Sickle Cell Research Paper

Sickle Cell Research Paper
While people are trying to find a breakthrough cure for diseases such as Cancer, Sickle Cell patients
feel that they are left in the dark of the public's eye. Each day thousands of people are being faced
with the shocking truth of having to live a very hard, tiresome, and very painful life. According to
researchers about one in four hundred African American is affected with Sickle Cell. Therefore it is
felt that there should be a greater effort in trying to find a cure for this disease.
Sickle Cell disease also known as SCD is a genetic disease of a person's red blood cells. The shape
of a normal person's RBC is shaped like a disk. This shape of the red blood cells allows for the
flexibility that helps the cells move through blood vessels. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These problems include but are not limited to breathing problems, eye problems, leg ulcers, and also
organ failure(s).Patients who are known for having SCD may also have a history of having
breathing problems. Patients may suffer from Pulmonary Hypertension. This results from when a
patient has high blood pressure that occurs in the lungs. If this becomes too severe or goes left
untreated it may be fatal. Besides having breathing problems a patient may also suffer problems
with seeing. In the case that there is blood clotting in the patient's eye this can result in the patient
becoming blind. A leg ulcer usually starts to show up on the patient's lower leg and /or ankle and
may sometimes go untreated because the patient may think is just a normal scratch or cut. Leg
ulcers usually are the result of poor blood circulation to that particular area. Delayed growth usually
occurs in most or all patients with Sickle Cell. Another problem that sickle cell patients may have to
face is organ failures. The organs that are most common to fail are the lungs, liver, kidney and
spleen. The failure of these organs may stem from other health problems related to the
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Sickle Cell Disease Case Study
Head–to–Toe Assessment
Sickle cell disease is an inherited form of anemia. This means both parents must pass on the
defective gene for a child to be affected. The gene is more common in families that come from
Saudi Arabia, Africa, Mediterranean countries, India, the Caribbean islands, and North, South, and
Central America of African descent.
It is a condition in which there are not enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen
throughout the body. Red blood cells are normally round and flexible the moves easily throughout
the blood vessels but, in sickle cell anemia the red blood cell is sticky, rigid, and has a crescent
moon shape. The irregular shape cells can get stuck in the small blood vessels, which can slow or
block ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accessory muscles are not seen during breathing. If accessory muscles were seen it would indicate
respiratory issue such as asthma, COPD, airway obstruction, ARSD, emphysema or pneumonia.
Respiration: Normal respiration rate is sixteen to twenty breaths per minutes. Less than sixteen
breaths per minutes is call bradypnea and over twenty breaths per minutes is called tachypnea. Her
respiration rate was twenty two breaths per minutes, even and unlabored, and shortness of breath on
exertion.
Lungs: Upon auscultation, lungs are clear, no dyspnea, wheezing, or crackles. Dyspnea could be a
sign of pulmonary embolism, asthma, pneumonia, and pneumothorax. Wheezing could be a sign of
anaphylaxis reaction, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, RSV, COPD, and sleep apnea. Crackles could
indicate congestive heart failure, atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and
pulmonary edema,
Cardiovascular: Normal heart rate is sixty to one hundred beats per minutes. Her heart rate was 77
beats per minute with regular rhythm and rate that was located at the apex of the heart 5th
intercostal space. There were no murmurs which would indicate heart failure of vulvar

Sickle Cell Anemia Case
At first, I would like to say Taina not worry about getting dropped from the team since it should not
happen. Even if she is a carrier of sickle cell anemia, the coach would not drop her nor the
scholarship. Practice plans for sickle cell anemia carriers would change to less intensive, and the
coach could teach them how to control the breath. Sickle Cell anemia is about Oxygen circulation in
one's body, so you should be fine if we can balance it after finding it. Sickle cell anemia is caused by
genetic disorders of hemoglobin that is responsible to transport Oxygen to other parts of our body.
Red blood cells of patients with this genetic disease become sickle–shaped when the oxygen
concentration is low. Lack of O2 results all of the symptoms

Sickle Cell Disease
Abstract:
Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder which generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs).
These altered red blood cells can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso–occlusion complications.
The current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the lack of any specific
treatment for vaso–occlusion. Some of the recent studies have suggested the role of pro–
inflammatory activity of aged neutrophils and induction of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)
formation. In addition, microbiome has been described to regulate neutrophil ageing via Toll–like
receptor and myeloid differentiation factor 88–mediated signaling pathways. In this review, the role
of these mechanisms and possible therapeutic opportunities targeting vaso–occlusion will be
discussed.
Keywords
Abbreviations
NET– neutrophil extracellular traps
SCD– sickle cell disease
1. Introduction
Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder resulting from a point mutation of glutamic acid to
valine at position 6 in the beta globin chain. the formation of sickle hemoglobin which polymerizes
in deoxygenated state and generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs). These altered red blood cells
can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso–occlusion complications– episodes of pain, organ
injury, and mortality. It is worth noticing that the most common clinical manifestation of SCD is
vaso–occlusive crisis and the current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the
lack of any specific

Sickle cell is a disease that affects many people all over the world. This paper will share the effects,
symptoms, and cures. These red blood cells can cause abnormal break down, delayed development,
and also shortness of breath. In the U.S. most people that inherit the sickle cell disease are African
Americans. "about 1 in 13 African American babies are born with sickle cell trait."(National
institutes of health) But sickle cell can affect anyone. Now, what is sickle cell? Sickle cell anemia
also known as sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disease that cause blood cells to form in
crescent shape at low oxygen levels. " sickle cell is a group of disorders that affects hemoglobin." (
genetics home reference) Sickle cell is a very important and life threatening disease that can lead to
a challenging life. Instead of moving brought the blood stream easy sickle cells can get clogged up
in blood vessels and when this occurs the body's organs can not get the appropriate amount of
oxygen needed. In order to have sickle cell anemia you must inherit the trait. People who only have
one for copy of the mutation has the trait. This is a very rare circumstance, but it can most definitely
happen. There are so many people who have this disease that probably can't even tell. The disease is
harmful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sickle cell disease originated in the 1900s concerning the malaria outbreak. Often taking place
in countries like africa." It has been said that people with sickle cell have an increased resistance to
malaria." (creations studies institute) The sickle cell disease was known to be one of the most
affecting diseases. Many cases were described supporting the idea of the new disease. Then, some
experiments were done to see what this really was. The results of the many experiments were
correct. The disease of sickle cell had then

Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Prepared by:
Jozalyn Velez Outline
Definition
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment/prevention
conclusion
Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited form of anemia, a condition in which there
isn't enough healthy red blood cells to carry sufficient oxygen throughout your body. Normally a
person has flexible and round blood cells. With Sickle Cell anemia, Hemoglobin molecules in red
blood cells, that carry oxygen in the body, are defective causing some of the red blood cells to
change and form a sickle, or crescent moon shape.
Symptoms
Pain: The sickle cells are sticky and get stuck, clump together, resulting in a blockage in the flow of
blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's sometimes one of the first signs of Sickle Cell Anemia in babies.
Jaundice: If the liver becomes overwhelmed by the breakdown of sickle cells, it can be damaged,
causing Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
Causes
Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disease which can only be caused by both parents passing the sickle
cell gene down to their offspring. About 2 million Americans carry the Sickle Cell gene but don't
have the disease. If two people with the gene marry, there's a one in four chance that their children
can end up having the disease. The gene is common with African, Spanish, Mediterranean, Middle
Eastern, and Indian people. In the United States, Sickle Cell Anemia affects 1 in every 500 African
American children born, and 1 in every 900 Hispanic children born.
Diagnosis
A blood test can check for hemoglobin S, the gene that causes Sickle Cell Anemia. Sickle Cell
Anemia can also be diagnosed in an unborn baby by sampling some of the amniotic fluid to look for
the sickle gene. In the United States, the test is part of a routine newborn screening, but older

children and adults can be tested too. If the screening comes out positive, the doctors will perform a
test to find out if the person has one or two sickle cell genes by determining how much of a
percentage of gene is present. People with a small percentage of the gene present have one

Sickle Cell Paper
Sickle Cell Disease (Anemia) Child and Adolescent Development (PSC 1246A) Sickle Cell
Disease, commonly referred to as Sickle Cell Anemia, is a blood disease which red blood cells form
an abnormal sickle or crescent shape. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body and are normally
shaped like a disc. This disease is genetically inherited from both parents. If you inherit the sickle
cell gene from only one parent, you will have sickle cell trait. People with sickle cell trait do not
have the symptoms of sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease is much more common in people of
African and Mediterranean descent. It is also seen in people from South and Central America, the
Caribbean, and the Middle East. Sickle cell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People with the sickle cell trait can never get the disease. They don't have any of the symptoms
except anemia which is usually treated with vitamins with extra iron. On a personal note, I have the
Sickle Cell trait. I have been known all my life about the trait and the disease. I inherited the trait
from my mother's side of the family. My father's side does not carry the trait. My mother's family is
also from the West Indies, and my father's family is not. When I married my first husband, (whom I
remarried a few months ago after twenty years), I realized that that he that had the sickle cell trait as
well as myself. We tried and did not have any children. Twenty years later, we have decided to have
a child. With the advancements in science, we discovered that with in vitro fertilization, we can take
my eggs and his sperm and fertilize them and since every one in four has a 25% chance of having
the disease, we will take the one healthy egg and produce a healthy child and discard the three
infected with the genetic trait. It is an expensive, yet healthy choice for our child to live a normal,
healthy, happy life disease free. In conclusion, genetics make us who we are. If not for the different
diseases, and other traits we receive from our parents, and their parents and many generations
before,

Sickle Anemia And Its Effects
First of all what is sickle anemia? It's a disorder that is affects your blood cells and hemoglobin
which is a molecule that is in your red blood cells that delivers oxygen to the cells and throughout
your entire body. When people realise that they have sickle cell is when they have the following
symptoms, chest pain problems and difficulty breathing, strokes, joint pain, arthritis and severe
infections. People are diagnosed with sickle anemia at a very young age people get from their
parents if both parents have a genetic gene of sickle then, more likely their offspring will have the
disease it 's a very popular and common disease it affects millions of people worldwide the most
common type of people who do get sickle cell anemia more than any other is African Americans
because the disease is mostly in Africa and the Mediterranean countries such as Greece, Turkey, and
Italy. In the United States the diseases affects more than, 70,000 to 80,000 american people and 1
and 500 African Americans and 1 in 1,000 to 1,400 Hispanic Americans have the disease already
inside of their body what type of gene is making them have sickle cell that would the HBB gene is
what causes sickle cell anemia. Why is it called sickle cell anemia because the hemoglobin is shape
like a 'S' shape or it can be called a sickle instead of a normal round red cell some scientists think
that the disease might be with the deadly disease of malaria because since it is common in Africa
when the people

Sickle Cell Essay
Sickle cell disease is the group of inherited disorder of the red blood cells that is characterize by
abnormal hemoglobin. The red blood cells in sickle cell disease are rigid and sickle shape. Many
complications arise due to the sickle shaped cells because these cells are not flexible as compare to
normal red blood cells and and causes destruction and blockage of red blood flow. The most
common form of sickle cell disease is autosomal recessive disorder is sickle cell anemia.
Sickle cell anemia was first described by J. Herrick in 1910 (1) and he found that the hemoglobin
plays important role in transporting oxygen to red blood cell and transporting low oxygen to red
blood cell results in the sickle shaped red blood cells. Since sickle shaped red ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The sickle cell anemia can occur early in the life and early diagnosis is very crucial. The
complication in person with sickle cell anemia arise around 5 to 6 months. Since this condition
typically shows autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, type of hemoglobin affected depends on
which gene are inherited from his/her parents. For example, there are 50% chances of developing
sickle–cell anemia with HbS in red blood cells and 50% chances of having sickle cell trait with Hb
A and HbS if one parent has sickle cell anemia and other parent has sickle cell trait. The sickle cell
anemia effect both the gender equally.
The diagnosis of sickle cell anemia can be done by many methods. The shape of red blood cells
which will be sickled shaped in case of sickle cell anemia and It can be check under microscope for
a initial diagnoses. The most common method for the analysis of abnormal hemoglobin is protein
electrophoresis. In protein electrophoresis, normal individual will show one band for hemoglobin
A(HbA) and this method is not expensive and it is used world

Sickle And The Sickle Cell Disease
The sickle cell disease affects about 100,000 people in the America. The most common ethnic group
the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every
ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait.
Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five–
hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic–
Americans have sickle cell disease. No universal cure has been found for sickle cell anemia ("Facts
About Sickle Cell Trait And Disease,"n.d.). Sickle cell anemia affects many Americans and a
universal cure needs to be found. Sickle cell trait is when one person ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sickle cell anemia can produce mild to severe symptoms and complications. Anemia symptoms are
tiredness, irritability, dizziness, lightheadness, a fast heart rate, difficulty breathing, pale skin color,
jaundice, slow growth and delayed puberty. Hand–foot syndrome which is usually the first symptom
of sickle cell anemia is the swelling of the hands and feet ("Facts About Sickle Cell Disease," 2016).
The signs and symptoms can vary from person to person and change over time in sickle cell anemia
(https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health–topics/topics/sca/signs). Over time sickle cell anemia can
worsen. ("Facts About Sickle Cell Disease," 2016) Complications of sickle cell anemia are pain
crisis, infection, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, vision loss, leg ulcers, stroke, deep
vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Pain crisis is a feeling of pain that can happen all of the
sudden with mild to severe intensity and last for a period of time ("Facts About Sickle Cell
Disease," 2016). Serious bacterial infections are potential life threatening due to the damage to the
spleen in some people who have sickle cell anemia (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health–
topics/topics/sca/signs). Acute chest syndrome can be life threatening and symptoms included chest
pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. Splenic sequestration is can be life threatening

Sickle Cell Anemia Essay
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the body is unable to produce normal
hemoglobin, an iron–containing protein. Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which the body is unable
to produce normal hemoglobin, an iron–containing protein. Abnormal hemoglobin can change cells
that can become stuck in narrow blood vessels, blocking oxygen from reaching organs and tissues.
Tissue that does not get a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the
problems of sickle cell disease. As to this day there is really no cure for Sickle Cell Disease. I
choose to topic because there are a number of persons in my family who have Sickle Cell Disease
(SCD). From personal experience I knew that the disease could take a toll on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The restriction of oxygen from the organs reduces the functioning of the organs, which control our
immune systems, which normally help people fight fevers and infections. The lack of oxygen also
causes the skin to change its pigmentation. After learning the physical traits of SCD, I begin to
wonder if Sickle Cell Disease had just as much of a neurological impact on a child as much as it did
physically.
In the early years of the disease there was an absence any neurological findings. Recent research
still leaves little to be said about Sickle Cell Disease; but there has been a connection mad between
Sickle Cell Disease children who experience a stroke and cognitive functioning.
"One of the most significant potential effects of SCD that can negatively impact a child's school
functioning is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke. Although most children with SCD will
not experience a stroke, those who do are at risk for educational problems associated with
neuropsychological deficits. Approximately 7% to 17% of all patients with SCD will experience a
stroke. The mean age of stroke in these patients is 7 years with most occurring before the age of 15
years (Powars, Wilson, Imbus, Pegelow, & Allen, 1978; Wood, 1978). Importantly, children with
SCD who suffer a stroke are at high risk for subsequent strokes within three years following the
initial incident (Portnoy &

The Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease was discovered in 1910 in the United States. Many cases came to surface after
that, and it was clear that sickle cell disease is predominantly common in the African American
ethnicity. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The most
common, known sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia. There is no cure for Sickle cell disease, but
there was a treatment that help relieve pain, prevent infections, and prevent organ damage. A drug
called Hydroxyurea could be used to increase the production of fetal hemoglobin during pregnancy.
Bone marrow treatment, is when stem cells are removed from one person to another person. Cord
blood with stem cell transplantation, can replace someone's abnormal stem cells with a donors stem
cell.
Symptoms
Signs that show when sickle cell is present is when anemia starts to show in the blood cells and they
become weak to where it breaks apart, periods of pain where the blood is unable to flow to the
vessels which causes joint pain, and recurrent infections because sickle cell can damage organs that
help fight off infections. Sickle cell was a trait that was inherited by one or both parents. The shape
of a normal red blood cell is a disc–shape that looked like a doughnut, whereas a sickle cell has a
crescent shape. An individual that inherited the defective gene from both parents had the sickle cell
gene and is homozygous. If left untreated, usually the person would die in their

Causes Of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder blood disease. Instead of normal, round, red blood cells, the
cells are sickle shaped causing blockage of capillaries. Sickle cell is inherited from both parents. For
the child to have sickle cell disease both parents must have the sickle cell trait. (Mayo Clinic, 1)
Sickle cell trait is a gene that can create sickle cell disease for their child if the other parent has the
trait. Carriers of the trait typically live normal lives. Sickle cell trait cannot become sickle cell
disease, but they can pass the trait on to their children or even have a child with the disease. (Sickle
Cell Disease Symptoms, Causes, Treatments. 1) Only under extreme conditions like severe
dehydration, high altitude, or very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some children experience extreme or intense pain and some not as much. Pain usually happens one
third of all days. Out of one school term on average a week is spent in bed. Sickle cell patients can
find ways to live mostly comfortable, normal lives. Drinking lots of water to keep hydrated
throughout the day is a great way to try to stay away from pain attacks. Getting plenty of rest and
warmth are great ways to soothe pain. (Sickle Cell Society, 1) Sickle cell is a genetic disorder so it
appears just as an infant as young as 4 months old. Sickle cell sadly doesn't go away, but cures
might be just around the corner. Sickle cell is tested at the hospital in newborns with a blood test. It
is tested in every newborn today, but can also be tested in older children and adults. In adults it is
drawn from a vein in the arm. (Mayo Clinic,

Sickle Cell Anemia Research Paper
Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is a gene mutation that is autosomal recessive and it affects red blood
cells. This means that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene for sickle cell
anemia to have the disease, one from each parent. To be a carrier, you must possess one copy of a
normal gene and one sickle cell gene. This mutation is a substitution or point mutation, meaning one
nucleotide is replaced with another. In sickle cell anemia, an adenine is replaced by a thymine. The
goal of this investigation was to use gel electrophoresis and a UV light to observe sickle cell
anemia. The guiding question was "Which individuals have sickle cell anemia?". A mother, father,
and child's DNA was tested and compared to known DNA that was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The gel was covered with a buffer and then six samples labeled A–F were deposited into the wells
using a micropipette. Three of these samples (A, B, C) were control samples to compare to D, E,
and F (the mother, child, and father). The safety cover was placed on the unit and then brought to a
power source. The leads were connected the chamber and left for approximately 20 minutes. The
agarose gel was removed from the tray and placed onto a sheet of plastic wrap. An Ethidium
Bromide card was placed face down onto the gel to stain for approximately 5 minutes. Finally, the
card was removed and the gel was placed on top of a UV light. The samples were pushed towards
the center due to opposite electric charges. Agarose gel separates the DNA samples by the way they
were cut. The restriction enzyme MST II cuts the DNA strand at CC/TNAGG where N is any
nucleotide base. If the enzyme recognizes this, it is cut. If it does not recognize it then the strand is
left whole. We were able to observe the DNA strands due to them being dyed and placed over a UV
light. The control samples were utilized so that the other samples could be compared to test for their
genotype. The data was analyzed in this way to differentiate between the different genotypes and the
number of bars they

Sickle Cell Anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia describes a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder that affects a protein found
in red blood cells (erythrocytes) called haemoglobin. This disease results in 100% of blood cells
becoming sickle shaped. The co–dominant sickle cell disease entails half of the erythrocytes
becoming sickle shaped and the remaining half as normal biconvex structures, however, these
people are carriers and can pass the disease or anaemia onto their offspring. Prevalence of
significant morbidity and mortality of sickle cell disease is clear in Africa, the Mediterranean, India,
Central America and the Carribean, with estimates suggesting 250 000 children are born annually
with sickle cell anaemia (reference). Haemoglobin ss the autosomal recessive genotype, inherited
from both parents, causes the phenotype of sickle cell anaemia. When erythrocytes become rigid
and sticky, they cannot flow smoothly through small vessels, consequently, slowing or blocking
blood flow and oxygen around the body. This prevents oxygen from reaching vital organs such as
the spleen, liver, lugs, heart and kidneys, causing extensive damage as lack of oxygen results in cell
death.(1) Sickle cells only live an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the chromosomes are inherited, a mutated gene can be passed from carrier or afflicted parents
to their offspring. The inheritance of sickle cell disease therefore depends on this mutation. Afflicted
people have a mutation on chromosome 11 which codes for the beta subunit of haemoglobin. It
reflects a single base change (GATGTT) of amino acids that distorts the erythrocytes into a
severely concave shape at low oxygen concentrations (reference). If one beta globin is sickle and the
other is normal, the person is not anaemic, however they are an autosomal heterozygous carrier of
sickle cell disease. If both beta globin genes are affected by the mutation, the person is homozygous
recessive and becomes

B2 Biggs
Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia, a genetic disease that affects a minority of individuals with
African, Indian, and Mediterranean heritage, has been present in Africa for thousands of years, but
was only recently "discovered" by countries outside of Africa. The so–called discovery occurred in
1904 when a young African–American dental student complained to Dr. James B. Herrick of
chronic pain episodes. Because Dr. Herrick's speciality was cardiology, he deferred the case to
another doctor, Dr. Ernest Iron, to the case. While examining the student's blood under a
microscope, Dr. Earnest Iron discovered an interesting anomaly; he aptly described the red blood
cells as "having the shape of a sickle". After being referred ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is possible to combat some of the side effects of sickle cell anemia. Many doctors will
prescribe antibiotics to help prevent infections and destruction of the liver. Prescription pain
relievers are often administered to help assuage the crises. Alternative methods of diminishing the
issues that accompany sickle cell anemia include blood transfusions, supplemental oxygen, and

Sickle Cell Anemia
Case:–
Doctor informed complete studies of a 9–year old child with sickle cell anemia. Her main
complaints were cough, vague pains in legs (joints), night sweats, abdominal pain, less hunger, and
increasing weakness. In a series of knowing experiments that involved taking venous blood from the
arm under different conditions, the doctor showed a connection between oxygen tension and
sickling of the red blood cells in vivo. When the oxygen pressure fell below 40–45mm Hg, the
sickling was marked increased. Sickle cell anemia
Introduction:–
Anemia is a disorder of blood that causes a decrease in red blood cells. Sickle Cell anemia is a type
of Anemia. The abnormal gene that is passed down from each parent makes a condition in which,
there aren't sufficient healthy RBC to carry passable oxygen throughout your body. Sickle cells are
hemispherical shaped that chunks the blood flow in vessels that can cause severe pain. In addition to
red blood cells being sickled shaped, WebMD explains that the red blood cells of individuals with
Sickle Cell anemia only last about twenty days in comparison to the one hundred twenty days that a
normal red blood cell lasts. This contributes to the tired and weak feeling related with the anemia
characteristic of Sickle Cell Anemia, thus creating the person look weak and washed out according
to WebMD. Mostly this disease is seen in people of African American and Mediterranean countries
(such

Sickle cell anemia (SCA), also known as HbSS disease, is a common life–threatening inherited
blood disorder in the world. It is widespread in Africa, Italy, Greece, Turkey, India, and Saudi
Arabia. Sickle cell disease was reported In Saudi Arabia for the first time in the 1960s. Although the
rate of patients who suffer from sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia is not clear, it varies according to
the different provinces. The highest rate of patients is in the Eastern and southwestern provinces.
This triggered the scientists to improve the Sickle cell anemia's health care, determine the disease
characteristics and amplifications, manage and control the symptoms, and limit the number of
patients.
Scientists have noticed many features of

Sickle Cell In this essay I will be talking about sickle cell anemia. Well I was diagnosed with the
disease at birth. I have what they call SS, which means I have the full illness. The reason I do is
because both of my parents have a trait. This is my story. First of all ever since I was young I've
been in and out of the hospital. They say I'm a hard poke because my veins are so small. F.Y.I. I'm
not a big fan of needles.(one time they needed three to four people just to hold me down so they can
poke me). They poke me because, when I'm sick they have to check my hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is
just another meaning for checking my blood level. Next they start an iv on me so they can give me
fluids

A Genetic Disease: The Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is a genetic disease that caused by abnormalities in the production of hemoglobin
of red blood cells, characterized by its sickle–like shape. While the main function of hemoglobin in
red blood cells is to carry oxygen to different parts of the body, these sickle cells are unable to
perform this task adequately. The sickle shape of these red blood cells contributes to lower blood
flow through vessels as they begin to build up and block passage through smaller blood vessels
("Facts About Sickle"). Although there are several types of sickle cell diseases, the most severe and
common form is sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a form of this disease where a child
inherits one sickle cell gene from each parent and therefore

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from
Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the
protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its
appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which
have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The
misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of blood and
oxygen to the many areas of one's body. This causes pain and organ damage. Hemoglobin molecules
are comprised of an alpha and a beta. People with Sickle Cell Disease have an aberration occurring
on a gene in their chromosomes 11 and 16. ("Sickle Cell Disease.") Chromosome 11 is the "gene
that codes for the beta subunit of the hemoglobin protein" ("Sickle Cell Disease.") This causes the
particles in the hemoglobin not to manifest accurately.
History
Sickle Cell Disease was first acknowledged in 1910 after a dental student became ill with
respiratory issues (Herrick 1063). Subsequent testing revealed that the patient's red blood cells were
sickled shaped. However, Herrick was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To do this there must be accurate registration and diagnosis at birth. Another method is to look at the
occurrence of the heterozygous states (HbAS) to gauge the probable birth rate of SCD by the gene
rate and Hardy–Weinberg equation (Makani, et al. 5–7). There are about 300,000 children are born
annually with SCD internationally. Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and
Jamaica have a SCD population that is documented at birth, but this only accounts for 1percent of
the international population of SCD sufferers. The majority of which are located in Sub–Saharan
Africa. (Makani, et al.

Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia has been a huge or major controversy in the united states ever since 1973 until
today. It is an inherited disease that affects the red blood cells.
What is sickle cell
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease causing red blood cells to malfunction. It is a disorder the
affects hemoglobin the protein found in red blood cells. People with this disease genetically inherit
this untypical hemoglobin. This means that it cannot be transmitted from one person to another like
the flu virus. These people have what its called hemoglobin (s). What this does is that instead of the
red blood cell being circle–shaped it would appear to be a half moon shaped cell. It is necessary for
the cells to be round so that they would be able to pass though small and large blood vessels.
What is its characteristics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only this disrupts oxygen from delivered, but the lack of oxygen also results in pain or crises for
most. For children the pain scale can be from zero to very little pain, but for adults the pain may be
severe. Doctors will often recommend the person to drink large amounts of liquid and take
medications for instance ibuprofen. People with this disease are usually very tired and have a
decrease in red blood cells. A normal red blood cell lives up to 120 days and automatically kills
itself. A sickle cell lives up to 14 days so the body cannot necessarily keep up because the cells are
rapidly

Sickle Cells Anaemia And The Sickle Cell Trait
UNDERSTANDING SICKLE CELL ANAEMIAAND THE SICKLE CELL TRAIT
Introduction
Sickle Cell Anaemia is the commonest of most severe form of Sickle Cell Disease. SCD is a
collective term for hereditary haemoglobinopathies caused by the inheritance of a mutated
haemoglobin allele (sickle haemoglobin–HbS) in the erythrocytes. The HbS mutation is caused by a
Valine to Glutamic acid substitution at the 6th amino acid of the β–globin chain. (Harmon et al.,
2012)The first known case of SCD in the western world was recorded in 1910 in the United States,
when a 20 year old black student from Grenada presented abnormal erythrocytes upon examination
of his blood. This can now be recognised as the major characteristic of SCD where the erythrocytes
assume the shape of a sickle when deprived of oxygen in vivo hence the name of the disease.
Although SCD is most prevalent in individuals of African ancestry, the disease is also existent in
people from Meditterenean Europe,Hispanic, Midle Eastern and Indian Asian backgrounds. The
explanation of the regional specificity of SCD is the correlation between the geographical locations
where Falciparum Malaria was once endemic and high incidents of Haemoglobin S mutations in
those particular regions. However, the occurrence of SCD disease in regions that have no known
history of Falcipurum Malaria can be attributed to migration. In Britain for example, the first
incidents of SCD were recorded after the postwar immigration of the non–white population

Sickle Cell Essay
What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Sickle Cell disease is a blood disorder that is inherited. By inherited I
mean passed down from parents to their children. Babies are usually born with sickle cell disease.
When they inherit two abnormal genes, one from each parent. Abnormal genes cause the body's red
blood cells to change shape. This being the effect of having sickle cell disease.
Normal red blood cells are shaped likes discs or donuts. Normal red blood cells are soft and flexible
so they can move easily through very small blood vessels throughout the body and deliver oxygen to
the body. Sickle cells are much different than normal red blood cells. Sickle cells are stiffer, also
instead of disc shapes they're curved like crescent moons, or an old ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Jaundice can cause a person's skin and whites of the eyes to develop a yellowish tint. It is also
common for people with sickle cell anemia to have a hard time fighting infections. Teens with sickle
cell anemia grow more slowly and reach puberty later then other normal teens and people. Having
sickle cell anemia can cause people to feel severe pain at times in their stomach, arms, legs, or other
parts of their body. Periods of pain are referred to as pain crises. Depending on the person you never
will know how severe the pains are, how long they last, or even how often they happen. Some
people can have the crises happen more often than others. The crises can either be brief or last for
hours, days, or even weeks. Sometimes the pain can be so intense to require hospital treatment.
Sickle cell shaped blood cells block blood vessel. Blocking blood vessels can include the cause of
leg ulcers, bone or joint damage, gallstones, kidney damage, painful long–lasting erections in males
that is known as priapism, eye damage, and delayed growth. Also if they block blood vessels in the
brain it puts people at risk of having a stroke. Signs of stroke include headache, seizures, weakness
of the arms and legs, speech problems, a droop on one side of the face or body, and loss of
consciousness. It is possible for some people to be ill enough to die from the disease, though that
doesn't happen to young people or

Essay On Sickle Cell
Karah Potter
Coach Harris
Human A&P
September 27,2017
Sickle Cell Disorder
Sickle Cell is an inherited form of an abnormal red blood cell disorder. Sickle cell anemia is when
your body produces abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) which is found in red blood cells. The
abnormally shaped red blood cells are shaped in a crescent like form, this makes them sticky and
rigid and prone to getting trapped in small vessels, which blocks blood flow to important parts of the
body, this is how Sickle cell got its name. Sickle cell anemia occurs when a person inherits two
abnormal copies of the hemoglobin gene, which is found in chromosome 11 in both parents.
Hemoglobin or Haemoglobin is the iron–containing oxygen–transport metalloprotein in the red
blood cell of all vertebrates as well as the tissues of some invertebrates. There are seven different
types of sickle cell.
Symptoms of Sickle Cell are severe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sickle Cell Anemia, is the most common disease in which it occurs in children who get the disease
from both parents who have the gene, sickle cell anemia is when your body produces abnormal
hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) which is found in red blood cells this form of sickle cell is common of
those with African and Indian descent.Sickle Hemoglobin–C(SC), most commonly found in those of
West African, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent; individuals with Sickle Hemoglobin–C
disease(SC) have both hemoglobin C and hemoglobin S which have similar symptoms as Sickle
Cell Anemia but less anemia due to a higher blood count.Sickle Beta–Plus Thalassemia, found in
those of Mediterranean and Caribbean descent. Sickle Beta–Plus Thalassemia contain substitutions
in both beta global genes. When no beta global is produced symptoms are almost identical to Sickle
Cell Anemia, with severe cases individuals needing chronic blood transfusions. Sickle Hemoglobin–
D Disease commonly found in those with Asian and Latin American

The Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affects the red blood cells, specifically
the hemoglobin. This disease is very interesting because it actually is said to have protective
advantages against malaria in the traits heterozygous form. Some scientists, along with students at
Kenyon college, claim that the sickle cell trait has evolved or has been naturally selected because it
provides vital protection from malaria (Camperchioli). This is mainly backed by the fact that the
sickle cell trait is most commonly found in areas where malaria is predominant. Sickle cell disease
is a leading cause of death for children in Africa and has begun to spread all over the world, which
is why it is important to understand how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approximately 100,000 Americans have the disease and it is beginning to effect more people around
the world and spreading due to technology and innovations (National Heart, Lungs, and Blood
Institute). Malaria is also a deadly disease that effects many people. In 2012, it was found that over
600,000 people died from the disease and about half of the world live in areas that are at high risk of
malaria transmission (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The relation between sickle cell
and malaria is so important to study and understand because of the two severe diseases it deal with
and the size of the effected population.
According to A. Alison, there's a possibility that people with the sickle cell trait have an advantage
over those without the trait. In 1946, Beet ran an experiment involving 102 sickle cell infected
patients from Rhodesia and only 9.8% of them had signs of malaria, where 491 patients without the
sickle cell trait were also tested and 15.3% of them had malaria parasites. In another study the same
experiment was conducted, but on African children. 27% of the children with the trait showed signs
of the parasite, where 46% of the children without contained the parasite. The results show a large
difference

The Sickle Cell Crisis
Sickle cell crisis is an acute form of sickle cell disease where pain and sickling are extensive (Byar,
2013). SCD is a genetic disease that predominantly affects black people of African decent (Gersten,
2016). Abnormal hemoglobin chains are the main issue with SCD (Byar, 2013). Normal hemoglobin
chains are comprised of 99% hemoglobin A (HbA) however, in SCD an abnormal form of the gene,
hemoglobin S (HbS) is present in approximately 40% of total hemoglobin (Byar, 2013). In order for
a person to be born with SCD, both parents must carry the abnormal gene, HbS (Byar, 2013). HbS is
extremely sensitive to the changes in oxygen amount of the RBC and when exposed to decreased
oxygen the HbS cause the RBC to distort and become sickle–shaped, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
NH hospitalization record reveals a medical history of a non–injurious stroke, numerous episodes of
sickle cell crisis, acute chest syndrome and chronic asthma. NH is prescribed a daily regimen of
medications including a daily dose of 15,00 mg hydroxyurea, 1 mg folic acid for his SCD and 44
mcg of inhaled fluticasone for his asthma. Currently, while suffering from sickle cell crisis, NH is
prescribed oxycodone 5mg, Toradol 21 mg IV solution, acetaminophen, and morphine as well as a
continuous IV drip of D5 ½ NS, KCL. Due to the opioids and level of pain NH has endured the last
4 days (since beginning of crisis) he is exhausted and considered a fall risk due to his fatigue and
reports that he naps off and on throughout the day and only gets out of bed to use the

Introduction The disease I choose to talk about is Sickle Cell anemia, which is a blood disease that
is prevalent among the African American race. This disease is interesting to me because it is a
hereditary disease, so it can only be contracted if your parents have the disease. Sickle Cell anemia
is caused by abnormal hemoglobin, the red blood cells in your body contain two vital hemoglobin
molecules, a protein that carries the oxygen through your blood to travel throughout the body.
People with sickle cell anemia, they have two copies of abnormal hemoglobin referred to as
hemoglobin S. The molecule is what causes the problems within the red blood cells, rendering them
unable to properly complete the process of carrying oxygen where it needs to go.
Facts Sickle cell anemia is a disease you get from having two sickle hemoglobin within your red
blood cells. There's no other way to develop this disease than by genetics, which only occurs if both
of your inherited cells are abnormal. Unfortunately, since sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease,
there's no way to prevent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sickle Cell anemia is associated with lifelong morbidity and reduced life expectancy.All infants are
screened, with findings confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis, a complete blood count,
reticulocyte count, and peripheral blood smear.Treatment goals include fluid replacement therapy,
pain management, and symptom control. Sickle Cell anemia is prevalent among African American
but also common in the Hispanic

Sickle Cell Trait
Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) and Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) can be a serious problem for some people,
but at the same time, it can also be very beneficial to some people. Having SCT, means that you do
not have the disease, but are a carrier for the trait. People who have SCT are usually unaffected and
live normal lives. On the other hand, people who actually have SCD, can end up dying for having it,
and are forced to live irregular, difficult lives.
Sickle Cell Disease can be inherited from your parents. If both of the parents are carriers for Sickle
Cell, there is a 25% chance of having a child with SCD, a 50% chance of having a child with SCT,
and a 25% chance of having a normal child. If both parents are normal, and are not carriers of SCD,
than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Africa, is surrounded by water, and has a high population of mosquitoes everywhere. Malaria, a
disease that mosquitoes can carry is a deadly disease that can be hard to avoid in some
circumstances. There are so many people in Africa that have SCD and SCT, because people with the
trait/disease, are immune to malaria, which is a big benefit of having the trait/disease. With malaria
not affecting the people with SCD/SCT, they are able to keep reproducing and having kids that have
the trait or disease. This is why it seems that the places with malaria have such a high amount of
people with SCD/SCT. In conclusion, sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait have their advantages,
but at the same time have many other downfalls that come along with having one of the two. People
with sickle cell disease have hard lives, and have trouble doing everyday things like participating in
a gym class, or doing any type of sports or physical activity. Although, people with only sickle cell
trait, have the ease of not having to worry about malaria, but also run the risk of passing the disease
to their children. Sickle cell disease is a serious problem worldwide, and it helps to be informed
about

Sickle cell anemia mainly affects people with African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian
ancestry. A person with sickle cell anemia inherits two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. It
cause the red blood cells to change and become crescent shaped. Normal red blood cells are disk
shaped and move easy through the blood vessels. The primary problem is hemoglobin, it is a protein
molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin is flawed. The
cells become sickle shaped and can't move as easily through blood vessels. Sickle cell anemia has
one main cause, in order for sickle cell anemia to happen, a sickle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Treatments may vary from individual's need. When only mild pain is suffered by the individual,
they are usually offered over the counter pain medication. Other than medication, they are told to
have a lot of rest and to drink plenty of fluids. If the pain starts mild and gradually gets worse they
are given acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs. Severe pain obviously occurs in
individuals who are given Hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea will decrease the pain and prevent crises.
Other treatments could include blood transfusion and surgery. Researchers are trying to continue
their studies on blood and marrow stem cell transplants. They also wish to maintain their studies of
gene therapy and other medications such as nitric oxide. Nitric oxide may help the sickle cell be less
sticky and keep vessels open and decitabine that is similar to hydroxyurea who possibly could
reduce painful crises. To this date, there are still no treatments that are 100%

Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease or also widely known as Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic
mutation caused in red blood cells destroys its own cells within and reshaping the cell wall
resembling crescent or sickle shape; getting its name of the sickle cell disease. These sickled shaped
cells attempt to perform its normal function of circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated RBC and
gets lodged in small vessels causing vaso–occlusion. Where vaso–occlusive take effect, rest of the
body is not receiving oxygen becoming oxygen deprived results in acute and chronic pain and organ
damage (Valerie Mann–Jiles, 2015). This disease a lifelong condition affecting not just the person
carrying the disease but the whole family. Treating this disease ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Resulting in lack of blood flow to the region most commonly in the peripherals and organs causing
pain in hands, feet, joints, fever and in severe forms develops in bones (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, &
Cheever, 2010). Sickle cell anemia is the most severe form of SCD, lesser forms include sickle cell
hemoglobin C disease, sickle cell hemoglobin D disease, and sickle cell beta–thalassemia.
(Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). . The term sickle cell trait is referred to people who are
carriers of certain strand of abnormal gene, and it is a type of benign state of sickle cell hemoglobin
C (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). Though, if two people with the same traits may have
child, the child will have a 1 in 4th chance of receiving two abnormal genes will develop sickle cell
anemia (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010).
Clinical Manifestation
References
References
Doenges, M. E., Moorhoouse, M., & Murr, A. C. (2012). Nurse 's Pocket Guide. Philadelphia: F.A
Davis Company.
J. Kelly Graves, C. H. (2016). Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life In Children and Adolescents
With Sickle Cell Disease. Continuing Nursing Education.
Joyce Kelly Graves, P. R. (2014). Pain, Coping, and Sleep in Children and Adolescents With Sickle
Cell Disease. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing.
Khaled Hadeed, M. S.–P. (2015). Endothelial Function and Vascular

Sickle Cell Essay
Normal red blood cells are shaped like discs and look like donuts with no hole in the middle. They
are rich in hemoglobin and carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Sickle cell anemia is
a disease in which the red blood cells become sickle shaped, or shaped like a crescent. Sickle cells
also become sticky and tend to block the blood flow to the limbs and organs ("What is Sickle Cell
Anemia?"). People who have sickle cell trait (SCT) do not have the disease, but instead are carriers
of it. Most people who have SCT live their lives completely symptom free, however there are some
complications that are associated with sickle cell trait. People who have the trait must be careful
when they are completing strenuous exercise and when dehydrated. These cases, in extreme form,
can lead to complications of sickle cell disease, and even death ("What You Should Know About the
Sickle Cell Trait").
Athletes with the sickle cell trait must be careful when exercising because their blood cells may start
to sickle. According to CBSSports, "It is known that sickle cell trait has been the leading cause of
non–traumatic deaths among Division I college football players since 2000." Football players in
Division I programs, typically in southern states, are especially at risk if they have the sickle cell
trait. This is because during preseason, when the temperatures are still well above the 80 degree
mark, athletes tend to become more dehydrates, and the toll on their bodies is

Essay On Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle–Cell Disease
A group of disorders that have an impact on hemoglobin is called sickle–cell disease.
This disease can be deadly and needs to be discussed. During the lecture about chapter five, the
class learned about the sickle–cell disease. This paper will discuss what sickle–cell disease is, the
different types, how common it is, who gets it, symptoms, lethal or manageable information,
treatments, and diagnosis.
Sickle–cell disease refers to an inherited blood disorder. One amino acid takes the place of the
protein hemoglobin. The body receives oxygen from hemoglobin in red blood cells. A mutated form
of hemoglobin affects the red blood cells. Hemoglobin S can turn red blood cells into a certain
crescent shape.
The different types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With new treatments, the potential to live with a sickle–cell disease has currently increased. Most of
the deaths from the sickle–cell disease are from bacterial infections. The buildup of blood cells that
sickle in the blood vessels of the brain can cause strokes in the victims.
New treatments for sickle–cell disease make the potential to live much greater. People with the
sickle–cell disease need to check with their doctor a few times a year. Children with a sickle–cell
disease can take penicillin every day to prevent infections. People with a sickle–cell disease need to
undergo vaccines such as pneumococcus, influenza shots, and meningococcus.
Diagnosis can be done through blood test before or after birth.
In conclusion to this paper on sickle–cell disease, the information is summarized. Sicklecell disease
is a blood disorder, there are many different types, it is most common among African genes, people
all over the world can get it, the symptoms usually happen during childhood, it can be lethal but
there are treatments to help, and diagnosis can be done through a blood test. Sicklecell disease is an
inherited blood disorder that people are becoming more aware

Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease is an ailment that specifically targets red blood cells, causing them to sickle into a
cone shape and hinders the transfer of oxygen to other parts of the body. Lack of oxygen can
damage tissues and cause major problems for the person affected. As a black male, I am very
familiar with sickle cell disease. I have family members with the disease, such as my uncle who was
very susceptible to illness as a child due to the disease. I remember him telling me how his body
would ache as a child. I also have an ex–girlfriend who had regular pain episodes as well and had to
go to the hospital frequently. I am sure plenty of my brothers and sisters of Sub–Saharan African
descent either know someone who has sickle cell disease, is a carrier or they have it themselves.
Sickle cell disease is categorized as an autosomal recessive disease. That means in order for one to
inherit the disease, they must inherit two recessive alleles for sickle cell disease, or hemoglobin S
gene. Having only one recessive allele makes you a carrier. The disorder causes the affected person's
red blood cells to disfigure into a crescent or sickle, which differs from the normal red blood cells
that shaped into a doughnut. Sometimes, cells in a sickle shape cannot get through the narrow
passageways of the blood vessels as easily as normal red blood cells. This blocks blood from
entering and oxygen can't reach the affected person's organs. It can also crystallize and block
arteries and

Sickle Cell Disease Research Paper
What is sickle cell disease?
Sickle cell diseases are inherited blood disorders that affect mostly African Americans about 70,000
people in the United States. The studies shows approximately 2 million Americans have the sickle
cell trait. The sickle cell trait occurs in about 1 in 12 African Americans and sickle cell disease
affects millions of people worldwide. The rate for sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait is higher in
people who live in Africa, South or Central America, the Caribbean islands, Mediterranean
countries, India, and Saudi Arabia.
I have done my research on sickle cell disease throughout the paper; I will distinguish the difference
between sickle cell disease and sickle trait, the stages of sickle cell disease during childhood, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By early adulthood, growth catches up with their normal height, and weight remains below average.
Children with sickle cell disease have elevated risk of having a stroke that is one of the most
concerning of sickle cell disease. Approximately 11% of individuals with sickle cell disease will
have a stroke by the age of 20. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have found that 17% of children
with sickle cell disease will have a previous stroke or stroke–like events called transient ischemic
events. Stroke in sickle cell disease is usually caused by blockage of a blood vessel but about one
fourth of the time may be caused by hemorrhage or rupture of a blood vessel.
Can sickle cell disease cause death?
Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death for individuals with sickle cell disease, and
attacks that can lead to permanent lung damage. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and treatment is very
important. ACS can occur at any age and is distinct from pneumonia. Affected persons may
experience fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. ACS seems to have multiple causes
including infection, sickling in the small blood vessels of the lungs.
In

Sickle Cell Infertility
Sickle cell anemia is a disease that is found in about seventy thousand to one–hundred thousand
people in a year here in the United States, most commonly found in African–Americans. This
disease occurs in the blood where the hemoglobin attaches itself to the oxygen in the lungs and then
carried all throughout the body. When this occurs the red blood cell is changed to rigid and the
shape turns to a "C" (A.K.A. Sickle) which is where the disease got its name. The C like cell may
get stuck and block blood flow to vital organs which can cause a stroke, acute chest syndrome,
organ damage, and other disabilities. Sickle cell is unfortunately an inherited disease which is either
passed down by both parents or if one parents has the trait and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For those who don't have it genetically or medically, can reduce their risks. They cand do simple
things like using condoms to avoid sexually transmitted diseases, wearing loose underwear, and
avoid taking long hot showers/baths. They should stay away from radiation as much as possible,
avoid using any illicit drugs or heavy and frequent alcohol consumption and avoid being near any
toxic substances or wearing face masks or body suits of any sort to prevent inhaling the toxic
substances.
There are two types of heart murmurs, an innocent murmur and a heart murmur. The innocent heart
murmur is harmless and most commonly found in children. These types of heart murmurs do not
require any treatments or any changes in the children lives for they will most likely be gone when
they become adults. The other heart murmur is a problem related to the back flow of blood that goes
through a damaged or overworked heart valve. If that is the case, that could mean the one of the
heart walls has a hole or one of the vessels is

Sickle Cell Essay
Introduction :
According to Conran,N. (2015) ; The term sickle cell disease (SCD) describes a group of inherited
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) disorders. People with Sickle cell anemia have abnormal hemoglobin,
called hemoglobin S or sickle hemoglobin, in their RBCs.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
"Inherited'' means that the disease may passed from parent to their children. Sickle cell anemia is
not an infectious disease; means that a person cannot catch it, like a cold or any other infection from
other body else.
People who have sickle cell anemia inherit two abnormal hemoglobin genes one from each parent .
In all forms of SCD, at least one of the two abnormal genes may causes hemoglobin S. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children with sickle cell anemia diseases may begin taking the penicillin antibiotic when they
approaching to two months of age and continuous taking it until they are about at least 5 years of
age. Doing many helps to prevent infections, such as pneumonia, which can be life threatening to an
infant or child with sickle cell anemia . Antibiotics may also help adults with sickle cell anemia fight
certain infections .
Pain–relieving medications. In order to relieve pain during a crisis, your doctor may advise OTC
pain relievers and application of heat to the affected area.
Hydroxyurea (Droxia , Hydrea). When taken continuously and daily,
hydroxyurea reduces pains and may reduce the need for blood transfusion.
Vaccinations to prevent infections:
Childhood vaccinations are necessary and important for preventing disease in all children. But,
these vaccinations are even more and more important for children with sickle cell anemia, because
infections may be severe in children with sickle cell anemia. Your doctor should make sure that your
child takes all of the recommended childhood vaccinations such as the pneumococcal vaccine .

Blood

Sickle Cell Disease: Case Study
D. Other
1. List your publications/presentations, if applicable. Include authorship rank, submitted/published/
presented, when/where, work in progress.
Paper
Drazen, C. H., Abel, R., Gabir, M., Farmer, G. and King, A. A., Prevalence of Developmental Delay
and Contributing Factors Among Children With Sickle Cell Disease. 2016 Mar;63(3):504–10. doi:
10.1002/pbc.25838. Epub 2015 Nov 17
Presentation
"The Assessment of Quality of Life in Infants with Sickle Cell Disease." Mohamed Gabir. 2015
PHASE and SPRINGH Symposia; St. Louis, Missouri: July 30–31, 2015.
2. What can you do this year, including the upcoming summer, to strengthen your portfolio?
The area of my portfolio which perhaps needs to most work is my MCAT. When I took the MCAT
the first time, I did not prepare well enough due to many different factors including family problems
back home. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the AAMC surveys medical students, they report a wide range of factors that influenced their
choice of medical school to attend. The top ten most cited factors are listed below. Which of these
do you anticipate being important to you? Are there other factors you know you want to consider in
choosing schools to which you will apply?
There are many factors which I anticipate will influence the decision of where I go. However, I will
list some of the most important factors in no particular order.
First, I want to attend a medical school which has continued investment in reaching the underserved
populations both locally and internationally. Schools that engage with community–based medicine
will have services free clinics in low income areas. My whole undergraduate career has been
focused on understanding how to reach these populations because medicine, at its core, is to help
those in need. Wealth and status should not prevent be a precursor to access quality healthcare.
Medical schools that align with my personal beliefs are ones that I will heavily consider when
choosing where to

Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that happen very commonly in the African descent.
The method of transmission of this disease is inherited by both parent who have (SCD) so when
they produce a child the child will have 2 sickle cell genes.
There are many statistics on sickle cell anemia. Incidence (annual) of Sickle Cell Anemia: 1 per 500
African American births; 1 per 1,000–1,400 Hispanic–American births (Rados, C. (2003, November
1). Statistics about Sickle Cell Anemia. Retrieved January 8, 2015, from
http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/s/sickle_cell_anemia/stats.htm)
Prevalence of Sickle Cell Anemia: Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder
in the United States, affecting about 72,000 Americans or 1 in 500 African Americans. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You'll need to make regular visit to your doctor to check your red blood cell count and to monitor
your health. You could take antibiotics and pain–relieving medication. there are psychological
factors that are affected by this disease process and one of them is people with (SCA) and their
family mainly result from the impact of pain and symptoms and their daily lives, also the society's
attitudes to SCA and those affected. There are studies that had said that religious beliefs plat a big
part they believe if they pray there will be hopeful approaches to their health.
The prognosis of this disease tend to have a shorter life span but careful management of the
symptoms and complications that could be improved of the daily life and increase the life span.
Sickle cell anemia cannot be prevented because it is an inherited blood disorder but what they could
do is consider genetic counseling to know the risk of them bringing a child to this world.
Ethical considerations may be involved with this disease because if someone with sickle cell anemia
were to engage in an unprotected sexual relationship with their partner who also has sickle cell
anemia and choose to have children knowing that there is a high percentage of them giving the child
sickle cell

Sickle Cell Research Paper

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