The Incidence Rates Of Skin Cancer

The Incidence Rates Of Skin Cancer
The incidence rates of skin cancers are increasing worldwide. (Fabbrocini et al., 2010). Among these, melanoma is the most serious and dangerous
form of skin cancer. (Callister et al., 2011). It develops from skin cells found in the deeper layers of skin called melanocytes. These produce melanin
which protects the skin by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. (Anderson et al., 2009). Sun exposure gives off ultraviolet radiation (UV) which
increases the risk of developing melanomas. (Callister et al., 2011). New Zealand has the highest overall melanoma incidence rate in the world.
(Callister et al., 2011). Many different factors contribute to New Zealand's high incidence of this cancer. Salmon et al. (2007) suggest that this could
be due to environmental and geographical factors such as relatively high levels of UV radiation made worse by ozone depletion. It is important to
understand the factors related to the high incidence rate of skin cancer in New Zealand because a greater understanding can lead to better prevention of
skin cancers in the future.
Ozone depletion is one factor that could affect the rate of melanoma in New Zealand. The ozone layer is a layer of ozone gas that sits above the Earth
and serves as a shield for ultraviolet b radiation emitted by the sun. (National Geographic, n.d.). Ozone depletion is described by National Geographic
(n.d) as the deterioration of the ozone layer caused by pollution containing chemicals such as chlorine and bromine, mainly
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The Destruction Of The Earth 's Environment
The destruction of the Earth's environment is known by almost every human alive. Our planet is time and again being attacked by the dominant
human race. People treat the earth as if it does not have a role in our survival as a species. This assault on the environment has been going on for
centuries and has brought about consequences that many of us cannot even fathom. If the world is anything like the environment depicted in the
novel He, She, and It, the world we know today will be seen as a haven. The environment in the novel as horrible as it may be, is not far from
reality. Deterioration of the earth's environment, population growth, depletion of our resources and world poverty are all issues that point to the
future shown in He, She and It. The possibility that we could annihilate ourselves has never been more real. However, our species is one of the most
adaptable creatures on Earth, and with our developing technology we might just be able to salvage the world we have left.
It seems as humans evolve and advance, we also use nature to our advantage, and do not use any of our new–found technology to find ways to
replenish those supplies which we so willingly take. Today, California is a test of our capability to adapt to human caused climate change. California's
first efforts to adapt started with the Assembly Bill 32 (the 2006 Global Warming Solutions Act), which has goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
by 2020. Then the state later drafted its first climate

International Law And National Levels
Introduction All through the most recent four decades, coordinated endeavours have been taken by states at universal, local and national levels to
address natural difficulties postured far and wide. Amidst this period, global understandings have been made running from the "marine environment to
space and from species conservation to assurance of the ozone layer". In addition, the author peddled that this period has additionally seen the
foundation of new global establishments which have reinforced endeavours towards tending to the difficulties postured by natural concerns.
Remarkably, the United Nations Environment Program ( 'UNEP ') and the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development ( 'UNCSD ') are
two conspicuous bodies... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thereafter, the author will provide a critical analysis of the various laws and the compliance and enforcement mechanisms available to discern whether
or not they are effective. The author of this essay shall subsequently conclude by arguing that international environmental laws have not been very
effective due to the non–binding nature of many of the procedures put in place. The Sources of International Environmental Law and the Enforcement
Mechanisms According to the author, sources of international environmental law are essentially the "same as those from which all international law
emanates", because international environmental law is simply a branch of international law. The sources of law fall into two broad categories, namely
hard and soft law. The former are comprised of treaties / conventions, customary international law, case law, inter alia, and the latter– soft–law – are
comprised of "non–binding declarations, codes, guidelines, or recommended principles". The Establishment of International Environmental Law The
author predicates that, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment ('UNCHE') was established in 1972 with the purpose of establishing
"common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment". Subsequently, the
author posits that these efforts were aimed at

AP Environmental Science: Ozone Depletion
Muhammad MustafaAP Environmental Science08–12–16
1.The Ozone layer had been depleting since recently. The hole has started healing itself back due to the banned substances such as Aerosols. The
Ozone layer will help block out solar radiation as well as bring climate change to a halt, however, scientists say that a pause in climate change does not
mean a complete and forever stop (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article–3699735
/The–Antarctic–COOLING–Region–bounces–ozone–damage–scientists–insist–global–warming–taking–place.html).
The Zika Virus has taken the country by storm in recent months. The virus is spreading explosively across South and Central America. Zika is a virus
which was thought to be previously harmless, but recently, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The IPAT Model for estimating our environmental impact is Impact (I) = Population (P) X Affluence (A) X Technology (T). More developed countries
impact can be measured by taking everything (most importantly Affluence (A)) into account while most less developed countries impact can be
measured through the population (mostly). Affluence could be a major player in countries whose economies are increasingly growing. Due to China's
affluent consumers, China contained 2/3 of the world's most polluted cities. Its rivers are infested with waste and pollution. Some of its coastlines are
devoid of marine life. If China continues to prosper at such speeds, by 2025, it will require 2/3 of world's current grain harvest, twice the amount of
paper consumed in the world, and more than all the oil currently produced in the world.
g.Five basic cause of environmental problems faced today: population growth, unsustainable resource use, poverty, excluding environmental costs from
market prices (full–cost pricing), and increasing isolation from nature.
h.Exponential growth is when some quantity increases at a constant speed. When graphed, it creates a curved shape like the letter J.
i.Three harmful environmental effects of Poverty are degradation of forests, topsoil, grasslands, fisheries, and wildlife; no worrying of the long–tern
environmental impact, the large population infested with poverty can leave a massive overall environmental impact. Three health effects include
malnutrition, limited

Chemical Effects Of Chlorine Oxide
Chlorine Oxides
Chlorine and oxygen also can bond in numerous ways:
chlorine monoxide, ClO2, chlorine(II) oxide
chlorine dioxide, ClO, chlorine(IV) oxide
chloroperoxyl, ClOO
chlorine trioxide, ClO3, chlorine(VI) oxide
dichlorine monoxide, Cl2O, chlorine(I) oxide
3 dichlorine dioxides:
ClO dimer, Cl2O2, chlorine peroxide
chloryl chloride, ClO2Cl, chlorine(0,IV) oxide
chlorine chlorite, ClOClO, chlorine(I,III) oxide Chlorine Peroxide
Names
IUPAC name
Dichlorine dioxide
Other names
Chlorine(I) oxide; ClO dimer
Identifiers
CAS Number
12292–23–8
3D model Interactive image
ChemSpider
109895
PubChem CID

123287
InChI
SMILES
Properties
Chemical formula
Cl2O2
Molar mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chlorine peroxide (also identified as dichlorine dioxide or dimer) is a molecular compound with method ClOOCl. Chemically,this is a dimer of the
chlorine monoxide radical (ClO). It is dynamic in the development of the ozone hole. Chlorine peroxide catalytically changes ozone into oxygen when
it is visible by infrared light.

What We Now Call The Ozone Layer
What we now call the ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Caroline et al suggests the
earth's atmosphere has five layers; they are placed in order of closest and deepest to farthest and thinnest. They include the troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. (Tran, Caroline, Dan Chong, Anne Keith, and Jordan Shively. "Depletion of the Ozone Layer." UC Davis
ChemWiki. STEMWiki Hyperlibrary). Ozone is a naturally occurring molecule containing three oxygen atoms. These ozone molecules form a
gaseous layer in the Earth's upper atmosphere called stratosphere. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. "ozone layer". Columbia
University Press) this extends from six miles above the Earth's surface to 31 miles. In the stratosphere the ozone layer acts as the earth's sun screen; as
ozone take in solar ultraviolet radiation strongly, especially at wavelengths less than about 310 nm in the ultraviolet–A and Ultraviolet–B parts of the
spectrum. Ozone thus acts as a strainer, preventing potentially detrimental Ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface which can causes skin cancer
and genetic damage. (Hester, Ronald E, and Harrison, Roy M, eds. Causes and Environmental Implications of UV–B Radiation. Cambridge, GBR:
Royal Society of Chemistry, 2000. ProQuest ebrary)
So, what causes the ozone layer depletion? Scientists knew that Nitric oxide (NO) can catalytically react with ozone (O3) to produce O2

Drowning Of Plastic : Mary Rose Stewart
Drowning In Plastic
Mary–Rose Stewart
Earth Science
Mrs. Beshears
12 December 2014
In 2012, Americans generated about 251 million tons of trash and recycled and composted almost 87 million tons of this material ("Municipal Solid
Waste"). There are many ways to end our environmental crisis, such as reducing our amount of trash,recycling items, and reusing other items. In
Sweden, less than 1% of their trash ends up in landfills. 50% of their trash is incinerated, causing steam that spin generator turbines, creating
electricity which is distributed across the country from their WtE (Waste to Energy) facilities. One way we can reduce our amount of trash is by
recycling everyday objects such as plastic water bottles, newspapers, the bags newspaper comes in, old graded papers, etc. Instead of throwing
away old food from your refrigerator, you can start a compost heap. A compost heap is a pile of organic materials that decompose and produce
compost. This compost heap is great for growing crops, since it is very fertile land. You can recycle almost anything. Anything made of paper, plastic,
metal, or glass can be recycled. Most cities have their own recycling plant, along with recycle bins that they collect a certain day of the week. In
Mexico, Missouri, there are nine recycling locations. We collect metal cans, aluminum cans, plastic bottles, plastic containers, plastic bags, anything
paper, windowed envelopes, post–it notes, and cardboard. We do not collect

The Effects Of Uv C Radiation On Higher Terrestrial Plant...
The effects of UV–B radiation damage on higher terrestrial plant species.
UV–B is a natural occurring form of radiation that exists in wavelength band range of 280nm to 320nm and is also a minor component of sunlight that
is received on Earth. Like other forms of radiation, UV–B is damaging and can pose especially damaging effects on higher plant species. Targets that are
sensitive to ultraviolet radiation include the DNA, membranes and proteins of plants with these components needing to be protected during any
exposure of UV–B to allow for normal growth and development to occur (Jansen, et al., 1998). DNA repair and the secondary accumulation of
metabolites during the exposure to UV–B have been studied in considerable detail, with little being known about the recovery of the photosynthetic
processes and morphogenic changes that occur (Jansen, et al., 1998).
As UV–B radiation is naturally occurring, not a great deal can be reduced to prevent any naturally occurring amounts a plant species may receive
(Madronich, et al., 1995). However, UV–B radiation exposure is being increased due to the effects of ozone depletion. Depletion of the ozone layer
varies seasonally, with meteorological changes and with latitude (Kerr, et al., 1993). Depletion of ozone layers occurs from emissions of halogenated
chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons, the resulting of which is leading to an increase of solar UV–B radiation in the biosphere (Madronich, et al.,
1995). When the ozone layer

The Ozone Depletion
The earth atmosphere has many layers; the first two layers are the troposphere, the stratosphere, and the ozone layer which sits in the lower area of
the stratosphere. The troposphere layer is where a lot of human activity occurs, such as planes and mountain climbing. The next layer is the
stratosphere and this is where the ozone layer is located as well. The ozone layer helps protect people from ultraviolet radiation that mainly come
from the sun. The ozone layer can be different depending on the season and the location. Over the past few years, the ozone layer has been depleting
because of human activity. The main issue of the depletion of the ozone layer is the man–made products that have been created and has cause bad
effect on the ozone layer itself. The ozone is a gas in the atmosphere that protects all living things on Earth from damaging ultraviolet rays that come
from the sun. With the ozone layer depleting, it would be difficult for anything to survive much longer or not at all. The ozone acts as a shield to
protect living things from absorbing the ultraviolet ray and keeps them from being damaged. Many man–made materials are causing the ozone layer to
deplete at a faster rate. The author states, "Emissions of chlorine and bromine from CFCs and halons are to blame for excessive stratospheric ozone
depletion" (Ivanovich and Calm). This type of emission is going into the atmosphere and is breaking down the ozone layer. Consequently, this is
resulting in the

Drowning Of Plastic : Mary Rose Stewart
Drowning In Plastic
Mary–Rose Stewart
Earth Science
Mrs. Beshears
12 December 2014
In 2012, Americans generated about 251 million tons of trash and recycled and composted almost 87 million tons of this material ("Municipal Solid
Waste"). There are many ways to end our environmental crisis, such as reducing our amount of trash,recycling items, and reusing other items. In
Sweden, less than 1% of their trash ends up in landfills. 50% of their trash is incinerated, causing steam that spin generator turbines, creating
electricity, which is distributed across the country from their WtE (Waste to Energy) facilities. One way we can reduce our amount of trash is by
recycling everyday objects such as plastic water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Below are four photos of the ozone layer at different times. The purple parts of the pictures represent the thinnest parts of the ozone layer. The blue
parts are the next thinnest part of the ozone layer. The green parts of the pictures represent the normal thickness of the ozone layer. The red and
yellow parts represent a buildup of ozone. The reason for the dramatic decrease in the ozone between September 17, 1979 and October 7, 1989 (top
left and top right photos) is because of the introduction of CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons (Alford).
CFCs are organic compounds made up of chlorine, carbon, and fluorine. You would typically find CFCs in refrigerants, solvents, and aerosols. CFCs
are so dangerous, because the rise up into the atmosphere and break down the ozone molecules. The reason for the increase of ozone is because many
countries signed the Montreal Protocol in September of 1987, and came into effect in January of 1989. The Montreal Protocol was an international
treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion ("Montreal
Protocol"). Scientists believe that the ozone layer will be at normal levels by the year 2050. There's a difference between a dump and a landfill. A
dump is a hole in the ground where trash is disposed of. A landfill is a structure built on

Final Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101 Essay
INTL 1101 Final Exam Study Guide Americanization– Consumerism, individualism – American products and values – Cultural imperialism? Trying to
homogenize world? McDonaldization – Fast–food principles dominant in American and other societies – Uniform standards – Lack of human creativity
– Dehumanization of social relations Infantilization – Benjamin Barber "consumed" – Against "ethos of infantilization" that sustains global capitalism –
Turning of adults into children through dumbed down advertising and consumer goods – Targeting children as consumers – Homogeneous global
products for young and wealthy, and for children => soulless and unethical global consumerism in pursuit of profit Cultural... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
– In the short run – Jihad likely to dominate? – In the long run – McWorld dominates? – Convergence of political ideologies? Triumph of liberalism? –
Convergence of political cultures? Triumph of

The Implications of Ozone Depletion on Human Health Essay
The Implications of Ozone Depletion on Human Health
Introduction Hairspray. Refrigerators. Air conditioners. These everyday luxuries, while making human life more comfortable, are taxing our health
seriously. Clorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, are anthropogenic chemicals used in refrigerants and as propellants in aerosols. CFCs, also known as freons,
are also the primary culprit behind the depletion of stratospheric ozone, which allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the Earth and its inhabitants.
When CFC molecules reach the stratosphere, the sun's radiation breaks it apart, freeing the chorine atom to destroy ozone molecules. The effect is a
growing ozone hole which forms over Antarctica in October and usually lasts through mid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a reddening, and sometimes blistering, of human skin. The sensitivity to radiation depends on each individual's pigmentation, with fairer skinned
people being more susceptible to sunburn. As a result of frequent UV light exposure and sunburn, the skin experiences photoaging, which is
characterized by wrinkles, altered pigmentation, and a loss of elasticity in the skin. This is simply an increase in the aging of skin cells brought on by
UV exposure, and this photoaging of human skin will increase as ozone levels decrease.
SKIN CANCER
One in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. For the year 1999, one million cases of skin cancer have been predicted. The two
most common forms of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinomas are cancers which originate in the cells that
cover an organ. These cancers are also referred to as nonmelanoma cancers. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It appears
as small, fleshy bumps, eighty percent of which are found on the head and neck. Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads, but if left untreated, can
possibly penetrate to and damage the bone. Squamous cell carcinoma appears as red scaly patches or nodules. This form of nonmelanoma cancer,
while less common, can metastasize, or spread to other organs. Both squamous and basal cell carcinoma are rarely found on dark–skinned people, and
are very common among Caucasians,

Supply Chain : A Source Of Competitive Advantage
Supply chain has gained importance in the current world of business. With the advent of globalization and competitive advantage being key aspects of
organizational existence, it is essential to look into sustainability of the same. This research paper focuses on the need for this sustainability and how
supply chains can make a difference to the sustainability of the planet. It will also explore supply chain practices that could be a source of competitive
advantage.
Introduction
In the world of business there are two inevitable factors – globalization and outsourcing of products and services. These factors have increased the
complexities of a supply chain. It is a fact that most business organizations operations are for profit or looking to have a competitive advantage over
other competitors. This has increased the need to look at the bigger picture over the past few decades. The need to undertake sustainable development
(SD) in its working and not only the financial aspect is of utmost importance. Sustainable Development, as suggested by many experts is the process of
sustaining and preserving resources for future generations to utilize while keeping in mind human development. As stated by Norman and Macdonald
(2004) in Markley and Davis (2007), sustainability in supply chains can be achieved by delivering sustainable development and fulfilling economic,
environmental and social benefits. This has been profoundly used and termed as 'the triple bottom line ' or 3BL.

Human Overpopulation, Ocean Acidification, And Pollution
People may believe that the most important environmental issues threatening our world would be human overpopulation, ocean acidification, and
pollution. However we are forgetting how important every environmental issue is to our planet and the humans that populate it. Ozone depletion
affects both the planet and the people. It is a very serious environmental issue that if not solved can cost us some serious loss. The depletion of our
ozone layers and the creation of the ozone hole has occurred since the 1980's, and it 's only getting worst. The ozone layer is a form of oxygen in the
molecular form of O3. It is an unstable gas with a pungent odour, it is bluish and it is located in two parts of the atmosphere: the stratosphere and the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ozone layer in the troposphere is formed from reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX)". These layers
are vital for the formation of weather and distribution of radiation. Without the ozone our world would be dead and have no life, just a radiated pile of
rock.
The ozone hole is a region of the ozone layer that is thinning. This hole is as big as the USA and is located over Antarctica. The depletion of the ozone
layer in Antarctic takes place there because of the atmospheric conditions that occurs no other place in the world. Because the temperatures during the
winter is extremely low, polar stratospheric clouds form. Polar Stratospheric are located in the stratosphere over Antarctica and the Arctic. They also
convert forms of chlorine monoxide which are man–made pollutants that get trapped in these clouds. These clouds account for the deterioration of the
ozone around Antarctica and helps in the growth of the ozone hole. The ozone hole is also caused by gases called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) from cars, etc. Halons (brominated fluorocarbons) also have a major effect of the formation of the hole and they
can destroy up to 10 times as much ozone as CFCs can. These gases are found in spray cans, refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, etc.
The ozone layer is essential to both plant and animal survival on

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Its Effect on Skin...
Introduction
This term paper is situated in an area of specific health related and environmental concern: the human dimensions of global change. For about a decade
now there has been growing scientific interest in the global environmental changes resulting from anthropogenic activity. However most of this
research has focused on the scientific bases of environmental transformations with little attention to how human social responses are linked to global
change. As a result, scientists and researchers alike are beginning to ask questions about the symbiotic relationship between human well being and
physical change.
Abstract
This research compilation plans to use one environmental health component of the global change phenomena – ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In general, the incidence of non–melanoma and malignant melanoma skin cancer has increased significantly over the past few decades, particularly in
the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavian countries. This large "outbreak" has intrigued researchers into examining
the relationship of the growing risk of skin cancer to increases in ground–level UV–B radiation due to ozone depletion.
According to the latest Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion issued by the United Nations and the US Government, human–influenced
ozone–depletion may peak around 1998
and will persist well into the 21st century. For the US and other mid– latitude countries of the Northern Hemisphere, ozone losses during summer and
fall months may peak at 6–7% relative to ozone concentrations in the 1960s. Winter/spring depletion could peak at nearly twice those levels.
Vienna Convention and Skin Cancer Incidence
The 1985 Vienna Convention built a baseline for international restrictions on the production of ozone depleting substances. To evaluate the
consequences of these restrictions the convention and its associates projected skin cancer incidence under three scenarios: 1) no restrictions (the
Business as Usual curve); (2) reduced production of five ozone–depleting chemicals by 50 percent by 1999 (under the "Montreal

Is Global Climate Change Manmade?
Is Global Climate Change Manmade?
To get an understanding, Global warming is when the earth's temperatures rise more than average causing drastic weather and climate change. It all
began during the industrial era in the early 1800s where fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas became the primary source of energy. Since then many
people had soon discovered that fossil fuels have improved their way of life, therefore the use and demand for fuel has been on the rise. In the United
States it 's self currently provides more than 85 percent of all the energy consumption – that's nearly two–thirds of our electricity (Ronnie D. Lankford)!
Even though many people argue that these fossil fuels have improved our standards of life, such as providing us with electricity that light up our
homes, or fuel that gets our cars running, taking us from point A to B. Yes, these are great luxuries to have but these fossil fuels add carbon dioxide to
the Earth 's atmosphere, which is harmful to the environment as well as the well being on this earth (Ronnie D. Lankford). This can then be seen as a
problem made by human activity. The questions that are to be explored are; How isglobal warming caused and the effects? How it can be prevented or
stabilized?
GHGs, also known as greenhouse gases – this is what makes up the atmosphere which consists of gases like carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane,
nitrous oxide, aerosols and ozone. Thought when these gasses are in large amounts, they are known to

Ozone Depletion
The ozone layer is a specific area in the stratosphere of maximum ozone concentration. Ozone in the stratosphere forms naturally and protects us from
damage that can be caused by solar radiation such as skin cancer. In the 1970s chemists discovered that certain chemicals could travel into the upper
atmosphere and damage the protective ozone. Ever since this was discovered scientists, government, and citizens have been making efforts to control
and reverse the damage done to the ozone. In 1987 a treaty called the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed by
world leaders who were participating in the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Without this protocol the abundances of chlorine
would... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One particular part of the interview that was interesting to me was when the woman, Adele, called in and asked how chlorine commonly used in
swimming pools affected the ozone. Russell Schnell told her that chlorine does not make it up into the stratosphere because it is oxidized. The only
way that chlorine gets up into the stratosphere is if it is carried up with chemicals that it is bound to. Once it is in the stratosphere the sunlight breaks
off the chlorine. I simply assumed that when someone drains their pool at the end of the summer the water would evaporate and the chlorine would
then rise up into the stratosphere. From this I know now that chlorine must be bound to other chemicals in order to make it up that far. In 2011 there
was record ozone depletion over the Arctic that is far worse than the holes in the Antarctic's protective atmospheric layer that first appeared in the
1980s. There are concerns that the Northern Hemisphere may periodically experience harmful levels of ultraviolet radiation in the spring. Chemist
Geir Braathen said it was "significantly worse than anything we had ever seen." Typically spring ozone depletions maxes out at 20 to 30 percent
drop but in 2011 there was a loss of about 40 percent. In Antarctica 70 percent of ozone can disappear in the spring time. The ozone layer is vital in
protecting us from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Essay on The Potential Effects Of A Depleted Ozone Layer
The Potential Effects of a Depleted Ozone Layer
"And God said, let there be light and there was light and then God saw the light, that it was good " ( Genesis 1: 3–4 ). Undoubtedly, light
is good.
Without light man could not survive. Light is the ultimate cosmic force in this universe allowing man to progress and flourish. In the form of heat,
light from the sun warms the Earth. Light, also, is the single most important factor influencing the growth and development of plants. Photosynthesis, a
process by which plants incorporate light from the sun, allow plants to botanically grow and survive. Certain forms of light are harmful and thus can
be said are 'bad'.
A natural umbrella called the ozone layer protects the Earth and its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regrettably, there have always been times of hunger and shortages. More frighteningly, in the present world man is confronted with a population boom
which is burgeoning near the six billion mark. It is now more important than ever to protect, maintain, and hopefully increase the amount of food
grown. One of the drawbacks of industrialization has been the significant depletion of the ozone layer. This depletion could have an incredibly
devastating impact on the world and more specifically agriculture. In general, " plants are quite sensitive and fragile when confronted with
ultraviolet increases " ( Zimmer,
1993, p.28 ). Words such as sensitivity and fragility only add to the urgency of the possible agricultural holocaust. One agricultural scientist
remarked, " soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, potatoes, corn, beans, and wheat are all especially sensitive to UV light " ( Jones, 1992, p.39 ).
Since most of the mentioned crops are considered cash crops the economic aspect of lower crop yields could also spell disaster. Food supplies are
surely in jeopardy when taking in to account that " more than two – thirds of the plant species – mainly crops – tested for their reaction to
ultraviolet light have been found to be damaged by it " ( Lean et al, 1990, p.97 ). An increase in ultraviolet light radiating towards plants
accelerates the pace at which man must decide what to do with the dilemma of a booming and more

Global Warming And Global Climate Change
In the last twenty years, the issues surrounding global climate change have become increasingly dominant in the international community, as the
implications associated with the global issue pose many threats to the environment and humanity as a whole. Beginning in the 1970's, scientific
research regarding pollution led scientists to discover that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) where destroying the ozone layer, posing threats to plant and
animal life, and humans as a rise in skin cancer followed. Luckily, the world community came together to make the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which
established a common goal of reducing and eventually eliminating the use of CFC's, leading to the restoration of the ozone layer. Unfortunately, the
world community has yet to fully collaborate on a universal approach to global warming. Since discovering that the burning of fossil fuels increases
levels of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere and ultimately causes a rise in the earth's temperature, successful collaboration between states has
been limited. The global climate change regime has had many diplomatic problems due to the varying levels of resources within each state, different
opinions regarding the weight of the issue, along with other cultural factors that make cooperation hard to achieve. The three main perspectives of
international relations, realist, liberal, and identity, offer contrasting approaches to preventing the progression of global warming and other pressing
climate

Global Warming Is A Threat Essay
Global warming has been a controversial issue since the first publication of global warming, "Worlds in the Making," by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.
This topic is discussed in multiple areas of life, including politics, at the dinner table, and among scientists in a laboratory. The various viewpoints of
individuals usually lead to a heated discussion on global warming, and sometimes ignites an intense argument. Through research and discussions with
various people, I have come to the belief that global warming is a real threat and needs to dealt with accordingly. Through act of emitting extra carbon
into the atmosphere, whether through burning fossil fuels or deforestation, humans have inadvertently raised the average climate temperature over the
last 200 years. Many pieces of evidence support the claim that global warming is a significant issue today. The first key piece of evidence I will discuss
is the release of carbon into Earth's atmosphere. Since the introduction of fossil fuels, which are the main source of energy on Earth, the average
temperature has increased slowly over the last 200 years, eventually amassing to a crucial level ("Global Warming"). The second piece of evidence is
the rapid speed of the melting of the polar ice caps. Multiple satellite images have proven that the coasts of Antarctica are receding at a much faster
pace than in recent history (Conway). This retreat can cause many dire situations for our future generations to come, including sea level to

The Depletion Of The Ozone Layer
Over hundreds of thousands of years humans have adapted their way of life to the environment they live in resulting in us developing different
physical attributes, shelters, clothing, foods, languages and beliefs. But there are elements in our world that all humans, no matter where or how they
live depend on, water and air. Both are essential for life but air also protects all of us and it is therefore understandable that the response to the
depletion of the ozone layer became international. This essay will look at what the ozone layer is, why it was depleting, how the international response
to this situation developed and what this collaboration means for our future.
The envelope of gases surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere and it serves three critical functions: it provides life–giving oxygen, keeps the
earth warm, and protects us from deadly ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Most of the atmosphere consists of nitrogen and oxygen (See Figure
1). But these gases do not keep us warm or protect the earth from UV rays. For these functions you have to turn to some of the trace gases found in the
atmosphere, commonly referred to as greenhouse gases. They are: water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide.
These trace gases function like the transparent covering of a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to filter through to the earth 's surface, then trapping in the
heat. Without this greenhouse effect the earth 's temperature would plummet far

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Climate Change
Today, one of the major threats that our planet is facing is the climate change. The temperature of the earth is warming day by day. According to many
scientific researches, conducted on climate change have resulted that sudden climatic changes are the cause of global warming in the environment. The
term 'Global Warming' is defined as the gradual increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effects which results in the
corresponding changes in the climate. According to IPCC's research, Earth's global temperature is increasing by 1.4 degrees F since 1880. As a result
of global warming, there has been occurring imbalance in the environment. Through this research paper, I expect to find out how are the climatic
changes due to global warming a threat to our planet? It covers all the effects, present and future consequences of global warming, impact of global
warming on the climate, etc. There are various human and natural causes of global warming. All these causes contribute to the amount of greenhouse
gases which are the major cause of warming of the earth atmosphere. Human activities like deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, emissions from
manufacturing industries, emissions of greenhouse gases like CO2, CFCs, NO2 and halocarbons which is a group of gases containing fluorine,
chlorine and bromine. Burning of fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, etc. release carbon which combines with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide
which is a

Global Effects of Ozone Depletion Essay
Global Effects of Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion in the earth's atmosphere is under constant scrutiny by the American press and people. Perhaps the concern is warranted; the ozone
layer protects life on earth by absorbing 97–99% of the damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006).
Over the past twenty years, the stratospheric ozone has decreased approximately 3% per decade. Possible concerns have been raised about loss of
polar caps, DNA damage, increased human health risks, and environmental process disturbance. Emerging research has helped clarify effects of global
ozone depletion. Three areas that have received recent scientific attention include UV effects upon macroalgae, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
al., 2004). However, approximately 90% of chloroform comes from natural sources. Therefore, if increased UV radiation has a similar effect on other
natural chloroform–emitting sources, the increase in organohalogens could be much more significant. If such an increase were significant, it would
create a vicious circle – increased UV radiation causes stress to living organisms; increased stress causes a higher production of organohalogens;
organohalogens breakdown stratospheric ozone; lower levels of ozone increase earth's surface radiation.
Increased surface radiation has also been linked indirectly to increased decomposition time. Barley that has been exposed to increased levels of UV–B
radiation has been shown to have increased levels of lignin (a binding agent) and cellulose (Pancotto, et. al., 2005). Microbes are unable to
breakdown lignin and cellulose as quickly as soluble carbohydrates. As a result, decomposition takes longer. Scientists speculated that barley litter
exposed to higher levels of UV radiation would decompose quicker than barley exposed to ambient levels of radiation (regardless of exposure to UV
radiation during growth). However, a group of American and Argentine scientists found the slight decrease in decomposition time to be insignificant
compared to the overall increase due to higher levels of cellulose and lignin. It is important to note, however, that the

Environmental Change : The Environmental Effects Of...
Climate change is known worldwide and the environmental effects on our planet cannot be disregarded. Understanding the distinction among climate
and weather is imperative in understanding how certain variables add to the change of temperature. These variables can include natural causes of the
Earth's decay over time, however, scientists are well aware that human error and our daily lifestyles contribute to the poor conditions that our earth is
falling into. When humans just started to exist on Earth, human impacts on the environment occurred in only a minimal and insignificant quantity. This
occurred because of small populations and the absence of innovation and technology around them. When humans adjusted to the environment and
figured out how to expand and humans became inventors, and innovators, the population started to develop and future expanded. However, not all that
we as humans invent and contribute to our society is clean, or natural. Some of it can be toxic, and some of it can be harmful to our atmosphere and
our homes. By the present guidelines, individuals living past the age of eighty years of age, is a noteworthy achievement for humankind. Fuller lives
from the inhabitants of earth implies that more assets from the earth will be used. However, this is not suggesting that we as humans should not want
to lives longer lives. It suggests that we as humans should live smarter, cleaner, fuller lives. The cleaner we are as humans, and use the lowest amount
of earth

Admin Law Hfa Mdis Preliminary Ideas
1. Environmental Protection Agency and Food and Drug Administration: While I'm not asthmatic, I do follow continual government regulation.
However, I've quite interested in how government regulations affect healthcare and the cost thereof for consumers. The new regulation is actually a
planned amplification of previous regulations regarding clorofluorocarbon (CFC) use in metered–dose inhalers (MDI), where, as of 14 April 2010,
seven more metered–dose inhalers will be phased out and replaced with hydrofloroalkanes (HFA) inhalers.
I do not expect this increased regulation to adversely affect me; however, the increased costs to consumers worries me. The affected products are
especially used by lower–income individuals who must now pay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case in point, science has repeatedly measured and shown the damage coal and gasoline–powered emissions cause to the atmosphere; however, neither
agency seeks to eliminate these energy sources, even though their effect is clear. I understand the reasons for that hypocrisy, but I'm astounded that the
US government would essentially ignore those energy sources' effects but specifically target a small number of products that actually save lives.
Additionally, these new regulations will adversely affect MDI consumers and contribute to increased costs of healthcare. Currently, no generic
alternative exists for HFA MDIs, which means that all MDI consumers must pay significantly more for treating their asthma or pulmonary ailments.
While this may not matter to more affluent consumers, it does to low–income and fixed–income consumers. Those are also the two market segments
that draw the most from healthcare and contribute to increased healthcare costs.
I am not opposed to providing alternatives and incentivizing changes from CFC to HFA MDIs, but I do oppose arbitrarily eliminating, even phasing
out, cost–effective treatments. Phasing these products out will likely contribute little to "saving the environment" but will contribute directly and
quickly to rising healthcare costs for individuals and, eventually, the country.
Before the US government regulates in

Ozone Depletion And Its Negative Effects On Aquatic Skin
Ozone Depletion and Its Negative Effects on Aquatic Skin
The Ozone is made up of three oxygen molecule joint together by covalent bond (O3) which is mostly found in the stratosphere of the Earth.
Although it is a poisonous gas, it is important in many ways for human as well as other aquatic and terrestrial animals. But due to the large emission
of the halogens and CFCs ozone is being depleted rapidly (Vermishev and Danilov–Danilyan 360–361). The enormous disadvantage of the ozone layer
depletion is the inability of the earth's atmosphere to filter the UV (Ultra Violate) rays emitted by the sun and actually which has created a various
problems such as the negative effects on the terrestrial and aquatic skin.
UV ray is that with low wavelength and high frequency. High frequency rays carry high amounts of energy. High energy rays are capable of changing
the DNA in molecular level. Aquatic organisms are at higher risk of damage from UV ray the skins of aquatic organisms are just not restricted to one
function. The various harmful rays emitted as a result of barbaric human activities have resulted in ozone depletion causing the UV ray to enter through
the stratosphere and causes several diseases such as sunburn, cancer in aquatic animals, changes in DNA structure leading to the skin mutations,
unusual changes in the sebaceous glands, salt gland, and other several glands.
Some of the organisms are reported to have the skin cancer when exposed to the high frequency UV ray. An

Impact Of Pollution On Ozone Depletion
Jamie Kanzler Extended Essay: What is the impact of pollution on ozone depletion? Section 1: Introduction Air is classified as a mixture because it is
made up of many different elements. These elements include 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% Argon, .4% water vapor, and .04% carbon dioxide.
Human activity has a very large effect on the air in our environment. Over time, humans have caused the once clean air to become polluted with
chemicals. These chemicals are called pollutants. A pollutant is defined as a substance created from human activity, that is present at a concentration
greater than its natural levels, and has a harmful effect on the environment. Many different pollutants exist in our air today and the concentration of
these chemicals causes their toxicity to vary. Generally, pollutants are classified into two groups: primary and secondary pollutants. A primary pollutant
is a chemical that enters directly into the atmosphere. Common primary pollutants include nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, and volatile organic compounds. A volatile organic compound is a compound of carbon that participates in a photochemical reaction in the
atmosphere. The second type of pollutant, a secondary pollutant, is produced when primary pollutants go through a chemical reaction with
environmental constituents in the atmosphere. Examples of secondary pollutants include sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. These pollutants
are "modified

Ozone Depletion Essay
The environment generally refers to the surrounding's of an object or an individual. It can be in the form of the physical environment, biophysical
environment, built environment, social environment and the natural environment among other forms. The natural environment refers to the naturally
occurring flora and fauna together with the land on which they occupy. Environmental issues have been a cause of a lot of debate in the recent past.
Governments and nongovernmental organizations have been in constant consultations on how to help protect the environment. Apparently, as a result
of man's many actions, the natural environment is getting torn apart so quickly that the coming generations will not enjoy this kind of environment,
unless a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why is the ozone layer of much concern to scientists and environmentalists? The ozone layer is quite beneficial to human life and existence. The
destruction of this layer has been linked to the now common health conditions such as cancers, skin conditions and cataracts among others. It is
apparent that, without the ozone layer, all humanity would be lost to disease. Scientists all over the world have been widely researching to find out
ways in which the ozone layer is being destroyed through human actions. The ozone layer is gradually being destroyed by ozone depleting
chemicals. These chemicals include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydroflourocarbons (HFCs), methyl bromide, halons, methyl chloroform and
carbon tetrachloride among others (Ryding 173). These chemicals are used locally in coolants, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, aerosol
propellants and foaming agents. These chemicals, once released, take quite a long time to degrade. It takes them years to move through the
atmosphere to the location of the ozone layer. These chemicals are broken down by the ultra violet rays from the sun ultimately breaking down into
chlorine and bromide molecules which are responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer. Ozone layer is found in two layers i.e. the "good" and
"bad" ozone layer (Filder 131). The bromide and chloride atoms destroy the "good" ozone. One molecule of chlorine is estimated to be capable of

Extending The Usage Of Refrigerants On Cooling Systems (...
John Wilkinson Christopher Lessick ENG 111 19 November 2016 Extending the usage of refrigerants in cooling systems (TBD Words) Imagine
sitting at home in the middle of July. Now, imagine if that day had a high temperature of over 100 degrees, and a heat index of over 115 degrees. If
you are living in the United States, then you are probably imagining yourself sitting in a room with some sort of air conditioning system keeping you
cool. That comfort, however, comes at a price. In 1985, it was discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), one of the main refrigerants used in air
conditioning systems, played a substantial role in the depletion of the ozone layer (Farman, Gardiner and Shanklin). CFC's were ultimately banned as a
means of refrigeration, which ushered in the next generation of coolant types known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's). Unfortunately, "systems using
these HFCs, however, make a moderate contribution to global warming because of their efficiency and low emission rates." (Sand, Fisher and Baxter,
P.E.). While addressing the issue of the ozone layer, HFCs initiated a new set problems themselves, including having an increased Global Warming
Potential (GWP). Despite the negative environmental impacts of the past, the use of refrigerants in home cooling systems should continue. Beginning
in the late 1800's, air conditioning systems have been a part of everyday living. From through–the–window air conditioners to centralized duct systems,
nearly every home built in

Advantages Of Methyl Bromide
Introduction: Bromomethane, or more commonly known as methyl bromide, is a gas with the chemical structure CH3Br. It is colourless, odourless,
soluble in water and non flammable ("Introduction to Methyl Bromide."). The use of methyl bromide as pesticide was first reported in France by a
person named Le Goupil in the 1930s ("Methyl Bromide."). It was used as a soil fumigant (Rosskopf) as it was found that most crops were tolerant to
the amount of methyl bromide needed to kill the pests ("Methyl Bromide."). Methyl bromide kill pests by damaging their neural systems. The
concentration of methyl bromide used for fumigation is usually about 10–60g/m3("Methyl Bromide."). Due to its effectiveness and ease of use as
pesticide, it gained popularity with farmers and also used frequently in storage facilities. Methyl bromide has played a significant role in controlling
pests for many years, and only started to phase out recently. In addition to generate by human source, methyl bromide can also be produced naturally.
Marine organisms produce approximately... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is ideal for farmers to get rid the pests and insects from their precious produces. This will enable their crops to grow better without harmed by
pests, and will make the farmers' profit go up. Methyl bromide is very effective for pest control, as it penetrates into the plant products so that it can
reach and eradicate pests that are deep into the plant products. Methyl bromide is also easy to use, as it is used in the form of gas, and only needs to
be kept underneath a plastic blanket like sheet for 24–48 hours to be effective. In addition, as a gas, methyl bromide evaporates quickly, which therefore
means that it is easy to clean up afterwards. When handled safely and properly, methyl bromide can be quite safe, as there is usually no leftover toxic
waste after

Essay on OZONE DEPLETION BY HUMANвЂ™S ACTIONS
OZONE DEPLETION BY HUMAN'S ACTIONS
The ozone layer is a very important component in the atmosphere. Ozone is not the same as the oxygen humans breathe. There is very little of this
gas in the atmosphere. First off, let's begin with a definition of the ozone layer. Ozone is a hot, slightly bluish gas. It is a molecule made up of three
oxygen atoms, which are very similar to the molecule we are familiar with (O2), the molecule needed for human respiration. Despite the major smog
problem, about 90 percent of Earth's ozone are actually in the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere far above the Earth's surface. It lies above the
troposhere, the miles–thick lower layer where air is densest and where most weather occurs. So, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If ozone did not act to filter a great deal of the ultra–violet radiation and if the rays were allowed to reach the surface of the Earth, then our planet
would be uninhabitable for life (Lutgens3). Ozone depletion and over–exposure to enhanced UV–B radiation can lead to deadly melanoma skin cancer,
increased eye cataracts, and damages to the near surface oceanic phytoplankton, which is the basis of the food chain. The natural depletion of the
stratospheric ozone chemistry cycle has been severely interrupted by ozone depletion associated with the decay of chlorofluorocarbons ("Links"4).
These are contained in a wide range of products, including aerosol sprays and refrigerants and insulating foam packaging.
Ozone concentrations are measured by a Dobson spectrophotometer and satellite–based instruments and results from these measurements show a
decrease in stratospheric ozone levels of about 1 percent per year since 1979. Studies show that every 1 percent decrease in ozone should produce a 2
percent increase in UV–B radiation, and a 4 percent increase in skin cancer (Thompson5).
Recently in the Arctic, the presence of significant CIO in the stratosphere has been established (Thompson 6). This shows the process of ozone
destruction in the Arctic. In this case, the ozone level in the Arctic also decreases. The frequency of this is not known. There may be a relationship
between large volcanic eruptions and even greater loss

The Effects Of Uv Radiation On The Environment
The world today is not the same as it was in the beginning. It is constantly changing, and it will not remain as it is now. A big question amongst
societies: What does the future hold? Can we control it? Researching how the world works, there are countless variables which may or may not
have anything to do with it; they happen by chance. Radiation, UV specifically, plays a role in how the ecosystems of the world work, and
depending on where, it can play a large or small role in daily life. The research on how UV radiation affects the environment is still ongoing. UV
radiation along with other factors like, pollution, climate change, and the depleting ozone layer can cause damage to life on earth of all types. Like the
affects that humans... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plankton are what supply most the sea life2, and without the bottom of the food chain, there is no top. With the pollutants in the air, reacting with
the ozone and causing the ozone to react with the UVB light, this is what causes the "...ground–level ozone and a large portion of fine particulates.
Recent studies confirm the potentially large adverse effects of these pollutants on human health and vegetation."2 The article goes on about how
there are significant changes recorded in the size, weight, number, etc. of the fruits grown.2 There are so many factors that come into play that it
takes a lot of research and time to come to any conclusion. When it is known that this can affect humans, it brings the questions of what can happen
in the future if it continues. Will the life on earth adapt and evolve, or burn out? To prepare for the future world, it must be known what is happening
now, whether it is obvious or not. Researchers are considering fossils from the past to find out if they can tell how much UVB radiation was
absorbed.1 With this information, it is hopeful to approximate a time line of radiation exposure to see how long it will take before it becomes
unbearable for human life,

Essay on Ozone Depletion and Industrial Output
Ozone Depletion and Industrial Output
For years, we have heard about the ozone crisis: that because of industrialization and the lack of pollution–consciousness by our industries,
governments, and academia, we have put so many environmentally harmful products into the atmosphere that our ozone – the good kind, the kind that
protects us from harmful UV radiation – is becoming dangerously damaged. It is becoming thinner and developing holes, like the large hole over
Antarctica. Predictions made expected the ozone hole to continue to increase and for the general thickness to get continuously thinner, so that the
harmful UV rays of the sun would pass right through our atmosphere and fry our skin if we went outside for ten ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the interaction of CFCs with the relatively unstable O3 that makes up ozone caused a depletion of this molecule in the atmosphere – thus
diminishing the total amount of protective ozone. Once CFCs were realized to be destructive and responsible for a great deal of damage to the ozone,
measures were put in place to reduce the amount of CFCs in products. These reductive measures are probably responsible for stemming a lot of ozone
depletion. Pure chlorine is another particle that is seriously accountable for ozone damage because of the reactions it makes with O3 (Kerr). Bromide
and halocarbons are other key damagers (Fahey/Ravishankara and Kerr). A crucial component in the reduction of ozone damage is to decrease the
emissions of these and other harmful materials, both in product development and production, as well as in product functioning itself.
One of the measures instituted to reduce destructive emissions was the 1987 Montreal Protocol. This international document provided guidelines for
the reduction of ozone–damaging chemicals on a timeline that would be helpful for ozone repair. It seems as though the reductions that have already
taken place have had beneficial effects. The importance of continuing to follow the

Environmental Effects Of Ozone Depletion
of ozone, and it acts like a sunshade for humans as it shields most of the harmful ultraviolet radiation that comes from the sun. The ultraviolet radiation
also takes part in forming the ozone initially as the reaction of radiation separating the oxygen molecule made up of two atoms results in the separated
oxygen molecules recombining with other oxygen molecules to form ozone. There are three types of Ultraviolet radiation and the three types differ in
wavelength. UV–A radiation, emitted at 315–400 nm is unaffected by ozone reduction and is not as harmful as UV–B radiation. UV–B radiation is
affected by the decrease in atmospheric ozone and it causes the most damage to living organisms on Earth and is emitted at 280–315 nm. The damage
from UV–B depends on the amount of atmospheric ozone present and cloud cover shielding the surface from some radiation, as well as the angle of
the sun in the sky. As stratospheric ozone diminishes, proportionately more of the shorter UV–B will reach the surface of Earth affecting many living
organisms. UV–C is lethal as it is emitted at 200–280 nm; however, it is completely absorbed by atmospheric ozone and oxygen. Therefore, even with
severe ozone depletion, UV–C radiation will not harm the surface of the Earth.
Ozone layer depletion is simply the reduction of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. It has been determined that global stratospheric ozone levels
have declined to mean that the ozone layer is changing. The ozone has a large

Ozone and Global Environmental Politics Essay
Ozone and Global Environmental Politics
A thin layer of gas called atmosphere surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere serves two important purposes: it is a filter for the suns dangerous
ultraviolet radiation rays and keeps the heat, necessary to maintain life on earth, within the stratosphere (Vorlat 361). Ultraviolet light is incredibly
dangerous to all the organisms within the Earth's ecosystem because it causes skin cancer, effects the immune system, and harms plant and animal life.
For that reason the atmosphere and the ozone layer within it are crucial to a stable life on this planet. The ozone layer is in danger, however. It is
facing depletion by a toxic man–made substance called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CFCs are a very heavy, very stable chemical often found in things such as air–conditioners, refrigerators, fire– extinguishers etc. Upon release it can
take the chemical up to five years to reach the ozone layer. Once there the sun's rays split the chlorine atom causing it to bond with the ozone atom
and in turn destroying it (Kellner 20). A single pound of Freon, a CFC, can destroy as much as 70,000 pounds of ozone (Kellner 20). CFCs are
responsible for depleting five percent of the three billion metric tons of ozone in the air, that loss contributed to a twenty to twenty–five percent
decrease in the ozone over the uppermost northern region of Earth. Not to mention that every time the ozone decreases the increase in skin cancer is
two–fold (Kellner 20). All of the CFCs being inputted into the atmosphere are causing the depletion of the ozone layer and the result is a hole forming
over the Antarctic region.
The hole forms every September to November, during the Antarctic spring. In 1998 however, the hole showed up in mid–August and in September
reached a record size of ten and half million square miles. That is three and a half times the size of the United States. The hole is not really a hole but
rather a thinning of the ozone layer. The ozone layer has thinned so much though that patches are left unfilled, giving the appearance of a hole. In 1998
the layer was close to record thinness (Kloor 8). When the hole was

Disadvantages Of The Montreal Protocol
3.0ADVANTAGES OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL The Montreal Protocol was use to save our ozone layer that has become less thick and it was not
good condition for us as human that was live in earth. So this protocol was proposed so that we can save and reduce the gas that affects our ozone
layer that was protecting us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. This protocol was working when the scientist confirmed that the ozone layer was
slowly to recover around 2050. There are many advantages that we get when Montreal Protocol was proposed by the government. Firstly, the Montreal
Protocol can give dual benefit to the society or human. This is because the Montreal Protocol has given help to reduce global warming and at the same
times protect the ozone layer. This was proven according to the research that was done by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. That
research also shows that the effect of the ozone–depleting substances will become worse if the scientist not discover about change of the thickness in
ozone layer. If the Montreal Protocol can reduce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, synthetic pesticides present hazardous impacts far beyond their intended targets. As Montreal Protocol is restricting the use of ozone
depleting substances, other initiative can be carried out in order to reduce the usage of synthetic pesticides, which is classical biological control. This is
the practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced pest. Classical biological control is long lasting and
inexpensive. Other than the initial costs of collection, importation, and rearing, little expense is needed. When a natural enemy is successfully
established it rarely requires additional input and it continues to kill the pest with no direct help from humans and at no

SCI 207 Quiz Essay
SCI 207 Quiz Week 2 Quiz– correct response is marked with asterisk (*) 1. Question: A decrease in "food miles" will most likely increase the
environmental impact of any given food. True False * Question 2. Which of the following statements about ground water is not true, according to your
text? Underground aquifers hold approximately 99% of all the liquid fresh water. More than 75% of underground water has a replenishment time of
centuries or more, making it non–renewable. Increased water withdrawal from underground aquifers makes them more susceptible to droughts.
Depletion of ground water may lead to land compaction that in turn decreases its ability to store water. All of the statements about ground water are
true. *... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
True * False Instructor Explanation:The answer can be found in Section 5.2 of your text.Question 8. What is the central theme of "The first green
revolution" section in Chapter 3.1 of your text? The green revolution resulted in increased crop production without any environmental concerns,
which generated a steep incline in human population growth. The green revolution allowed for a rapid increase in high yield crops through the use
of genetically modified seeds that allowed developing nations to survive in the face of famine. The green revolution led to increases in crop
production and human population. However, it also created a number of environmental concerns including the overuse of fertilizers and irrigation. *
The green revolution allowed farmers to increase crop yields and profits substantially over a short period of time. None of the above are the central
theme. Instructor Explanation:The answer can be found in Section 3.1 of your text. Question 9. Which of the following is an environmental concern
of genetically engineered crops mentioned in your text? Genetically modified crops lead to larger applications of toxic herbicides and insecticides.
The genetic modification of crops increases soil erosion while decreasing soil fertility. Genetic engineering is less precise than traditional methods of
crossbreeding. Genes from genetically

Overpopulation Is A Catastrophe?
In the last decades, the mortality rate has reduced, and life expectancy has risen significantly due to the advance in the medical aspect. As a result, most
countries of the world have experienced enormous changes in the people number. These changes have boomed considerably and have converted to
overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty–first century
the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some
people, explosion in population has no detrimental impacts in the future, and it will be bearable. In contrast, others believe rapid growing population
can cause disaster; this concept is the most plausible. Accordingly, in this essay, the notion of being overpopulation as a catastrophe will be proved in
terms of environmental and healthy questions, natural resources consumption and economic and social issues.
Undoubtedly, environmental and health problems are the first harmful consequences of overpopulation. A thriving population implies an increasing
need for residential and agricultural lands. Because of this, deforestation dilemma and the collapse in biodiversity have emerged. Tal (2013) states that
during the last sixty years, the population grew four times in Brazil consequently the Amazon suffers from dwindling the size of the forests and
extinction many species of plants and wildlife.

Ozone Depletion Essay
Ozone Depletion
In this world of rapid change, it's extremely difficult for a company to stay ahead of the game even using all the resources available to them. So, it's
difficult to imagine the problems they would run into when a group of environmentalists decide to boycott a substance which is the foundation of their
company. These chemicals, although very useful, cause consequences that need to be dealt with now in order to prevent further damage.
The chemicals in question are numerous, but the two gaining the most attention are chloroflurocarbons (CFC's) and carbon tetrachloride. CFC's have a
wide range of uses, but are popularly used in aerosol propellants and air ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most importantly it affects "microscopic photoplankton" which rest at the bottom of the food chain, placing us in extreme danger (Goldfarb
288). Henry Lee, leading researcher on ozone depletion for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), says that UV rays will only have a slight effect on oceans, though. He says the problem lies on the fact that
70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered with water, making it a widespread problem.
In addition to that, humans exposed to excess UV rays over a period of time are likely to develop some form of cancer (Singer and Crandall npg).
The EPA released a report that stated if CFC's weren't controlled, in the future there will be approximately "40 million additional cases of
non–melanoma skin cancer found and 800,000 additional skin cancer deaths" (Singer and Crandall npg).
Now that scientists know what these and other "culprits" do, they're trying to find solutions to this world–wide problem. When they found
these chemicals to be harmful, environmentalists didn't hesitate in taking action.
They placed a boycott on the use of aerosol spray cans. The U.S. and Canada responded by banning "CFC powered spray cans," and that,
along with Europe agreeing to cut back by 35 percent, caused the rate of damage to fall drastically (Singer and Crandall npg). Therefore, manufacturers
have to stop using these. The only other

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