Patient Ischemic Attack Case Study

Patient Ischemic Attack Case Study
Discharge Planning Project for Patient with Transient Ischemic Attack Peggy Laroche Theodore University of South Florida Discharge Planning
Project for Patient with Transient Ischemic Attack The patient is a 77–year–old obese Caucasian male with a history of abdominal hernia, stage 1
carcinoma of the bladder, and cataract, of which all have been resolved with previous surgeries. The patient also has a history of chronic atrial
fibrillation (AFib) and dyslipidemia. The patient was admitted to the Emergency Room on 2/17/15 with a diagnosis of unspecified transient cerebral
ischemic attack. The patient stated that he became confused while preparing dinner. He started asking his family repetitive questions. Shortly after,...
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Prior to admission, the patient was taking atorvastatin (Lipitor) for his high cholesterol. He was also taking diltiazem (Cardizem) and warfarin
(Coumadin) for increased heart rate and to decrease potential thrombus formation, respectively. The patient understands the importance of contacting
his health care provider if he gets a fever accompanied with muscle pain and weakness. The patient will continue to take these medications after
discharge. The patient is being held for an extra day for observation. His discharge is still pending. However, at discharge, patient's scheduled
medications will be administered. Patient will also be given a list of his medications with dosage, route, time of next dosage, side effects, and how
many times per day each medication is to be taken. The patient has the option of purchasing his medications at the hospital's pharmacy. The patient
understood all of his medications since he has been taking these medications for a while. He was able to state "Lipitor for cholesterol, Coumadin for
clot prevention, and Cardizem to control my heart rate." The patient understands the importance of making dietary changes by stating "I need to make
healthier choices in my food and cut down my two bourbon drinks per day to
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Case Study On Strokes
Introduction
A Stroke also called brain attack, occurs when a clot block the blood supply going to the brain or there is a hemorrhage in it. Nerves in the brain
requires a continuous supply of blood, oxygen and glucose to function properly. If there is impairment of this supply then the brain may stop
functioning temporarily and if this impairment is severe enough then permanent brain damage could occur. As the brain control the body, so the patient
could experience symptoms depending upon which part of the brain is affected or damaged. (Lawrence M. Brass, 1992)
Stroke causes the death of 130,000 Americans each year and is considered the Fifth leading cause of death in the United States. (CDC, 2015).87% of
the strokes are Ischemic Strokes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is often caused by high blood pressure. (American Heart association, 2015). SAH affects every 2 to 16 per 10,000 persons yearly. The actual
occurrence of SAH is higher because approximately 15% of patients with SAH die before being admitted into the hospital. SAH can occur at any age,
but the incidence increases with age, commonly affect patients age 50 years or older. This type of stroke is 1.24 times more common in women than in
men. (American Stroke Association,

Transient Ischemic Attack Essay
Table of Contents
Definition Page 2
General Information Page 2
Signs and Symptoms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ischemic describes an inadequate blood flow. Therefore, TIA is a deprivation of blood to the brain for a short period of time.
General Information
Transient Ischemic Attacks occur in the same way as an ischemic stroke. Both occur when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked, which is
why a stroke is known as a cerebrovascular accident.
ВЎВ§CerebroВЎВЁ refers to a part of the brain.
ВЎВ§VascularВЎВЁ refers to the blood vessels and arteries.
Conversely, TIAs occur when blood flow to the brain is reduced for a short period of time. Therefore, a TIA resolves, leaving no noticeable symptoms
or disabilities. This temporary blockage is typically caused by a spasm of a brain artery, causing it to narrow. However, it is also common for this
blockage to be cause by a small blood clot in an artery.
The average duration of a TIA is said to be a few minutes, however, it this has recently been corrected. By definition atransient ischemic attack could
have symptoms that last up to a maximum of 24 hours.
TIAs typically serve as a warning sign. Any individual who has had a TIA is at an elevated risk for a more serious and debilitating stroke.
Signs and Symptoms of a Transient Ischemic Attack
Signs and symptoms of a TIA are superfluous, and hard to recognize by most doctors. In 1999 The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Stroke (NINDS) has come to the conclusion that there

Stroke also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA),...
Stroke also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), or a brain attack. A brain attack is the loss of brain function
by the cause of disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This disturbance occurs due to either one of two causes which are ischemia (lack of
blood flow) or a hemorrhage (high increase of blood flow directly into brain; parenchyma or into the subarachnoid space which surrounds the brain
with tissue). Ischemia is a formation by a blood clot that is inside of a blood vessel located in the circulatory system called thrombosis or arterial
embolism; which is a rapid interruption in the supply of blood flow to an organ or body part due to a clogged artery blocking the blood flow.
Thrombosis is a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Right side hemisphere strokes effects likely to be seen are paralysis on left side of the body, weak vision, and problems distinguishing basics e.g. tying
shoes, buttoning shirts, up, down, left or right and also you can have short term memory. Brain Stem Strokes which are the most uncommon strokes
that can happen are at the base of the brain and right above our spinal cord. Some effects after this stroke can give you problems in breathing or heart
functions, unbalanced body temperature and body coordination, weakness or paralysis of both arms and legs, difficulty in chewing, swallowing,
speaking and poor vision. Any type of stroke whether it is a Brain Stem Stroke or a Ischemic Stroke can be life changing but, after it depends on the
progress at the recovery stage which can truly identify the damage and how serious it is. Some risk factors of stroke that you CANNOT change are
the increase in your age, gender, family history, ethnicity and the Transient Ischemic Attack (chances of another stroke after a previous stroke). Some
treatments that are available to patients with strokes are stroke medications, surgeries and few non surgical procedures. Stroke medications are drugs
prescribed to be taken by a administrator some of them are Tissue Plasmogen Activator TPA (given within 3 hours of a stroke caused by a blood clot),
clot busters, blood thinners

Stroke
Stroke
Definition:
A stroke is the sudden death of the cells in a specific area of the brain caused by inadequate blood flow. Another name for it is cerebral vascular
accident (CVA). A stroke is also called a brain attack.
Description:
A stroke occurs when an artery bursts or becomes closed when a blood clot lodges in it and blood flow is interrupted to that part of the brain. Blood
circulating to that area of the brain served by the artery stops at the point of rupture, and the brain tissue in that area dies or is damaged. The effects of a
stroke are determined by which portion of the brain is affected and how much damage occurs. A stroke can cause memory loss, speech impairment,
reasoning ability, loss of vision, paralysis, coma, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though, hemorrhagic strokes are different. Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage include severe headache that begins suddenly, vomiting, nausea,
stiff neck, light intolerance and loss of consciousness. An intracranial hemorrhage may exhibit extreme hypertension, loss of consciousness, paralysis
(especially on one side of the body), seizure, vomiting, severe nausea, altered mental state weakness, numbness, severe or sudden headache.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing a stroke usually begins with a careful medical history, especially concerning the distribution and onset of the symptoms and the presence
of risk factors, so that other possible causes are excluded. Performing a brief neurological exam may be used to identify the location and degree of
any deficits, such as vision loss, weakness, or lack of coordination.
Once stroke is suspected imaging technology is used to determine which type of stroke the patient has suffered. Blood and urine tests are run to look
for abnormalities. A non contrast computed tomography scan (CT scan) is used to identify hemorrhagic strokes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
can detect ischemic strokes, caused by blood clots, earlier and more reliably than CT scanning. Other investigations include electrocardiogram,
angiography, ultrasound, and electroencephalogram.
Prevention:
The risks of stroke can be reduced through daily, basic lifestyle changes. These changes include

Symptoms And Symptoms Of A Ischemic Attack
Introduction A transient ischemic attack or TIA is like a stroke for it produce similar symptoms, but this only last a few hours and don't cause
permanent damage over the patient. This event was often called a mini stroke, and transient ischemic attack could be a warning to all of us.
According to a study of statistic, in every 3 people who are experiencing a transient ischemic attack 1 patient would eventually experience a stroke, with
about half occurring within a year after the patient had experienced a transient ischemic attack.
Now, let's us go deeper in answering how serious stroke really is. Globally, stroke is the second leading cause of death of the patients who are at
the age 60 and it is the leading cause of long term disability in the United States that is known for having a large population. We know that stroke is
a problem globally, but the burden of having a stroke is more severe on the people on Asia; it was equated that its mortality is higher than in North
America or Europe. And going to our country Philippines, it is recorded that stroke is the second leading cause of death that has a prevalence of 0.9
percent; ischemic stroke comprises 70 percent and the hemorrhagic stroke comprises 30 percent.
Having or experiencing a transient ischemic attack might serve as both warning and an opportunity to the patients, a warning of having a stroke and an
opportunity to be knowledgeable to take steps on how to prevent it.1
The researcher gave some of the main

Causes Of Transient Ischemic Attack
TIA stands for transient ischemic attack and can be classified as a "mini stroke". TIA is similar to a stroke in that it causes the same symptoms but it
does not damage the brain. TIAs happen when an artery in the brain gets clogged or closes off, and then reopens on its own (Transient Ischemic
Attack). This can typically happen if a blood clot blocks the flow of blood through an artery in the brain and then dissolves or moves away. It can also
happen if one of the small arteries in the brain begins to close off from the effects of high blood pressure. Whereas a cerebral infarct is brain necrosis
due to complete and prolonged ischemia that affects all tissue elements, this is what is known as a full blown stroke (Transient Ischemic Attack).

Stroke, Ischemic And Ischemic Attacks
STROKE A stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading into as well as within the brain. "Strokes are the 4th leading cause of death in the
United States. Approximately 800,000 people have strokes every year about one every 4 seconds."1 A stroke may cause lasting brain damage, long
term disability, or possibly even death. There are three main types of strokes, ischemic, hemorrhagic and transient ischemic attacks and each come with
many warning signs. A person may have an increased chance of having astroke depending on their lifestyle and risky behaviors, and treatment is
determined on what type of stroke a person has. During a stroke, the brain is not receiving enough blood: Blood is carrying oxygen and nutrients and as
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An embolic stroke happens when the clot develops away from the brain, perhaps in a limb, and is then carried into the brain by the bloodstream. This
type of clot– when the moving clot then is lodged within the narrower arteries within the brain– is called an embolus The second major type of stroke
is labeled as a hemorrhagic stroke. Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by arteries in the brain rupturing open or slowly leaking into the cranium. The
rupture or leakage of blood then puts pressure on the surrounding brain cells. There are two types of hemorrhagic strokes; intracerebral–which occurs
when a blood vessel in the "brain bursts and spills into surrounding brain tissue damaging brain cells. Brain cells beyond the leak are deprived of
blood are also damaged."2 The second type of hemorrhagic stroke is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage. With a subarachnoid hemorrhage "an artery
on the surface of the brain bursts and spills blood between the surface of the brain and the skull. This bleeding is often signaled by a sudden, severe
headache."2 This type of stroke is usually caused by an aneurysm. The third type of stroke is called a transient ischemic attack, or a mini–stroke. With
a transient ischemic attack, there is only a temporary decrease is the blood flow to the brain, and thus is the least severe kind of stroke a person can
have. A TIA can be caused by a clot that usually resolves

Thrombotic Stroke Research Papers
Jacqueline M. Albrecht
NURS: 3150, section A
March 27, 2016
RSVP Patient Education Assignment
1. What is a stroke?
A stroke otherwise known as a CVA is defined as, "...when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain
tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016)". It is a life–threatening event, and the person
affected could die within minutes if not treated immediately. The lack ofblood to the brain can be caused by many things: ischemic stroke, hemorrhage
stroke, or a transient ischemic attack. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016) Together, these 3 all share in the fact of depriving the brain of oxygen and nutrients
crucial to tissue survival and maintaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What does F.A.S.T. stand for in regards to Stroke recognition/education?
F = face – facial drooping; have person smile and if not even could be an indicator of stroke
A = arms – weakness in arms; raise both arms and note if they are even, bilateral, weak, unable to raise
S = speech – slurred speech; is speech strange or abnormal for person? is stating simple phrases suddenly difficult?
T = time – if any of the signs are observed, call 911
*information from (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016) 6. Beyond F.A.S.T., what are other signs and symptoms of stroke? trouble with speaking and
understanding, confusion, slurred speech, paralysis or numbness of extremities or face (especially on one side), trouble with seeing in one or both eyes,
blurred or blackened vision, double vision, sudden, severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, dizziness, trouble while walking, stumbling and
uneven gait with sudden onset, loss of coordination and balance.
*all information is directly from (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016)
7. If a patient is showing stroke like symptoms, what kinds of tests and assessments would you expect to be ordered to either rule out or confirm a
stroke diagnosis?
*Physical exam/general wellness check–up

*Blood tests
*CT

Transient Ischemic Attack Research Paper
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a stroke and is caused by obstruction of an artery. During this attack not get blood to irrigate the portion which is
stopped and no longer works. It's a disease but only as shown the name is just temporary. The patient often recovers after 15–30 minutes and very
rarely happens to recover only after 24 hours. Most times they are less important and have no neurological consequences.
Prevention for TIA
It is important that these conditions be prevented especially when there are multiple risk factors aggregate in the same patient. The hottest who affects
is smoking, that must be left by those who have a history or a family history of diseases. Another custom is drinking heavily, that is contributing to
worse. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It must to eat only white meat fish and soy in any quantity. It is also prohibit alcohol consumption and smoking.
Natural treatment for TIA using Calivita supplements
Ginkgo biloba –(Mega Protect 4Life). Take 3 capsules a day for long periods of time. It is the most effective treatment that can be applied because
this plant is able to restore blood vessels and to clear affected arteries. But it is very difficult to return to baseline, because certain areas of the brain
have not been irrigated with blood and become necrotic (dead), or they have no way to revive. Enable cerebral and peripheral circulation, prevent and
reduce sequelae after stroke.
Omega 3 fatty acids may prevent recurrence of stroke, according to a study by Japanese researchers. They found that people with high cholesterol
levels, which are based on daily cholesterol reducing treatment, an addition of 1,800 mg of omega–3 unsaturated fatty acids significantly lowers the
risk of another

Transient Ischemic Attack: A Case Study
The paper entitled Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack, focuses upon the clinical problem identified by Donnan
and Davis. The clinical situation identified by these researchers states that strokes, are considered as being the second most prevalent form of death
for patients whom have suffered from a myocardial infarction. As well as being the leading cause for these patients to develop a disability. The
researchers further identify this issue by introducing a the paper with a case vignette which highlights the researchers purpose of the study as it shows
that after a short period the individual is already showing signs and symptoms of suffering from a disability as within a period of one week there is
evidence

Three Different Types Of Ischemic Stroke
A stroke is a "Brain attack" that can happen to anyone at any time. This attack occurs when the blood flow to an area of the brain is cut off. Many
may ask the question what causes a stroke. A stroke is caused when the blood flow to an area of the brain is cut off the brain cells are deprived of
oxygen and begin to die. Studies show that a stroke occurs every 40 seconds and in every four minutes someone dies from a stroke. (Association)
There are three different types of strokes Ischemic stroke, Hemorrhagic Stroke, and Transient Ischemic stroke, and they can all have a huge impact on
your health. The First type of stroke is Ischemic stroke which is caused by blood clots. An Ischemic stroke can be caused by several different types of
diseases,

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
Gibbons also explains that an ischemic stroke also consist of transient ischemic attacks (TIA). A TIA is known as a "mini stroke" that is only a brief
period of symptoms similar to those of an ischemic stroke but only lasting a couple hours. TIAs are caused by temporary decreases in the blood
supply. TIAs can also be caused by a clot or debris blocking blood flow to part of the brain. These blockages are temporary thus leaving no lasting
symptoms. TIAs usually happen before an actual stroke happens. According to many doctors these attacks serve as a warning and also an opportunity
of possibly lowering risks of actually have a stroke.
The article "Stroke" by Dr. Colin Tidy, explains that a hemorrhagic stroke is the least common, for it only affects thirteen percent of people but are the
cause of most stroke deaths, this meaning many people die when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tidy's studies, this type of stroke is caused when an artery in the brain ruptures or leaks blood causing there to be pressure thus damaging the brain cells
and causing tissue death.(See Figure 2) Tidy explains that ruptures are caused by conditions such as, hypertension, trauma, blood–thinning medication,
or aneurysms (weakness in blood vessels walls). Hemorrhagic strokes are classified as either an intracerebral or a subarachnoid hemorrhagic strokes.
An Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke is the most common. Tidy explains that these are usually caused by leaking blood vessels in the brain.
Intracerebral strokes are usually caused by high blood pressure and aging blood vessels. An intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke can also be caused by an

An Essay On Stroke Research Paper
Strokes are the fifth largest cause of deaths in America. There are many different types of strokes. Doctors use many different methods to treat a
stroke. Having a stroke greatly affects how someone lives his or her. Even though strokes affect many people and there are many different strokes, there
are treatments and preventions to help make life easier.
There are three main strokes which include a ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic strokes and transient ischemic attack (TIA). A ischemic stroke is when
there is a loss of blood flowing to an area of the brain, resulting in not being able to function a body properly. A hemorrhagic stroke happens when a
weak blood vessel tear. According to the American Stroke Association, 13 percent of strokes are hemorrhagic. Lastly there is a transient ischemic
attack (TIA) , also called a mini–stroke, a TIA is due to a temporary shortage of quantity of blood and oxygen to the brain. As Mayo Clinic states
"About 1 in 3 people who have a transient ischemic attack will eventually have a stroke, with about half occurring within a year after the transient
ischemic attack."
Some ways to prevent a stroke is to lower your blood pressure. Some ways to lower blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After one experiences a stroke, he or she must be very careful in knowing the symptoms of a stroke." After having a stroke it could take time to
recover some it can take weeks, months, or even years. There are even some people who have recovered while others have long–term or lifelong
disabilities. After having a stroke need to work on rehabilitation. Donna who has had her left side of her body paralyzed but through two years of
speech her face had completely healed and she also has had two years of physical therapy so she is able to walk again but her left arm never

Senior Health : Strokes And Stroke Prevention
Senior Health: Strokes And Stroke Prevention
By Donovan Baldwin | Submitted On September 06, 2012
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Expert Author Donovan Baldwin
As a person ages, they become more susceptible to various illnesses, conditions, and events. One event of major proportions, an often fatal event, is a
stroke.
Despite the importance of this knowledge, and the fact that making the right decisions BEFORE a stroke happens, many people, seniors and their
loved ones, still know very little about strokes. I hope to explain what a stroke is, what it does to a person, and, perhaps most importantly, how a stroke
might be prevented.
While I am sure that an "expert" can write an entire book on what a stroke is and what it does, it is basically damage to the brain as the result of a
blocked blood vessel (ischemic) in the brain or by bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke).
By the way, many equate a "stroke" with a "heart attack". They are NOT the same. However, the causes and risk factors for both are similar as are
the means of reducing the risk of stroke and of improving one 's chances for surviving a heart attack OR a stroke.
Here 's the bottom line on that: A heart

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
When the blood supply to the body's brain is reduced, a stroke occurs. The brain needs to have oxygen and proper nutrients in order to function
correctly or the body can shut down resulting in death. People who are obese and have hypertension are a greater risk for stroke. TIA happens when
the flow of oxygen to the brain is disrupted. This can cause a loss of consciousness, but the patient's pulse will remain. In the event that the patient does
not have a pulse that would obviously be an emergency. A CVA requires immediate medical attention but a TIA, although still dangerous, does not.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) happens when the blood flow to the brain is blocked for a short period of time. This can produce 'stroke–like'
symptoms that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A stent may need to be surgically inserted if the main artery (that leads from the neck to the brain) becomes blocked. Management for TIA is primarily
to prevent any future strokes.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Hemorrhagic Strokes happen in about 15% of patients, but are responsible for almost 40% of deaths caused by stroke. A hemorrahagic stroke includes
bleeding within the brain and the bleeding normally happens between the inner and the outer layers of the tissue that covers the brain. Brain aneurisms
or weak blood vessel leaks are examples of hemorrhagic stroke causes.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage–blood vessels inside of the brain burst and leak surrounding brain tissue
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage–caused by bleeding disorders, head injuries, and taking blood thinners
Ischemic Stroke is death of an area of brain tissue that is a result of an inadequate blood and oxygen supply to the brain due to blockage of an artery.
High blood pressure is the leading cause of this type of stroke and responsible for about 87% of strokes that occur. This type of stroke can happen
within 2

Transient Ischemic Attack
Table of Contents
Definition Page 2
General InformationPage 2
Signs and Symptoms of TIAPage 3
Risk FactorsPage 4
Preventive MeasuresPage 5
General MeasuresPage 6
TreatmentPage 7
Expected OutcomePage 8
TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK
Definition
A Transient Ischemic Attack, generally referred to as a TIA, is a type ofstroke that only last a few minutes. They are sometimes called
ВЎВ§mini–strokes.ВЎВЁ The term transient is used to describe a condition that lasts only a short amount of time. Ischemic describes an inadequate
blood flow. Therefore, TIA is a deprivation of blood to the brain for a short period of time.
General Information
Transient ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most important treatable risk factors are as follow:

ВѓГ¦Hypertension ВЎV of all the risk factors that contribute to stroke, the most powerful is high blood pressure. People with hypertension have a risk
for stroke that is 4 to 6 times higher than the risk for those without hypertension.
ВѓГ¦Cardiovascular Disease ВЎV this term refers to several heart conditions that can increase your risk of a stroke. This includes diseases such as
Carotid Artery Disease and Atherosclerosis.
ВѓГ¦Diabetes ВЎV Diabetes is a major risk for stroke, and it interferes with your bodyВЎВ¦s ability to break down blood clots. Blood clots are the
number one cause of stroke.
ВѓГ¦Obesity ВЎV Being overweight increases your chances of developing high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes, which are all major risk
factors of stroke.
ВѓГ¦Tobacco Use ВЎV Cigarette smoking is a major, preventable risk factor for stroke. Smoking contributes to plaques in your arteries. Also, nicotine
raises blood pressure.
ВѓГ¦Excessive Alcohol ВЎV Drinking an average of one alcoholic drink a day for women or two a day for men will lower your risk for stroke.
However, drinking alcohol in abundance can increase your risk of stoke by up to 20%.
ВѓГ¦Use Of Birth Control Pills ВЎV The risk of stroke is higher among women who take birth control pills, especially among smokers, and women
older than 35.
Preventive Measures
Damage from strokes or TIAs may be significantly reduced through emergency treatment.

Paper On Stroke Research Paper
This paper discusses the history of stokes and how strokes occurred in my family. I have research many articles and websites to find interesting
information on strokes. I have also included my own opinions and thoughts about strokes. There are many factors that can create a higher risk of
having a stroke. The paper discusses ways to prevent a person from having a stroke, and risk factors that can increase the risk of having a stroke.
Introduction
A stroke is also called a cerebrovascular accident. According to the Mississippi State Department of Health, "A stroke is sometimes called a brain
attack (pg. 4)." A stroke occurs when the brain isn't receiving enough oxygen or a lack of blood supply. According to the American Heart Association,
about 795,000 people have a stroke every year. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death
in the United States and is a major cause of adult disability. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All strokes are serious, but the severity of a stroke depends on the type of stroke and the location of the stroke in the brain. It is important for a person
to know the symptoms of a stroke. The most recognizable symptom is the numbness of the body. The numbness usually occurs on one side of the
body. There is also a mini–stroke called a transient ischemic attack, which occurs in the same ways as an ischemic stroke but it is temporary.
There is treatment for strokes, but the most important treatment for strokes is prevention. There are many ways to keep yourself healthy and prevent
a stroke from happening. There are some factors like age and gender that a person can't control, but there are factors like high cholesterol and high
blood pressure that can be controlled by a person to help prevent their risk from having a

Essay On Transient Ischemic Attack
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is like a stroke, producing similar symptoms, but usually lasting only a few minutes and causing no permanent
damage. Often called a ministroke, a transient ischemic attack may be a warning. About 1 in 3 people who have a transient ischemic attack will
eventually have a stroke, with about half occurring within a year after the transient ischemic attack. Now, how serious stroke really is? Stroke is the
second leading cause of death above the age of 60 years old globally and is the leading cause of serious, long term disability in United States. Although
stroke is a world–wide problem, the burden of stroke is particularly serious in Asia; its mortality is higher than in Europe or North America. And...
This involves targeting modifiable risk factors with the highest population attributable risk, such as high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation (AF), in
the population, and promises to be a cost–effective means of reducing the incidence of first–ever and recurrent stroke. These primarily involve
population–wide or 'mass' prevention initiatives through public policy and legislation.
Individual approaches have also been shown to be effective in reducing the burden of disease both in regards to secondary prevention and improving
outcomes following the event. Individual approaches are targeted at the clinical level and focus on ensuring that patients receive evidence–based care
to optimally reduce the mortality and morbidity consequences of stroke. Secondary prevention targets 'high–risk' individuals following their stroke
event whereby tailored strategies can be used to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular events. This can be particularly effective
as greater adherence to secondary prevention is more likely following a major health event. In theory, targeted approaches should be an efficient,
straightforward and cost–effective means of addressing the burden of

Transient Ischemic Attacks: A Case Study
Mrs. September is a 55 year old woman who suffered a stroke 2 years ago. She received management for her swallowing difficulties after the stroke,
and was discharged from the hospital on an oral diet with normal intake. She is currently complaining about fluctuating swallowing problems. She has
also recently suffered multiple Transient Ischemic Attacks (TMIs) and has chronic multiple infarcts. She reported that she has suffered a few chest
infections recently but there was no diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia. Information was gathered through a case history, followed by a Clinical
Swallow Examination and from these results, a trial therapy was preformed. All this information was compiled to form a management plan for Mrs.
September.
It is evident that Mrs. September has oropharyngeal dysphagia, resulting from a delay in initiating the oral swallow and reduced base of tongue
retraction on liquids, with this causing a delayed oral onset time. It was also evident that Mrs. September has a delayed triggering of the pharyngeal
swallow with reduced laryngeal elevation and anterior movement on liquids and semi–solids, resulting in aspiration on liquids. It is also evident that
Mrs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
September's cultural views of swallowing as well as any religious beliefs that may influence management. These beliefs must be upheld regardless of
whether it is what the clinician believes in, as Mrs. September's autonomy needs to be respected (Sharp & Genesen, 1996). By not doing this a
barrier will be created between the clinician and Mrs. September (Kaizer, Spiridigliozzi & Hunt, 2012). If Mrs. September is staying within a
hospital setting it is important to educate the nurses around her on the techniques needed to help Mrs. September and what to do if she is coughing or
chocking (Shanley, 2000). The clinician will also need to find out what Mrs. September's favourite foods are so she is able to incorporate this into

Case Study : Chandra, A 55yo Bhutanese Refugee Women Essay
CASE 5: CHANDRA
Case Overview
Chandra, a 55yo Bhutanese refugee women, who has been living in for Australia 18 months experienced an episode of blurred vision with right arm
and leg weakness. During the episode she fell over on the footpath obtaining significant pain in her left arm and unable to stand up. Hospital x–rays
indicated that she fractured her left arm, this was set in plaster. CT brain scans showed no changes, and the right sided weakness had completely
resolved within an hour of her fall. Testing revealed that Chandra had hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The emergency department (ED) medical
officer informed her that she had experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and handed her an English brochure about TIA. Communication
problems and Chandra's limited English prevented her understand what the doctor was saying. She was discharged from the ED and asked to follow
up with her local doctor within the next week in relation to TIA prevention, also providing a referral to the hospitals TIA group education sessions
and an appointment time with the fracture clinic. Chandra's son, Hari, collected her from the ED and was very concerned and unable to speak with a
doctor. After discharge, Chandra revealed to her son that she had experienced a similar episode previously and was now concerned and very afraid. An
appointment was made with the GP the next day. The receptionist referred Hari to the NationalStroke Foundation website for information. Hari also

Tia Case Study
NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective tissue perfusion / Altered cerebral tissue perfusion Risk for injury: Stroke Impaired verbal communication r/t
ischemic injury NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective tissue perfusion / Altered cerebral tissue perfusion Risk for injury: Stroke Impaired verbal
communication r/t ischemic injury NURSING INTERVENTIONS Careful monitoring of neurological status (Glasgow come scale, LOC, pupillary
responses, extremity movement and strength, facial symmetry, speech and vital signs). Decrease in LOC may indicate increased ICP. Tube feedings
and IV fluids r/t dysphagia. F/C r/t incontinence, pt is placed on B&B training program. Preventing contractures, building muscle tone with ROM
activities, controlling... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other symptoms may include: tinnitus, vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, eyelid ptosis and ataxia. MANIFESTATIONS Contralateral weakness of the
lower face, hands, arms and legs; transient dysphasia; numbness or loss of sensation; headache; temporary loss of vision of one eye; sudden inability
to speak. Other symptoms may include: tinnitus, vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, eyelid ptosis and ataxia. ETIOLOGY Episode of cerebrovascular
insufficiency with temporary episodes of neurologic dysfunction lasting less than 24 hours and often less than 15 minutes. Most TIA symptoms
resolve within 3 hours. Symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours are classified as a stroke. TIAs are thought to be caused by microemboli that
temporarily occlude blood flow resulting in ischemia of brain tissue. Often occurs in patients with carotid artery stenosis. ETIOLOGY Episode of
cerebrovascular insufficiency with temporary episodes of neurologic dysfunction lasting less than 24 hours and often less than 15 minutes. Most TIA
symptoms resolve within 3 hours. Symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours are classified as a stroke. TIAs are thought to be caused by microemboli that
temporarily

Importance Of Cerebral Circulation
Cerebral Circulation
A constant flow of blood to the brain is vital to its proper functioning. Blood supplies the brain with oxygen and to perform maximally the brain
requires about 25% of the body's oxygen (Webb, 2016). Lack of oxygen for a prolonged period results in cell death causing irreversible damage to the
brain. Two paired arteries, four total, supply the vital source ofblood to the brain and spinal cord.
Arterial Structures
Blood supply to the brain is divided between the internal carotid arteries (ICA) and the vertebral arteries. As stated in Cippola's text, the right and left
ICA from the bifurcations of the common carotid arteries and the ICA itself also split in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Its primary function
is to supply blood to the cerebrum. The vertebral arteries originate from the subclavian artery and then "join distally to form the basilar artery",
(Cipolla, 2009). The basilar artery later bifurcates into two posterior cerebral arteries , these arteries "supply the inferolateral surface of the temporal
lobe and the lateral and medial surfaces of the occipital lobe," (Webb, 2016). While the ICA mainly provides blood to the cerebrum, the vertebral
arteries are the primary supply to brain stem and cerebellum. The ICA and the vertebral arteries join together to form what is known as the Circle of
Willis.
Circle of Willis
The Circle of Willis is also known as the circulus arteriosus. It is a structure that is formed by the joining of the two

Stroke
There are three types of strokes that cause changes to the brain: Hemorrhagic stroke,Intracerebral hemorrhage and Transient ischemic attack (TIA).
Ischemic stroke is the most common form of stroke, accounting for around 87% of strokes. Strokes are the 5th leading cause of death in the US, with
one person dying every 4 minutes as a result. For African Americans, stoke is the 3rd leading cause of death.(http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm) It is
estimated that About 795,000 people have a stroke each year; about one every 40 seconds – there are many medical conditions that can cause a stroke
and it is estimated that 8 out of 10 strokes can be prevented. However, there are some things that cannot be controlled when you are predisposed to ...
It is important that the type of stroke is diagnosed quickly to reduce the damage done to the brain and also to determine the right type of treatment
because one treatment for one kind of stroke can be harmful to someone who has had a different kind. A number of different medications may be
given at the hospital to help break up the clot and prevent the formation of new clots. For Ischemic stroke the treatment can begin with drugs to break
down clots and prevent further ones from forming. Aspirin can be given, along with an injection of a tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). TPA works
by dissolving clots but it needs to be injected within 4.5 hours of stroke symptoms once they have presented themselves. Hemorrhagic stroke treatment
can begin with drugs being given to reduce the pressure in the brain, overall blood pressure, prevent seizures and prevent sudden constrictions of blood
vessels.(http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/stroke/diagnosis–treatment/treatment/txc–20117296) Because strokes are life–changing events
that can affect a person both physically and emotionally, temporarily or permanently. After a stroke,

The Effects Of Statins And Its Effect On The Liver Disease...
Stroke is a world wide common disease with its occurrence depending on multiple risk factors involved, one of which is high blood cholesterol and
LDL level, it is thought that lower cholesterol level decreases the incidence of cerebrovascular ischemia (doc3.pdf) which has been concluded from
many clinical trials conducted for the purpose of understanding the adverse effects of statins, drugs that have been manufactured primarily for the
purpose of controlling blood cholesterol level, statins are defined as a family of drugs that control and inhibit cholesterol production by acting through
binding to 3–hydroxymethyl–3–glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG–CoA) reductase, by this mechanism the end result will be a lower LDL level in the blood
which in turn benefits the outcome of many states of disease including cardiovascular disease and stroke (doc1.pdf–[1])
Statins has multiple organ effects by affecting the liver, musculoskeletal system and the nervous system, controlled clinical trials with randomized
blinded assignment of treatment groups to patients treated with statins and placebo was conducted, hence valid data about adverse effects of statins
were obtained (doc1.pdf–[8] ). The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators conducted a study in
which patients with history of transient ischemic attack or thrombotic stroke were allocated into two groups, one treated with statin and the other group
with placebo, after conducting this study

A Short Note On Transient Ischemic Attack
TIA or transient ischemic attack is the result of a temporary interruption of blood flow to part of the brain, spinal cord or retina. This is can cause
stroke like symptoms, but does not damage to the brain cells or cause the person permanent damage. Although, the symptoms of a TIA are similar to
that of a stroke such as numbness one side of the body or muscle weakness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, loss of balance or dizziness
and double visions or difficulty seeing out of one or both eyes. These symptoms can very depend on were the interruption of blood flow the brain
is. These symptoms will generally dissipate after a few min but can last up to 24 hours. The causes of a TIA can be a small floating blood clot that
temporarily blocks an artery, or narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the by atherosclerosis or plaque buildup. There are other conditions
that can cause TIA but regardless of the causes this can lead to a higher chance of A CVA and is considered a warning sign to a stroke, or
cerebrovascular accident this also referred to as a stroke. Although, the symptoms are similar to a TIA with a stroke the affects can be cause
permanent damage to brain cells, leaving the person with a permeant disability. Like a TIA strokes symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected.
However there are two types of strokes Ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke happens when the arteries that supply blood to the brain becomes
blocked. This type of stroke is

Ischemic Stroke Research Paper
Capillaries, which are numerous fine vessels with thin walls that provide a large surface area where the exchange of substances occurs which connects
the arteries and the veins.
Blood – Which is the circulating fluid and is highly specialised for transport and immune defence.
Stroke, also called Apoplexy – Disease
A sudden impairment of brain function which is the result from a vast reduction in blood flow to some parts of the brain or from intracranial bleeding.
Causes of a Stroke
Ischemic Strokes (caused by blood clots) – The most common cause of a stroke is a blood clot (thrombus) which is formed within a blood vessel of the
brain. Embolism can also occur when a blood clot lodges itself in an artery causing a blockage, disabling oxygen rich blood from travelling to the
brain. A heart attack (myocardial infarction), where the heart valve is damaged and an irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation) occurs, can cause blood
clots which may eventually reach the brain. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)(a 'mini stroke', caused by a temporary blood clot)– The result when long, thin arteries penetrate deep into the brain
and become blocked by atherosclerosis, causing areas of surrounding tissue to lose their body supply. The tissue may then wither, creating lacunes
(small holes). A succession of transient ischemic attacks over the years can affect the brain, causing dementia.
Symptoms and Effects of a

Ischemic Stroke Research Paper
chemic strokes4
Ischemic strokes are the most common form of stroke, with around 85% of strokes being of this type. They are caused by the arteries that connect to
the brain becoming blocked or narrowed, resulting in ischemia – severely reduced blood flow.
These blockages are often caused by blood clots, which can form either in the arteries connecting to the brain, or further away before being swept
through the bloodstream and into narrower arteries within the brain. Clots can be caused by fatty deposits within the arteries called plaque.
man with blood pressure monitoring device
Hypertension can lead to blood vessel ruptures and hemorrhagic strokes.Hemorrhagic strokes4,6
Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by arteries in the brain either leaking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)4,6
TIAs are different from the aforementioned kinds of stroke because the flow of blood to the brain is only disrupted temporarily for a short time. They
are similar to ischemic strokes in that they are often caused by blood clots or other debris.
TIAs should be regarded as medical emergencies just like the other kinds of stroke, even if the blockage of the artery is temporary. They serve as
warning signs for future strokes and indicate that there is a partially blocked artery or clot source in the heart.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over a third of people who experience a TIA go on to have a major stroke
within a year if they have not received any treatment. Between 10–15% will have a major stroke within 3 months.
Recent developments on stroke causes from MNT news
Common inflammatory disorder increases heart attack, stroke risk
People who have polymyalgia rheumatica – a common inflammatory disorder among seniors that causes pain and stiffness – are more at risk of heart
attacks and strokes, according to a new study published in

Stroke Risk Factors In Nursing
Recently, there has been a surge in reports of TIAs in rare instances such as healthy, young women. With lack of full understanding as to the reasoning
behind this, research found that strokes are not a geriatric disease as once believed (stroke association.org). Accordingly, Steven J. Kittner, M.D.,
director of the Maryland Stroke Center at the University Of Maryland School Of Medicine in Baltimore declares that strokes can affect anyone at any
age (2004). Furthermore, he states that although there are common risk factors, some of the more hidden ones are the most dangerous, especially for
women under 55 (Kittner, 2004). He claims, matching other reports that these hidden risk factors leading to increased strokes include: migraines, oral
contraceptives, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article, Current use of oral contraceptives and the risk of first–ever ischemic stroke: A meta–analysis of observational studies in particular,
conducted 18 independent studies and concluded that there was an overall increased risk of women experiencing a full force stroke or TIA if they
consumed oral contraceptives (Xu, et al., 2015). They also found a slight difference between current users, past users, and non–users, meaning, that it
was more likely they experienced a TIA while currently on oral contraception compared with those who used oral contraceptives in previous years or
not at all (Xu, et al.,

Essay On Stroke
Stroke
There are Three Types of Strokes
Stroke and heart disease are similar in that they can both emerge from a mixture of genes, upbringing, environment and lifestyle choices. In the U.S.,
nearly 800,000 people have a stroke each year and approximately 140,000 of these Americans die.
A stroke can lead to brain cell death that results in disability. A stroke occurs whenblood flow to the brain is interrupted: Within just minutes, brain cells
start to die.
There are three types of strokes the:
ischemic; transient ischemic attack; and hemorrhagic.
The most common form of stroke is the ischemic. An ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot causes a blockage in one of the brain's blood vessels.
If a brief interruption of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diabetes
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 30 million Americans are living with diabetes and another 84 million
Americans are living with prediabetes. Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to turn the food an individual eats into energy.
The majority of the food we eat is broken down into glucose (i.e., sugar) and then released into the bloodstream. The pancreas creates the hormone
insulin, which serves as the key to allow the sugar within the bloodstream to enter into the cells and be used as energy. When an individual has
diabetes, the body either does not make enough insulin or cannot use the insulin that it does make properly.
When the supply of insulin is too low or the cells stop responding to the insulin in the bloodstream, the blood sugar level stays too high, which, over

time, can lead to serious health issues, including heart disease, kidney disease and vision loss.
The signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes, include:
extreme thirst; frequent urination (especially at night); blurred vision; unintentional weight

Transient Ischemic Attack Case Study
On July 12, Mrs. Smith had severe pain in the left side of her head while at work. She was not speaking coherently and eventually lost consciousness
for a few minutes. She was taken to her physician's office by a co–worker. Mrs. Smith's physician suggested that she get some imaging tests at the
hospital's outpatient imaging center to rule out a transient ischemic attack. A medical assistant at the imaging center told Mrs. Smith that her tests
could not be scheduled until July 14.
Mrs. Smith arrived early on July 14 for her imaging test. On her arrival to the imaging center, a medical assistant told Mrs. Smith, "I am sorry, but we
cannot perform your test. Your doctor faxed us an unsigned and undated order sheet. It is confusing to

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Introduction Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) better known as stroke is medical emergency responsible for an enormous numbers of death in the
united states. Stroke it is listed as the number four leading cause of death in the United States. There are three different types of stroke ischemic
stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Compare to any other disease cerebral vascular accident or stroke is one of the main reason
for disability among adults in the united states. History It all began when the father of medicine Hippocrates first discover stroke many centuries ago.
Back then stroke was known as apoplexy a Greek term meaning "Struck Down by Violent" because at the time they did not have an explanation for it....
Ischemic Stroke tends to occur when the artery responsible to supply oxygen rich blood to the brain becomes clotted or blocked. Another type of
stroke is Hemorrhagic Stroke it occurs when an artery in the brain is rupture causing it to leak. The leaks puts too much pressure on the brains cells
,which damages them. Hemorrhagic stroke is also divided into two categories : Intracerebral hemorrhage, which is the most common type of
hemorrhagic stroke , it occur when an artery in the brain bursts , flooding the surrounding tissue with blood. And subarachnoid hemorrhage, which
is a lest common type of hemorrhagic stroke, it occurs when there is bleeding in the area between brain and thin tissues that covers it. Last but not
least is the Transient Ischemic Attack also known as TIA or sometimes call "mini stroke" . This specific stroke is different from others major types
of stroke because it occurs when the blood flow is blocked for only a short period of time (no more than five minutes). Statistics Each year according
to National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke more than 700,000 Americans suffer a stroke and about 160,000 die from stroke–related
causes. In early 2011 at the American Stroke Association it was reported that the incidence of stroke has rose 51% among men and 17% among women
aged fifteen though thirty–four years between 1994–1995 and 2006–2007. Risk

Transjustic And Cultural Reflection Of A Personal Experience
There are a few memorable experiences that assisted me in learning to work with diverse clients and caregivers with linguistic and cultural differences
from my own. The first one being a client age 82 with a diagnosis of moderate–severe global aphasia and severe verbal and oral apraxia. After a
transient ischemic attack (TIA) evolved into a left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCA), her speech output largely involved stereotypical "ma"
utterances. This client has always arrived to her speech and language sessions with a smile and in a timely manner. More often than not, we would
start by some small talk that involved some yes or no questions for her to answer and it was amazing what she can convey with just her varying
intonations of "ma"s and animated facial expressions. I found it challenging to understand what she wanted to share in the beginning since I did not
phrase my questions or comments in a way that warranted clear answers nor did I use her low–tech AAC book to supplement the conversations but
after learning to shape my own words and getting acquainted to her AAC book, her responses became clearer to me. I had the pleasure with working
with an amazing individual with Locked–in Syndrome who was 42 years old. Although limited physically, she floored me with her motivation and
humor during each session. This client and my supervisor taught me the importance of using materials that related to their culture to spark interest but
also to balance those materials

Pathophysiology Of Ischemic Stroke Essay
Pathophysiology of ischemic stroke
Cerebrovascular disease includes both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke may present in the form of thrombotic , embolic ,
systemic hypo perfusion or venous thrombosis.
Acute occlusion of the intracranial artery causes reduced blood flow to the brain region it supplies.
The magnitude of flow reduction is a function of collateral blood flow, and this depends on each vascular anatomy , site of occlusion .
Death of brain tissue occurs within 4 to 10 minutes as the cerebral blood flow decreases to zero, values <16–18mL/100g tissue per minute cause
occlusion within an hour and values <20mL/100g tissue per minute cause ischemia without occlusion unless it prolonged for hours to days.
Low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ischemia produces necrosis by starving neurons of oxygen and glucose, which results in failure of mitochondria to produce ATP. In absence of ATP ,
membrane ion pumps stop functioning and neurons depolarize,allowing intracellular calcium to rise. Cellular depolarization causes glutamate release
from synaptic terminals,excess extracellular glutamate produces neurotoxicity by activating the postsynaptic glutamate receptors that increase neuronal
calcium influx. Free radicals cause catalytic destruction of membranes.
Concept of ischemic penumbra
Cerebrovascular tissue undergoing ischemia has two layers , outer layer and inner layer. Inner core of severe ischemia with blood flow below ten to
twenty–five percent, showing necrosis of both neuronal and supporting glial elements. Outer layer of less severe ischemia (penumbra),which supplied
by collaterals and contain cells which can be retrieved by timely intervention.
Following an ischemic event, centre of the core is perfused at 10–12 ml/100g/min or

Unit 4 Capstone Project : Cerebral Vascular Accident
Unit 4 Capstone project: Cerebral Vascular Accident
Jenni Urbas
Kaplan University
Cerebral vascular Accident (CVA) is the medical term for a stroke. A stroke happens when blood supply to a part of your brain is suddenly cut off or
extremely lowered. When this happens, the tissue of the brain gets deprived of food and air. The brain cells start to die within minutes. Having astroke
is an emergency and seeking treatment as soon as possible is crucial to surviving. The sooner you take action, the more you can minimize the amount
of brain damage and potential complications that may arise. Strokes are treatable and preventable, and death from a stroke is much fewer now
compared to 15 years ago. ((2014). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/stroke/basics/definition/con–20042884) The cause of
a stroke could be an artery that is blocked. It is also referred to as an ischemic stroke. A stroke could also be caused by a blood vessel that has burst
or is leaking, which is known as a hemorrhagic stroke. Some can experience an interruption in blood flow through their brain, which is known as
transient ischemic attack (TIA). Ischemic strokes are the most common. When an ischemic stroke happens, arteries to the brain get narrowed or
blocked, which causes a dramatic reduction of blood flow. There are two types of ischemic strokes. One of them is called a thrombotic stroke. A
stroke that is thrombotic takes place when a blood clot forms in an artery

Effects Of Statins On Risk Of Stroke And Preventing...
ASSESMENT OF THE EFFECT OF STATINS IN LOWRING THE RISK OF STROKE AND PREVENTING CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA IN
PATIENTS WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Introduction
Stroke is a world wide common disease with its occurrence depending on multiple risk factors involved, one of which is high blood cholesterol and
LDL level, it is thought that lower cholesterol level decreases the incidence of cerebrovascular ischemia (doc3.pdf) which has been concluded from
many clinical trials conducted for the purpose of understanding the adverse effects of statins, drugs that have been manufactured primarily for the
purpose of controlling blood cholesterol level, statins are defined as a family of drugs that control and inhibit cholesterol production by acting through
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
thrombotic stroke (doc1.pdf–[38] ). New evidence revealed that treatment with statin prior to the occurrence of severe ischemic stroke is effective in
providing a better neurologic presentation and lower death rate yet a non–favorable effect of statin is an increased incidence of brain hemorrhage
(doc2.pdf–[conclusion]).
Although Statin family of drugs were not primarily designed to be protective against ischemic stroke there is significant evidence in randomized
studies that it lowers the incidence of cerebrovascular events (doc3.pdf–table1)
An HPS random clinical trial of subgroup analysis of the effect of statin treatment on reoccurrence of ischemic stroke with a large sample size of
patients suffering from previous cerebrovascular ischemia have shown a significant benefit in lowering the reoccurrence of ischemic stroke in those
patients (doc3.pdf), to furthermore establish and confirm the strong evident relationship between statin treated high serum LDL and lower incidence of
ischemic stroke a meta analysis and systemic review of available data pertaining to frequency of occurrence of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic
attacks to the year 2015 were analyzed and the number of included

Case Study Carotid Endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy in Moyamoya disease: a case report
We report the case of a 55–year–old female who was operated for stenosis of the right internal carotid artery in the setting of Moyamoya disease
previously treated with extensive carotid and cerebral vascular reconstructions. The atherosclerotic plaque was excised and the right internal carotid
artery was repaired with bovine pericardium. The utilization of carotid endarterectomy in the surgical management of Moyamoya disease is poorly
described in the literature.
Moyamoya disease is progressive cerebral vasculopathy characterized by bilateral stenosis or occlusion of the arteries of the circle of Willis that
entails a poor prognosis without cerebral revascularization. We report a case of severe stenosis of the right internal carotid artery refractory to
percutaneous intervention in the setting of complex Moyamoya disease.
CASE REPORT
A 55–year–old white female with a past medical history significant for ischemic stroke of the right frontal cortex, multiple episodes of transient
ischemic attack, hypertension, and temporal arteritis presented to the hospital for right carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Past surgical history was notable
for bilateral encephaloduroarteriosyngiosis, right superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, coiling of aneurysms in the right ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Casana et al. reported the first case of extracranial ICA stenting in a patient with moyamoya disease. In that patient, right CEA was performed,
Moyamoya disease was diagnosed postoperatively, and the left ICA was subsequently stented. To our knowledge, there are no other case reports of
carotid endarterectomy in the setting of Moyamoya disease. It is unclear whether this represents underreporting or rather that severe extracranial ICA
stenosis in the setting of Moyamoya disease is a truly unique

Haemorrhagic Stroke Research Paper
"Stroke is the third leading cause of death, after coronary heart disease and cancer. Each year there are about 600,000 strokes in the united states and
strokes kill over 150,000 americans each year. Over 15% of people who have had a stroke die within 30 days, and 15–30% of people of people who
survive a stroke are permanently disabled" ("Your). "A stroke happens when ablood vessel to the brain is blocked by a clot or burst. When a blood
vessels burst or breaks, it is known as a hemorrhagic stroke. This causes your brain to not get the oxygen from the blood it needs, killing brain cells.
Someone in the world has a stroke every 40 seconds. More women than men have had strokes each year, in part because women live longer."("About).
According ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When an ambulance shows up, an EMT (emergency medical technician) should work quickly to make the patient stable and get to a hospital as soon
as possible. As an EMT, the person needs to assess the airway, breathing and circulation, as the patient will have trouble breathing (ems1). Monitor the
patient's pulse. The EMT should do a neurological exam, "which is just testing the mental status, nerve, muscle strength, tone and bulk, and the
person's reflexes" ("Neurological). Be sure to make note of all symptoms so when arriving at the hospital, the doctor knows how the patient is. On the
ambulance, check the patient's blood sugar, sometimes a patient can be experiencing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) which can cause the patient to
present stroke symptoms. An EMT wants to give the patient the correct medicine to keep the patient stable, when you reach the hospital, tell the doctor
what symptoms the patient was experiencing and what you have done to the patient medical wise (ems1). Strokes are a very scary thing and all
precautions should be taken. Works Cited
"Your Disease Risk." Yourdiseaserisk.wustl.edu. N. p., 2017. Web. 31 Oct. 2017.
"About Stroke." Strokeassociation.org. N. p., 2017. Web. 31 Oct. 2017.
"How Many People Are Affected By/At Risk For Stroke? ." Nichd.nih.gov. N. p., 2017. Web. 2 Nov. 2017.
"Understanding Stroke Risk." Strokeassociation.org. N. p., 2017. Web. 2 Nov. 2017.
"Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)." Strokeassociation.org. N. p., 2017. Web. 2 Nov. 2017.
"Neurological Exam – Google Search." Google.com. N. p., 2017. Web. 2 Nov. 2017.

Stroke Definition
Stroke: A stroke involves loss of brain functions caused by a loss of blood circulation to areas of the brain.
Causes: Occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and food. Within
minutes, brain cells begin to die.
In Ischemic cerebral blood flow is suddenly impaired by a thrombus or embolus.
In Haemorrhagic the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel causes bleeding into the subarachnoid space or brain tissue.
Types of stroke: Haemorrhagic stroke and Transient ischemic stroke.
Definition of Haemorrhagic stroke: Ruptured blood vessels in the brain
Definition of Transient Ischemic stroke: Blocked blood vessels in the brain
Haemorrhage: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will form a gradually enlarging hematoma (blood pool). Intracerebral Haemorrhages can be caused by local vessel abnormalities (hypertension,
vasculitis, vascular malformation) or systemic factors (drugs, trauma, tumours and sickle cell anaemia/leukaemia). Haemorrhaging directly damages
brain tissue and raises intracranial pressure giving headaches, vomiting nausea and eventually coma and death.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage: Gradual collection of blood in the subarachnoid space of the Dura. These can be traumatic or spontaneous. Spontaneous
haemorrhages occur through saccular (berry) aneurysms and through extensions of intracranial haemorrhaging or due to similar causes.
Pathophysiology of stroke:
Brain injury Due to:
Vascular blockage or hemodynamic disturbances from intracranial or the extra cranial vascular injury (stenosis, splitting, vasculitis)
Interruption of the cerebral blood flow
Neurotic death (infarct) when self–regulation of blood flow and collateral circulation are insufficient
Results to Functional body disorders which are controlled by the damaged part of the

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