–
generation programming language. Developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user
interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, and
FORTRAN. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox
uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An
additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi–domain simulation and Model–Based Design for
dynamic and embedded systems.
In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia. MATLAB users
come from various backgrounds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It integrates computation, visualization, and programming environment. Furthermore, MATLAB is a
modern programming language environment: it has sophisticated data structures, contains built–in
editing and debugging tools, and supports object–oriented programming. These factors make
MATLAB an excellent tool for teaching and research. MATLAB has many advantages compared to
conventional computer languages (e.g., C, FORTRAN) for solving technical problems. MATLAB is
an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. The
software package has been commercially available since 1984 and is now considered as a standard
tool at most universities and industries worldwide. It has powerful built–in routines that enable a
very wide variety of computations. It also has easy to use graphics commands that make the
visualization of results immediately available. Specific applications are collected in packages
referred to as toolbox. There are toolboxes for signal processing, symbolic computation, control
theory, simulation, optimization, and several other fields of applied science and

Security Analysis Of A Protocol For Pollution Attack...
ABSTRACT
The following technical paper "Security Analysis of a Protocol for Pollution Attack Detection" is
based on the concept of network coding. Since we have a limited bandwidth it becomes imperative
for us to optimize our network in such a way that we can make maximum use of the network
resources. Network coding allows us to do that. It achieves this by combining different packets that
it receives at a node into one single packet for transmission, instead of simply taking and forwarding
the packets. However, network coding is vulnerable to pollution attacks where a single malicious
node can disrupt the operation of the complete network. Several protocols to detect pollution attacks
have been proposed previously. In the following paper the author has described a new pollution
attack detection protocol that extends the existing SpaceMac protocol. This paper describes how we
have modelled the protocol in order to carry out a security analysis and presents the results of that
analysis.
INTRODUCTION
Network coding allows multiple packets to be transmitted using a smaller number of packets thereby
increasing throughput. Here a common single base station transmits data from a common single
base station to intermediate stations where it is kept and sent out to the ﬁnal destination or to any
other intermediate stations at a later time. For a traditional network that employs multicast network,
the stations receive a packet and forward it to the next node. Under network coding,

Dualness Of Mathematics
Thinking in interdisciplinary terms as I research, the topic of the effectiveness of online mathematics
education, has proved to be both challenging and enlightening. Defining a topic was the first
challenge I encountered. Initially, I planned to research the topic of online education effectiveness in
the general sense; unfortunately, what I found was that there was not a lot information available that
would enable me to find documentation from my two concentration areas of mathematics and
informatics. As Repko (2012) discusses in chapter three of our text, it is necessary to "define the
scope of the problem;" he further mentions it is often found that the scope of the problem needs to
be redefined throughout the STEPS of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
193–220).
Repko (2012) mentions identifying relevant disciplines as a key step of the IRP, I have found it to be
a necessary concept to the process thus far (p. 143–145). There is much to be said about this topic
from the perspective of education, psychology, sociology, and even science (technologies).
Understanding how these perspectives have tried to solve the problem is necessary to move forward
with new ideas from the perspectives of mathematics and informatics.
While we were not required to read from chapter six, "Conducting the Literature Review," I did find
it a useful read in preparing for finding relevant documents (STEP 6 of the IRP) for my research. In
particular, Repko (2012) discusses ways to assess a document for relevance to the topic, strategies,
as well as common mistakes; some of his questions such as identifying whether a document offers
new information, is a partial match to the topic, and searching the references of the work – were
very useful as I waded through the mound of documents found (p. 180–182).
With my literature search concluded, I have begun the process of evaluating the ideas of all the
researchers. Of the literature I have thus reviewed, I have found that several them discuss a system
of online content delivery, relating it to student progress. It has been interesting to consider each of
these perspectives and conduct an analysis to recognize both the strengths of the

Essay STEM Education
Rosalind Brewer is the Chief Executive Officer of Sam's Club. However, many do not know that her
undergraduate area of study was chemistry. After graduating from Spelman College in 1984, Brewer
took a job as a chemist with Kimberly–Clark, working in a lab. (Daniels). Five years later, she made
the transition to the business side. She worked at Kimberly–Clark for twenty–two years. She
gradually became the president of the global nonwoven fabrics business. In 2006, Walmart invited
her to head stores in Georgia. Brewer benefited the business by raising their profits and eventually
became president of Walmart's United States East business unit. She was responsible for more than
one hundred billion dollars in revenue (Daniels). She is now one ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A STEM education is a necessity in the United States because the country is lacking knowledgeable
people in such fields. However, one is better equipped for multiple job and career positions with the
addition of a liberal arts education. It is nearly impossible to transition to different careers with only
vocational training. In 2003, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development studied
math and science literacy among fifteen year olds. The United States was ranked number twenty–
four in math literacy (Drew 27). They are behind countries such as Finland, Slovak Republic, and
Hungary. Likewise, the United States was ranked number nineteen in science literacy (Drew 27). It
is obvious that the country is behind. STEM education needs to be reformed at the secondary and
post–secondary levels of schooling. Katrina Trinko, a member of USA TODAY's Board of
Contributors, agrees that more emphasis should be placed on STEM education; however, this
emphasis should not be at the sacrifice of a good liberal arts education. She writes, "Even
technology wizards can become more innovative with a solid background in liberal arts" (Trinko 6).
A liberal arts education is beneficial to people in all career fields.
Jeffrey Mervis interviewed educators about their efforts to improve undergraduate STEM education.
Daniel Goroff, a mathematician at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California, tells his students,
"Science is done in connected communities rather than

Maya Number 4 Essay
To many people and cultures, the topic of numbers may seem to have limited to a nonexistent
symbolic relationship or importance. Numbers seem to have the sole purpose to act in mathematics.
Many people would not consider a number to be the center of their actions or daily thoughts.
Regardless, the Maya people holds one number above all near and dear to its heart. The number four
in Maya culture and literature keeps recurring in many texts. The two primary examples of
addressing the importance of the number four can be seen in the sacred Popol Vuh and the popular
play of the Rabinal Achi. In a close analyzation of the number four, it can be confirmed that it holds
great influence on the Maya people. This can be stated because the number four can be seen in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this play, all four corners of direction like in the Popol Vuh are being utilized. When on stage, the
two main warrior characters move in a west to east (and vice versa) direction. They always face the
audience and never cross the invisible line that separates them on stage. Some of the minor
characters then only move in a line from north to south (and vice versa) on each half of the stage.
Thus, all four directions are being

Developmental Math Syllabus
Essay 1
I teach developmental mathematics courses for struggling math students at the Community College
of Philadelphia. For many students, this is where the community college experience begins – in a
remedial arithmetic or algebra class, reviewing mathematics concepts they learned, or should have
learned, before they graduated from high school. As I reviewed the course syllabus and class
requirements on the first day of a new semester, Scott, an older male student shouted out a barrage
of questions: "What do we need this for? Can we take tests over? How many classes can we miss?"
His tone was hostile, and all eyes were fixed on me and my reaction.
As a veteran educator and leader with over 12 years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I teach in a computer lab and incorporate technology in the classroom. I use a supplemental online
program by Pearson Education, Math Lab Plus (MLP), to reinforce the material. The program has an
online discussion component. To foster a sense of community in the classroom, the first assignment
I post is for students to write a brief bio about themselves, including their goals and aspirations for
taking the course. I respond to each entry to make sure students know they are seen and heard and
that I care about their success. As part of their participation grade, students are required to respond
to two other students in the course. This helps them recognize they are part of a community of
learners and not just another student lost in the crowd. Students are placed in cooperative learning
groups where they work with a partner to improve their understanding of different math concepts.
Additionally, I use a toolbox of leadership strategies that are implemented throughout the semester
including: reflective practice, naming and reframing the questions that arise and analyze the results,
integrating theory into practice. Carl Buehner said, "They may forget what you said, but they will
never forget how you made them feel."
I meet monthly with some of my colleagues to discuss and review how we can become more
effective leaders. Currently, we are exploring Angela Duckworth's work looking at how we can
instill

Techniques Of Coding Theory

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