Professional Development Providers Are Agencies That Offer...

Professional Development Providers Are Agencies That Offer...
Professional development providers are agencies that offer professional learning opportunities to
teachers on a variety of topics. They often play a key role in reform efforts in education by
introducing teachers to new policy demands and teaching new pedagogical strategies (Knapp, 2003;
Little, 1993). A wide range of organizations provide PD services, from districts to nonprofits,
commercial firms, and universities (Coburn, 2005b; Coburn, Buchanan, & Morel, 2015; Little,
1989). Much of the research on professional development focuses on determining the features that
make professional development effective–that is, which features of PD engender changes in
practices in the classroom and the impact student outcomes (Knapp, 2003). This stream ... Show
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By providing learning opportunities for educators, PD providers introduce new policies to teachers
and provide strategies for implementing changes (Knapp 2003; Little, 1993). Since they interface
with teachers, they have the ability to shape and interpret ideas about a policy. Coburn (2005b;
2006), for example, has shown that professional development providers actively filter, frame, and
interpret the meaning of reforms as they present them to teachers. The nature of the framing impacts
how teachers understand and implement the demands of new policies. Outside of this research, little
attention has been paid to PD providers as a group of actors operating in the educational
environment. Consequently, we know little about the inner workings of the professional
development sector. There is little empirical evidence about the actors and organizations involved in
providing PD (Coburn et al., 2015 is an exception) or the ideas they are promoting. Furthermore, we
know almost nothing about the nature of social relationships among professional development
providers and how they interact to share and promote ideas. While we know that ideas matter in the
implementation process and that PD providers have the potential to shape the ideas teachers
encounter, there are no studies to date that explore how PD providers promote and share ideas about
new policy efforts. In response to the CCSS–M,
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The Importance Of Social Networks
Social networks with complex structure and large scale emerged with the development of social
network sites. Various network communities gradually form complex structural pattern in the
production and living of people. The competitive advantages and community distribution in
networks can be obtained through analyzing the structure of community. Therefore the research key
point of the current data mining field is how to find out the potential structure of such large–scale
social networks. Currently, most of real networks have overlapping communities. All the users can
be allocated to different communities according to different allocation rules. But the complex
structure of network and mass node information are difficulties for mining ... Show more content on
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local expansion and optimization algorithm, side segmentation algorithm, clique percolation
algorithm, fuzzy detection algorithm and agency and dynamics based algorithm [4]. They made
experimental analysis on 14 algorithms. Wang Lidong and Zhang Yun [5] analyzed four overlapping
community mining algorithms which were frequently used in recent years, i.e. SVINET, UEOC,
SLPA and TopGC, explored the principles of the algorithms, summed up their application
characteristics and scope, and moreover applied them in multiple large–scale social network. This
study compared iterative mining algorithms for overlapping community in social network, made
algorithm design and improvement and found that the improved algorithm was suitable for mining
overlapping community in large–scale social network.
2. Overlapping community mining algorithm
Complex network [6] refers to network with part of or all properties including self–organization,
self–similarity, attractor, worldlet and scale free. In short, it refers to network with high complexity,
i.e. structural complexity, network evolution, connection diversity, dynamical complexity, node
diversity and multiple complexities.
Complex network communities are overlapped. Nodes which belong to multiple communities in
network are called overlapping nodes [7]. Communities with overlapping nodes are called
overlapping communities.
2.1 Multi–label propagation
Label propagation algorithm, the basis of all label based

Network Theory of Internalization and Social Capital in...
It has been shown that organizations that are part of an enterprise network achieve a more solid and
competitive structure, can access specialized services technology, purchase of inputs, financing and
improvement of industrial processes, in addition to enhancing its competitive progress in terms of
processes products and innovation.
Michael Porter established a theoretical framework for enterprise application in industries which
analyzed the processes and activities that create value in the organization and dynamics with your
competition and market. However, the formulation of the Porter value chain was limited to vertical
view of organizations, making rigid implementation in non–industrial or horizontal integration
features flexible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These interrelationships include technical and behavioural aspects based on the conditions and
components that influence your own . ( Louffat , 2009).
A business network is a coordinated group of a number of independent organizations , with flows of
resources , information and knowledge , which are grouped by bonds of trust relationships to
achieve common goals , achieving higher levels of efficiency and competitiveness that are
unattainable individually. (Gonzalez, 2010). Enterprise networks are structured with the purpose of
developing joint strategies which generate competitive advantages, together encaren the changing
market environment, implement technologies to manage knowledge and collective efficiency ,
combining culture network to minimize controversy.
The structuring of business networks seeks to enhance individual skills in the productive interaction
of its members. The Tics become this framework, a vehicle for integration of nodes and productive
capacity of knowledge and value.
However, the design of enterprise networks involves an analysis of the impact and involvement that
can produce the new dynamics between nodes, this interaction based on a systematic approach
where the inputs , processes and outputs among network members may favour or disfavour a
particular dynamics .
According to González ( 2010) network design can be analyzed under theories : the dynamics of
resources for effective optimization, dynamic

Theory Of Intimate Social Networks
Intimate Social Networks To gain new members for a cell or organization through networks, a
similar ideology must be present between them and the current members. They also have to be at
least have some more of tangential relationship to the person or organization beforehand. This
means that the most important predictor of whether someone will join an organization or movement
according to this theory is their contact with someone already inside the movement, which applies to
all movements, not just radical groups (Jasper & Poulsen, 1995, 494). This connection allows them
access to the rationales of the person inside the movement, which in turn affects how they
themselves see the movement. Successful recruitment requires 3 different frames, ... Show more
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Because the ELF and the ALF rely on leaderless resistance, they cannot recruit in the same ways
that large groups like the KKK or PEN1 can. This makes them harder to measure and harder to
catch but both groups have more people each day being radicalized and radicalizing themselves to
take the places of those being incarcerated. Both recognize the power of school as a place to recruit
at, even if they target different people and in different ways. Both right and left wing groups are full
of people, which means there are rules being made and broken every day. However, a major draw in
racist extremist groups is the chance to have an adoptive family, whereas with the autonomous cells,
a group of very close friends or acquaintances is already needed to form a fully–fledged cell that can
perform all the actions necessary. Left–wing groups are unique for their small hidden groups who
can anonymously commit crimes and attribute them to a larger collective that requires minimal
things from them and has specific ways of recruiting through friend groups and moral

Maxine 's Case : Biological / Neurobiological Components
Maxine's Case Biological/ Neurobiological Components It is evident from Maxine's case that she
has suffered a traumatic life full of grief and loss that has led her to live a life of PTSD. She exudes
the classic symptoms presented in the DSM V, cognitive: forgetfulness, attention problems, and poor
concentration, affective: irritability, mood swings, increased aggression, withdrawal/avoidance, and
behavioral: hypervigilance, and sleep problems (Finney, 2016). Research confirms that PTSD has an
anxiety component that is caused by an exposure to an extremely stressful traumatic event in which
the individual experiences, witnessed, or was confronted with primarily or secondarily (Finney,
2016). Living a life with PTSD is usually described as living a life in hell, which measures a
person's endurance to withstand the test of time. When considering neurobiology, the brain is a
powerful thing. The mind can hold conscious and subconscious thoughts at the same time. In order
to regulate homeostasis, the conscious mind has to be more dominant than the subconscious in order
to avoid depression. The subconscious mind stores all the "self–hate talk" which when leaks into the
conscious mind creates a vicious cycle of replaying negative talk, therefore creating a depressive
state. A key function of the amygdala is memory. Research confirms that due to the complexity of
the human mind that often times memories and life experiences merge together as one, ergo creating
a sense

How Forests Think : Towards An Anthropology Beyond The...
How Forests Think: Towards An Anthropology Beyond the Human by Eduardo Kohn and Pandora's
Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies by Bruno Latour have an interesting dichotomy
between what is considered alive (referred to by Kohn as a "self" and an "actant" for Latour), and
what is not. It is important to note that Latour did not specifically refer to actants as being alive but
they have agency, and this term is used in a similar manner to Kohn's concept of selves. Through
this essay, I will review both books and each author's understanding of the concept of life. For
Kohn, the boundaries of what is considered alive are limited to humans, animals, and organic matter.
However, for Latour, we see a different, more developed understanding of the concept of life that
incorporates essentially everything.
By way of overview, Kohn's How Forests Think: Towards An Anthropology Beyond the Human is
an attempt to move beyond the limited cultural lens of the ethnographer (the outsider), in which one
could only describe the Runa's understanding from afar while struggling to be among the Runa
people. This piece is not just an ethnographic description of the Runa, which can oftentimes be
ingenuous in nature, but an approach that allows the reader to see this group of people as Kohn has
come to see them. However, throughout the book Kohn tends to fluctuate in his tone between acting
as being an insider and describing this group as an ethnographer. Most importantly, from this

Brand Loyalty Case Study
4. Brand Loyalty: Aaker (1996) defined brand loyalty as the attachment of a customer to a brand.
According to the attitudinal perspective, brand loyalty is defined as a deeply held commitment to
re–buy a preferred product or service consistently in the future despite situational influences and
marketing efforts having potential to cause switching behavior (Oliver, 1997).From the behavioral
perspective Odin, Odin and Valette–Florence (2001) suggested that the customer who buys the
brand systematically is considered loyal to this brand. Authors may differ in defining the brand
loyalty but they all agree on the importance of focusing on loyal customers and trying to increase
their number and their loyalty. Managers know that loyal customers do buy more with willingness to
spend more, are easier to reach and act as an advocate for the brands' firms (Chaudhuri and
Holbrook, 2001; Odin, et al., 2001; Oliver, 1997).
Brand Equity and the Signaling Theory
Erdem and Swait (1998) criticized the work of Aaker (1991) and Keller (1993) as they neglected the
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Years ago firms used to depend upon popular bloggers and celebrities to create much notice for their
brands but nowadays the effect of "everyday" consumers could have even larger impact on the
equity of their brands (Wong, 2014).
WOM is defined as the "informal communication behavior about the experiences with speciﬁc
services, products or the characteristics of the providers that the consumers exchange among each
other" (Kiss and Bichler, 2008, p.2). The power of WOM could be positive or negative according to
the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the consumer with the product/brand, and this positive
power could have a positive impact on sales and market share (Kiss and Bichler,

Network Theory, Plot Analysis And With Shada's...
As we've previously encountered social network analysis with some of our readings like Franco
Moretti's article, "Network Theory, Plot Analysis" and with Shada's presentation last week, I'm not
going to go into too much detail about the basics of social network analysis since I think that would
be kind of redundant. My presentation will focus mainly upon how social network analysis can be
used in literary studies to enrich our knowledge of subsets within the English discipline, and even
the discipline as a whole. So before I get into that, I'll provide a super quick review of the most
important parts of social network analysis. Social network analysis started off as a technique in
sociology, but has since expanded into other disciplines, including, of course, literary studies, and
the technique allows us to see relationships among actors through visual displays of nodes and and
ties. In their book Social Network Analysis, David Knoke and Song Yang underline some
fundamental underlying assumptions about the importance of social network analysis, and state that
"social networks affect perceptions, beliefs, and actions through a variety of structural mechanisms
that are socially contructed by relations among entities. Direst contacts and more intensive
interactions dispose entities to better information, greater awareness, and higher susceptibility to
influencing or being influenced by others." Importantly, they also remind us "that networks are not
static structures, but are

Social Network Analysis Essay
Functionality in SNA(Social Network Analysis)[7]
Functionalities are firstly the visualization of the network, secondly the computation of statistics
based on nodes and on edges, and finally, community detection (or clustering)
1)Visualization of the network– Methods
1) FruchtermanReingold
2) Kamada–Kawai (which has a faster convergence than FruchtermanReingold, but which often
does not give so good results than this last one)
2) Computation of statistics based on nodes
A) Vertex and edge scoring
The place of a given actor in the network can be described using measures based on vertex scoring.
Common types of vertex scoring are the centrality measures. Within graph theory and network
analysis, there are various measures of the centrality of a vertex to determine the relative importance
of this vertex within the graph
Degree centrality
Closeness centrality
Between's centrality
Vertices that occur on many shortest paths between other vertices have higher between's than those
that do not.
PageRank: The score computed by Page Rank is higher for nodes that are highly connected and
connected with nodes that are highly connected themselves.
HITS algorithm: Hyperlink–Induced Topic Search (HITS, also known as hubs and authorities)
calculates two scores: hub and authority score. The more a vertex has outgoing arcs, the higher is its
hub score. The more a vertex has incoming links, the higher is its authority score.
Tools for SNA[7,8,9,10]
a) Pajek graph file

The Science Of The Signs
The Science of the Signs Western society has many philosophical forms. We have falsificationism,
realism, and surrealism. One popular philosophy is positivism. Positivism is the strict relationship
between theories and observation. With the help of Science and technology studies, it helped
challenged the philosophy of positivism for the better. Actor Network Theory helps pushed
positivism. Actors whom like the strict relation between their theories and observation. Being able
to understand and live with their work. In positivism, observation and case studies are all great tools
to show one's hypothesis. Positivism has greatly been challenged for the better due to science and
technology studies.
Science and technology studies is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believed that scientific theories are manipulated by the data collected and their observations.
(pg. 2)
With Science and technology study, positivism was challenged and it has benefited from it. One
paradigms, Actor Network Theory, has helped spread the positivism. Actor Network Theory was
developed Michel Callon, Bruno Latour, and John Law. (pg. 81) It was created to understand social
aspects of science and technology. Actor Network Theory deals with human and non–human
entities. Both entities form an association, combining with other actors to form a strong network.
These actors form a connection to push their agenda. This could be making a new scientific
discovery, or it could be stopping a company's product production. These actors work together for
their cause. It would not be a network if every member entertains their own plan.
In positivism, there are actors that push for this movement. The actors are the philosophers and
scientist. The narrative was to bring together the worlds findings. Bring everything that was learning
to grow more. Working together with the world, rather than separating the different factions. They
pushed to create a popular movement. People like the notion of sharing information amongst all
walks of life. Falsification also shared information, but it was limited. Chemist and biologist would
share their information, but would not work with a philosopher. Another group is the

Proposed Socio Spatial Network Models And Compare Them...
In this section we present our computational results of the properties of the proposed socio–spatial
network models and compare them with those of ER, SW, and BA networks when it is appropriate.
More specifically, we measure clustering coefficient, network density, average path length,
assortativity, transitivity, and min, max, mean, and standard deviation degree. While several
algorithms have been proposed for some of these measures, for simplicity of reproducing the results,
we use the algorithms that have been implemented in the Python's Networkx library. All results are
averaged over 25 independent model runs with different random seeds. It should be noted that in all
analysis in this study we only consider undirected networks. Moreover, since the focus of this study
is on the human social network, we limit our analysis to Onnela et al's (2011) findings that α ≈ 1.5
and only consider three values of α = 1.2, 1.5, and 2 for our sensitivity analysis purposes. 4–1–
Properties of the Spatial Erdös–Rényi Network In this subsection we compute and report the
characteristics of our proposed SER social network in terms of empirical regularity measures. ER
and SER networks have different parameters, so pairwise comparisons are not possible. However,
computing and comparing their network properties can provide valuable insights about their
behavior under considered parameter settings. Here we report network properties for three different
values of connection probability p in the ER

Graph Model Essay
In order to understand the structure of a complex social network, three random graph models have
been used [10]. For an overall comparative study, the basic centrality measures, clustering
coefficient, average path length, and the degree distribution were studied for the original network
model as well as for the random graph models. a. RANDOM GRAPH MODELS A random graph is
obtained by starting with a set of n isolated vertices and adding successive edges between them at
random [8]. 1. Erdos–Renyi (ER) random graph model – It is a random graph with n vertices where
every edge has equal probability p of existing. This graph model has a constant and independent
probability of two nodes being connected. 2. Barabasi–Albert (BA) preferential ... Show more
Closeness centrality of a node is the reciprocal of the sum of its distances to all other nodes. c.
CLUSTERING COEFFICIENT The degree to which nodes in a graph tend to cluster together in
tightly–knit groups is given by the clustering coefficient. d. AVERAGE PATH LENGTH It is
defined as the average number of steps along the shortest paths for all possible pairs of network
nodes. It is a measure of the efficiency of information transfer on a network. Most real networks
have a very short average path length leading to the concept of a small world where each one is
connected to the other through a short path. e. DEGREE DISTRIBUTION The degree distribution
of a network P(k) is defined to be the fraction of nodes in the network with degree k. Degree
distribution depicts the difference in the degree of connectivity between all the nodes in a network.
It gives the probability distribution of the node degrees over the network. IV. EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP In order to generate the random graph models, the NetworkX module [11] present in
Python3 has been used in Spyder (Scientific Python Development Environment) in Windows10 64–
bit Operating System, having an Intel®Core™i3–5015U (2.10GHz) processor and a 4 GB RAM
capacity. The Facebook dataset [12] was present in the form of an edgelist. The dataset was read and
its corresponding graph was generated, which serves as the original network representation. The
random graphs – Erdos–Renyi (ER) random

Social Media Mining : Social Network
Social Media Mining, Social Network Analysis and Social Media Mining Hurdles
Naga Bijesh Roy Raya
800846698
Abstract:
According to Wikipedia Social Media Mining is the process of representing, analyzing and
extracting actionable patterns from social media data. The extensive use of Social media like
Facebook, twitter, Google plus, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter have been generating massive
amounts of social media and big user–generated data. The world's social networks contains
enormous customer details that helps in understanding human behavior and conduct research on
social science. In order to successfully mine the social data, Social Network Analysis is the most
important task. A number of visualization tools are available to analyze these social networks. Even,
many corporations has their goal set to tap into social media data in order to develop their business.
Through social media, it is easy to find a lot of information about a celebrity and her whereabouts
but finding the real–time information like energy consumption is very difficult. Also, social media
mining faces a dilemma to find out the useful information as it lacks data or have little or thin data
about those we are interested in knowing more about. In this paper, we are going to discuss more on
how social media is mined, how analysis is performed on social networks and ways to overcome
hurdles with Social Media Mining.
Introduction:
The boundaries between real world and virtual world is shattered by social

Cognitive Abilities And Personality Or Behavioral Styles
When scientists want to explain strengths and weaknesses, including cognitive abilities and
personality or behavioral styles, psychometric testing is a best approach to do so (What is
Psychometric Testing, n.d.). As a result, psychometric testing has, in fact, become one of the most
sought out protocols to search for the best suited prospective candidates and the state of current
candidates internalities; thereby, using a computerized assessment test against face–to–face tests and
vis–à–vis. Therefore, the data set selected (e.g., ICPSR 35034: Generations of Talent Study) is well
suited to address the proprietary concerns, which Pitt–Catsouphes and Sarkisian (2014) described as
the, "...21st century affect of globalization of human resource/talent management strategies and
dramatic shifts in the age composition of the workplace" (p. 6). Insofar, this cross–sectional
methodology provides the essentiality of being able to deconstruct and analyze the current studies of
talent acquisition, which solely stems from human resources (H.R.) practices. The supplementary
selected article titled: "Organizational Hiring Patterns, Interfirm Network Ties, and
Interorganizational Imitation" proposes implications of social contagion, institutional theories to
H.R. management and its indicative situational attributes that all Industrial and Organizational (I–O)
practitioners and psychologists curiosity should continuously be sought out (Williamson & Cable,
2003). Additionally, the

The Theories Of Risk Communications
Theories of Risk Communications: Part 2 This is a review of Sellnow & Seeger (2013) chapters
five, six, and seven of the course reading utilizing outside materials to provide support. The paper
will address chaos theory and coordination theory, their use and their role in emergency
communication. Community resilience will be reviewed and its importance examined. News
framing theory 's role in crisis communication will be evaluated and uses and gratifications theory
will be explained. The review will explore other crisis theories and describe their strengths and
weaknesses.
Chaos Theory Chaos Theory (CT) is a way to evaluate and enhance other theoretical systems. CT
explains that the more complex the system is, the increased number of variables and points of
failure it will have. It also demonstrates that systems in general are "self–healing". Individuals
involved within the system will not panic as characterized by popular belief, but rather will self–
organize. "Contemporary approaches recognize that emergent, self–organizing groups exist as
natural responses to crisis" (Sellnow & Seeger, 2013, p.107). Communication can either assist or
hinder the creation of these groups. CT states that changes or breakdown in communication can
influence the behavior and effectiveness of a crisis response system (Sellnow & Seeger, 2013). CT
also challenges the wisdom behind providing detailed and precise communication, favoring a more
generalized approach to promote the

Explaining Why Biological Warfare Cannot be Explained with...
The purpose of this essay is to explain why it will be a problem to explain biological warfare with
the SCOT theory, actor–network theory and technological systems theory.
Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) is a theory that was introduced by Weiber Bijker that
explains the link between social and technical processes of a technology or artifact. Bjiker argued
that technology is shaped by human engineers, market forces, consumer's needs and demands. In
SCOT, technology is a social construction. Because technology is socially constructed, it involves
flexibility of interpretations, stabilization and closure.
Biological warfare cannot be explained by SCOT theory because stabilization and closure which is
the cornerstone of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the components of technological systems are physical artifacts, such as biological weapon
agents, aerosols, milling machines, microscopes. Technological systems also include organizations
such as terrorist groups, governments and manufacturing laboratories. Legislative artifacts such as
treaties and protocols can also be part of technological systems. Overtime, technological systems
tend to join environmental factors into the system– eliminating uncertainty ("free market"). They are
goal oriented: reordering of the material world to make it more productive. As technological
systems develop after a long period acquire momentum which makes the system have more
influence on society– it will begin to shape society.
The reason technological systems concept will be unable to explain biological warfare is because
Hughes assumed that the society can resist the momentum of a technology if they act earlier. In the
production and use of biological weapons, the majority of the public are outsiders therefore, even if
the "society" is aware of biological weapon technology in its early stage, their voice would not have
any influence on the technology compared to the insiders (experts like microbiologists and
organizations).
Actor–network theory, sometimes abbreviated to ANT, is a sociological theory developed by Bruno
Latour, Michel Callon and John Law. The primary tenet of actor–network theory is the concept that

Social Network Theory Obesity
This article is using the social cognitive theory and social network theory to start a prevention
movement to decrease obesity in adolescents. Hence, the social cognitive theory concentrates on
adolescent independence and self–efficacy in healthy eating behaviors; and, the social network
theory is the application to use social media to educate adolescents in nutritional choices. It is
important to look at the developing intake behavior of adolescents to help guide a healthy eating
habits to stop the increase rate of obesity. A seven–week operation was established at an urban high
school in Omaha, Nebraska to assess the adolescent's eating habits in an educational environment. A
food production record data was collected calculating the servings

Production Network Theory
A developing necessity for the administration of supply chains is that a production network
perspective gives the prospect for critical reserve funds in inventories from enhanced coordination
and verbal availability over the inventory network arrange. One fragment of this investment funds is
a direct result of an arranged method for setting wellbeing stocks for security against insecurity and
vacillation; that is, a production network organize perspective can redirect a segment of the local
sub–change that happens, for instance, when each period of a collecting or transportation process
self–rulingly chooses its security stocks. It is basic for associations to inquire about, create
instruments, and sum up standards for figuring out how to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Request is the most critical and testing variable to control. The security stock condition is expected
to oversee irregularity. Change infers you can't ensure the lead–time of your suppliers and can't
evaluate your demand magnificently (King, 2011). If you could do that, you wouldn't require
prosperity stock by any extend of the creative energy. With security stock, from time to time you
overshoot your stock level, and every so often you fall underneath your figures. The essential case
prompts to stock outs and the second example prompts to excess stock (King, 2011). Albeit
authentic request data is noteworthy while deciding security stock, it isn't solid in most case
situations. The historical backdrop of request much of the time takes after a run of the mill
dissemination, particularly if the clients continue as before (King, 2011). In spite of the fact that
there are equations and elements to consider wellbeing stock there is no solid asset out there.
Security stock is a legitimate illustration. The written work gives you a formula that should allow
you to set up reorder point hovers with normally the base measure of security anticipated that would
evade lacks under particular conditions of capriciousness in both organization's usage rate and their
reviving lead time (King, 2011). It is a superb use of nineteenth–century number–crunching, yet
there has never been a case

Case Study Of APL Lanka Private Limited
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to the case study
APL Lanka Private Limited is a Shipping agency company whose principal is based on Singapore.
Company will provide all the shipping agency services on behalf of its principal to the desired
customers. In this report it will discuss about the failure of the container deposit refund system
project which was initiated in year 2010 by the company from an Actor Network Perspective. In
order to present the case in an organized and more understandable manner I have adopt and used the
Demise of the Thai Smart ID card case study as a guideline report.
This report will be structured as follows. First it will provide some literature on theoretical
background of Actor Network Theory, brief discussion about the Container deposit refund process
of APL Lanka Private limited before the implementation of the project, discussion about the
container deposit refund system project idea and project objectives and the failure of the project, the
method of data collection, analysis of the failure through Actor Network Perspective and finally the
conclusion.
1.2 Literature review on Actor Network Theory
What is ANT
ANT fills a big gap ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other main actors include the Managing Director, Finance Department, Operations Department,
Software programming company, and the customers as the users of the refund system. These actors
had different goals and interests, various kinds of resources and challenges, along with different
tasks which are showing in the below table for the understanding of the case. By this case it could
identify the failures which occurred throughout the project designing and implementation process,
as well as the involvement of the various actors to the implementation of the

Relationship Between Social Networks And The Risk For Falls
The purpose of the current study on the community–dwelling older adults living in the south–central
Minnesota was to determine the relationship between social networks and the risk for falls. This
study had not only explored the absence or presence of different types of social networks, but also
assessed the impact of the size of social networks, frequency of contact, and closeness with social
networks on the risk for falls among community–dwelling older adults. The aim of this chapter is to
provide summary and conclusion, and offer recommendations based on the findings of the present
study for the future researcher.
Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between social networks and the risk for
falls among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tools were used to collect data on demographics, risk for falls, and social networks measure.
The demographics tool was used to describe the characteristics of the participants. The data from the
demographics was not used for any statistical analysis to measure the relationship between the
variables. The FRQ tool helped to measure the dependent variable of the study; the risk for falls
among community–dwelling older adults. Lastly, the LSNS tool was used to measure the
independent variable of the study; social networks.
In this study, there was no statistically significant relationship between social networks and risk for
falls. Similarly, the relationship between different type of social networks and the risk for falls were
not different from each other and had no statistical significance. In contrast, there was statistically
significant difference on the total score of the LSNS between the community–dwelling older adults
who were at risk for falls and not at risk for falls. The mean score of the older adults who were at
risk were lower than the older adults who were not at risk for falls. This result was different than
previous two studies, which found no statistically significant relationship between the risk for falls
and the total score on the social support (Guzman et al., 20013; Huang et al., 2003). Therefore, the
participants in the current study showed that the older adults who are at risk for falls are at higher
risk for social isolation

Network Theory Information Flow Based Theory And Control...
Cyber–physical systems:–
Abstract: – Security is one of the important aspect in deciding the reliability of any system and
Cyber – Physical systems cannot be ruled out from this important issue. In this paper we investigate
the security issues in CPS, enforcing sensor network theory information flow based theory and
control theory in CPS which are the three primary approaches to system security policies and
mechanisms. In brief we will categorize attacks based on these three primary approaches and also
discuss some of the mitigations to inflate the growth of CPS in terms of security.
What is a Cyber Physical system:–
CPS is a well–integrated computational and physical process, which sense the physical world
interact with the physical world and control the entities pertaining to the physical world. It is the
amalgamation of communication computation and control. CPS perform their activities in such a
way that their behavior is constrained by the laws of physics.
According to David A Mindell, "The era of cyberspace and the internet, with its emphasis on
computer as a communication device and as a vehicle for human interactions connect to a longer
history of control systems that generated computers as networked communication device."
The commerce, entertainment and friendship these three different subjects from history has taught
us three basic lessons
1. Cyber system should be a part of systems design.
2. Cyber System is a support service that should not hinder usability

The Digital Human Activity On Social Networking Sites
chapter{Conclusions}% and Future Research Directions} label{final:conclustion} drop{S}{ocial}
networks have been the pulse of human society, traffic on these social networking sites currently
rival that of the traditional Web. The digital human activity on social networking sites has generated
a tremendous amount of data and due to the availability of affordable and portable digital devices,
the social interactions or activities on these networking sites can be measured and stored in digital
formats. These data contain a lot of important information and had been used in testing numerous
sociological hypothesis and also modeling systems that depend on human activities and research in
this area is actively ongoing in the research community. The social interaction as the result of the
human activities on these networks generate a non–trivial topology in the process of time. %After
the discovering of the ``heavy tail distribution", the small world phenomenon and high clustering in
real networks, And various graph–theoretical tools have been developed and used to analyze this
network topology and also modeled networks with such topology. In this dissertation, the theory and
key technology challenges within social networks are thoroughly investigated and various novel
findings are presented. The remaining parts of this chapter are organized as follows. The work and
results obtained in the thesis are presented in Section ef{summary}. Section ef{ThesisContr}
highlights the main

Social Network Theory And The Bull Between Creative Vision...
The marketplace is essential for trade, living, recreation and the economy; formulating human
society it is essential for sustainable living (Public Markets as a Vehicle for Social Integration and
Upward Mobility, 2003). For the purposes of this paper, it will be argued that the creative
marketplace is the most complex of all, the most difficult in which to succeed as a seller or navigate
as a consumer because creative goods are essentially symbolic and experiential. There will be a
number of other aspects which will be addressed that substantiate this claim; including but not
limited to; risk, social network theory and the bull between creative vision and financial vision. A
number of examples will be referred to within this piece of writing in order to highlight this
argument, with the academic works of Potts, Cunningham, Hartley and Ormerod (2008), Hartley
(2008), Gloor (2008) and Hirsh (1972) strongly referred to to complete the discussion.
It has been argued that all marketplaces are complex social constructs based on meeting needs and
creating desires. To firmly understand and to discuss the above statement, one needs to establish a
sound understanding of what 'complex' is. The Oxford Dictionary defines the concept of 'complex'
as something that consists of many different parts, and is difficult to grasp meaning or decipher
from. (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.). Thus, something that is complex is considered intricate,
complicated and not well defined. The ideology

The Role Of Competition Law And Its Effects On The Local...
My interest in this paper is to consider a complex network prospective; the application of
Competition Law, and more specifically related to its effects on monopolistic competition, and its
effects on the local market and South African economy as a whole.
South Africa (SA) was distant from many other major markets and production centers. This made it
complex for international trade to compensate for these conditions, even though trade has expanded
since 1994, mainly with the European (EU) and the United States (US). Tariff levels have declined
on average, but anti–dumping duties protect key industries such as steel, where the state has long
had an interest and an exclusive export agent can prevent arbitrage between export and local
markets. SA's history of import substitution and the attendant habits of business practice and
government policy favored local insiders thus challenging other market entrants. This encouraged
the new SA government to review the SA competition law regime in the White Paper on
Reconstruction and Development in 1994. The need for a new competition policy in SA was
because of excessive economic concentration and ownership, collusive practices by enterprises and
the abuse of economic power by firms in dominant positions. A need for further transition emanated
from the effects of globalization and trade liberalization and the need to redress past inequality and
non–participation in the national economy. Thus fundamental principle of competition policy

Data Mining And Anomaly Detection Techniques
This is the introduction of the paper stated, "A survey of data mining and social network analysis
based on anomaly detection techniques" which is authored by Ravneet Kaur and Sarbjeet Singh in
Egyptian Informatics Journal in 2016. The paper first introduces the different meanings given by
authors on "anomaly" and "outliers" which derive a behavior abnormal from the normal occurrence.
A clear review of how anomalies are detected and the data mining techniques used are presented in
this paper giving the readers a view on characteristics considered in determining the data as normal
or an anomaly behavior.
Further, the concepts of static/dynamic, labeled /unlabeled network structures are explained in depth
on how the techniques are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The labeled activity has the information from the nodes and the links between them which generally
specify the description about the nodes and the network involved. The unlabeled structure has no
information linked to the nodes and links which enable the structure to be further categorized to a
static labeled, static unlabeled and dynamic labeled and dynamic unlabeled.
Based on behavior, the anomalies are differentiated as white crow and in–disguise which are given
as specific node or link that shows an abnormal activity for a data object and in–disguise anomaly
has a small significant change from the regular pattern which are not easy to be detected as they are
not visible and inside the network.
The properties such as insertion which involves the adding of a node, modification is the operation
where the label of node is changed and deletion meaning the removal of node. The interaction
pattern gives the categorization of abnormalities on how the anomalies are present in grouping
themselves like near stars/cliques, heavy loading.
The approaches in detecting anomalies are based upon the methods we use for getting information
on how the abnormities are compared with. The supervised technique is on how an already known
data on nodes and links are given on. If the regular pattern data is compared with known data which
resembles abnormities, then it is said to

Stephen Budiansky's Practicality Theory
"In science, Germans tend to come up with things like the uncertainty principle. Americans tend to
come up with things like the atomic bomb (Budiansky 312)." As Americans, we tend to attack our
problems vigorously and head on. However, Germans tend to sit and think about their problems and
then come up with a solution in their head, and dissolve their solution out of their inner
consciousness (Budiansky 312). Throughout this passage, Stephen Budiansky stays semi–neutral in
his approach to the science of how traffic becomes congested, but I believe he favors the Germans
science theory more than the Americans practicality theory. German theoretical physicists began
studying the flow of traffic and were perplexed by the reasons of how traffic ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Although he strives to remain neutral, his writing makes it seem as if he accepts the German's ideas
more so than the American's ideas. Toward the end of the article, Budiansky explains that cars
moving over a network of roadways have many mathematical features in common with the behavior
of other things that flow over networks, such as data carried by telephone lines and the internet
(Budiansky 317). The mathematics of networks is well studied, but math is not the only thing that
computes to figuring out how to relieve our highways of traffic congestion. Many other factors
come into play when looking for solutions to this problem, such as humans are not predictable and
at any point in time something could go wrong while they are driving on the highway. All in all,
Stephen Budiansky did an outstanding job as he was writing this passage for his audience. Through
the use of imagery, metaphors and multiple analogies, he made the information understandable for
those who were reading it. The Physics of Gridlock is a well written passage written by Stephen
Budiansky that explains the troubles that we face with traffic

The Actor-Network Theory In The Film A Crude Awakening
The Actor–Network Theory, also known as ANT, explores the way sociotechnological elements are
assembled as well as how large–scale social structures work through various networks of stabilized
materials. It considers both human and non–human actors, networks, and actor–networks. An actor
is considered anything with the ability to act. This includes human and non–human entities. The
network is what ties together people and objects, making the groups interconnected. The Actor–
Network Theory looks at how the actors are connected, the links that connect them. It looks are
ways in which various technologies and artifacts help to shape the patterns of society (Larose,
2017).
To analyze the documentary A Crude Awakening we must first identify the actors participating in
the network. The documentary talks about society's dependence on oil and how essential it is to the
world today. The people seem to understand that there are flaws in the use of oil and that it harms
the environment however that doesn't stop people from using it. The documentary talks about oil
being "God," an essential item to keep society running. People forget that oil will run out, they
forget that there isn't an unlimited supply. It's a precious resource that will run out sooner than
people expect. Peak oil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The documentary aimed to show people just how limited the supply of oil is and how the network
could eventually totally collapse when we run out. Crude oil is a cheap yet scarce resource that
society relies heavily on. The world has consumed well over half of the conventional oil resources,
and from now on more and more energy is required to extract a declining supply of a lower quality
oil. The public as well as mainstream media completely misunderstand the concept of peak oil. Most
people don't understand that running out of oil means a change to everybody's life. There would be
changes to the way we produce food, the way we

Linguistic Change, Social Network And Speaker Innovation
James and Lesley Milroy's 'Linguistic Change, Social Network and Speaker Innovation' was
published by Journal of Linguistics in 1985. The article is one of several publications by the Milroys
which draw upon Lesley Milroy's fieldwork in Belfast during the 1970s (see, for instance, Milroy &
Milroy 1978, 1992, 1993; L. Milroy, 1987; J. Milroy 1992). I will first present a summary of the
Milroys' methodology and key findings. Secondly, I will examine the strengths of the paper,
focusing on their appropriation of Granovetter's weak–tie theory and the correlation between
network strength and two different kinds of language change. Finally, I will evaluate the weaknesses
of the paper, with a specific focus on the lack of empirical evidence, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Milroys then analysed phonological variables (in this case /a/ and /ɛ/) in relation to the network
structures and the individual speaker's degree of integration into a network.
Firstly, they found that in Ballymacarrett, the innovative backing of /a/ is associated with men and
the Belfast vernacular, while the traditional front /a/ functions as a network marker for women. In
contrast, the innovative raised variants of /ɛ/ are associated with women and more prestigious outer–
city speech, while the traditional low /ɛ/ functions as a network marker for men. Furthermore,
although the /a/ backing innovation is generally led by East Belfast males, the backing of /a/ among
the young Clonard women is unusually high. The Milroys concluded that while working in a city
centre shop, the Clonard women have weak–tie encounters with customers who use the back /a/
innovation, and they then subsequently adopt this innovation in their own speech. For the Milroys,
this supports the idea that linguistic innovations are diffused via weak–tie connections, where the
true innovators are connected to the early adopters via weak–tie connections.
Secondly, the Milroys observe that Icelandic has changed relatively over the centuries in
comparison with English. Using evidence from the Icelandic sagas, they argue that the strong
importance attached to kin and friendship in Iceland, as well as the relative stability of the

Examples Of Actor Network Theory
The Actor Network Theory (ANT) is a social theory which treats objects as part of the overall social
network. This approach places emphasis on the capacity of nonhuman objects to interact and even
participate in various social networks and systems. The following information will explain Actor
Network Theory, provide examples of how it is believed to work, and explore the relationship this
theory has in regards to power and politics.
The Actor Network Theory Explained
This theory was developed by scholars Bruno Latour and Michel Callon. Sociologist John Law also
contributed to the theory. Humans and nonhumans are obviously not the same, but they can be
studied and observed in similar ways and can both be seen as "actors" influencing their
environment. Anything that makes a difference in the overall scheme of things can be considered an
actor, or an actant. Even though it is technically called a theory, ANT usually doesn't explain how or
even why a network emerges into the form that it does. Instead, ANT explores the intricate ties in a
network. In many ways it is more of a method than a theory. It describes how activities and habits
can sustain themselves while interacting with one another and working toward a common goal.
Although ANT is usually associated with science and technology, it has expanded into the field of
sociology as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When it comes to politics and the power associated with it, the first thing that must be noted is that
much more is involved than the people, or in this case, the politicians. Ideas and concepts play a
crucial role in the political process. Therefore, just like the previous example of the hospital, there
are lots of moving parts, hence, actors, involved in politics. There are people, places, and
communication mediums involved. Even getting a message out depends on a channel or venue
through which that message must travel to reach the

Why Is Knowledge Important Than Knowledge? Essay
"In gaining knowledge, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing." Discuss this
Statement with reference to two areas of knowledge.
"I believe in intuition and inspiration. Imagination is more important than knowledge.
Forknowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress,
giving birth to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real factor in scientific research."
– Albert Einstein
The above lines were quoted by Albert Einstein which states the importance of ways of knowing in
gaining knowledge. It also emphasizes the utilization of other ways of knowing in different areas of
knowledge.
From many years the knowledge has been passed down from people to people by many mediums or
by many ways. We gain knowledge through different ways of knowing.My knowledge question is
"In what ways does the network of Ways of knowing used in gaining knowledge influence the
knowledge gained?" I will try to answer this knowledge question while writing my essay.
In order to understand the title of the essay or the question one must know what does it really
means, therefore it is important to look at the subject matter topic in hand and understand the key
terms. "Network" of ways of knowing means that there is a connection between ways of knowing to
share knowledge .Areas of knowledge represents all the basic and theoretical or conceptual things
knowledge consists of, like an area of knowledge shows the 'places ' from where people can

The Facebook Controversy
Facebook is involved in a serious controversy in the United States. And last but not least they are
being accused of nothing less than ideologically manipulate the news that serves its users , all this is
happening on the campaign trail, so the whole thing takes on an even greater dimension that already
itself has. The theme comes long, because within Facebook are already wondering for some time
whether they should influence the vote of the people to try to stop certain politicians. That does not
mean that they have, and the social network and has denied flatly, although it has failed to stop the
media and political storm . What exactly is happening? These anonymous ex–employees 1366 2000
As you recall, this whole storm began on Monday with some information published by Gizmodo.
This means having a source said a group of former employees of Facebook, which ensured the
social network had been hiding or minus impact systematically to those items that towered more
conservative policies. Come on , Zuckerberg had been ideologically manipulating its system of
Trending Topics , and thus its social network, so that no apareciesen certain type of news. This,
according to anonymous former employees, prevented the success stories related to CPAC
(Conservative Political Action Conference) or Republican candidate Mit Romney 2012. From
Facebook, how could it be otherwise, they have denied such allegations. He did a few hours Tom
Stocky, responsible Trending Topic section, ensuring

Personal Network Enhancement : Personal And Professional...
Paraj Mathur BOS 315 Prof. A. Merryman Memo #2 Personal Network Enhancement Personal and
professional relationships are the catalysts of growth and success. Thus, it is important to constantly
cultivate and develop your network, building new relationships and strengthening old bonds. The
first step towards building an effective network is to assess your existing network for its strengths,
weaknesses, and opportunities. I found three major weaknesses in my network after conducting a
thorough network self assessment – a very high percentage of inbred relations, lack of non–work
interactions, and absence of relationships in the startup industry. To address these weaknesses in my
current network, I developed and implemented a two week plan ... Show more content on
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4). Thus I had discovered my first problem – a heavily in–bred network. As I further analyzed my
network, I realized that while my networks encompassed relationships with people across a broad
range of levels, it was limited by required interactions. In her notes, Ibarra (1996) articulates that
'...managers whose network contacts extend beyond their required work–related interactions and
immediate work groups or departments tend to be more powerful and mobile" (p. 2). Therefore, I
was able to diagnose the second major problem with my network – lack of relationships beyond
work interactions. In addition to these two problems another major gap in my network was the
absence of a relevant task network. While I had dependable career related relationships for advice
and mentorship, and an extensive social network, I had no relationships in the consulting and
entrepreneurship industries which is my industry of choice for my career. Thus I was severely short
handed in my search for jobs and internships opportunities. So I had to develop a plan to solve the
three major issues with my network which would enable me to interact with people with different
backgrounds and views, expand my relationships to those beyond work–related interactions, and
help me develop relationships with people in the startup world. I developed a two

Social Medias : A New Capital Way Of Communication
Nowadays, social medias on Internet seem to be a new capital way of communication. First of all, a
social network is a user 's association on Internet, who exchanges information. Each member shares
information with "friends", who themselves have their own "friends". all the members of the social
network are indirectly connected. There exists any kind of social networks and they all have
different goals. Indeed, some give the opportunity of communicating with friends, colleagues or
family, by sharing photographs or videos. Others, have as a function to establish a safe online
business, meetings single people, or, playing video games and talking with other players. Thus,
these networks make great universal strides and are massively attended ... Show more content on
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Indeed, the impact can be such cyber harassing, usurpation of identity, or cyber flashing. Nowadays
these kinds of fact unfortunately became usual.
The teenager is often delivered to itself on social medias. And he often does not understand the
impact of the digital. Indeed, the young user is in an intimate environment; he uses this networks in
his residence or in transport. He feels comfortable and it is this precisely supposed confidence which
involves the phenomenon of young people exposing their intimacy. Because when he uses the social
network, the teenager opens a window on the external world. In fact, according to Puresight, a
website created to protect the youngest internet users, "33% of teens are Facebook friends with
other people they have not met in person." (Puresight). The teenager behaves as it would do with his
family or its close friends, while being exposed to the net surfers. The traditionally shyness which
happens while being in public disappears when the teenager is in front of the screen. It is this logic,
which generates various practices at the risks, like the publication of personal photographs or the
cyber harassing: the young user feels in a shelter behind his screen and exceeds the limits which it
would have set in public. Regulation consists in first rendering comprehensible that the social
networks, and more largely Internet, are a "public

What Does Good / Bad Communication Look Like A Network?
What Does Good / Bad Communication Look Like In A Network? There are, or have been, a
number of scholars who have deployed SNA for researches in the communication domain. Their
works may be summarized in Table 3. And, as will be reviewed briefly below, several existing
studies have demonstrated that SNA metrics and sociogram characteristics could serve as leading
indicators of the quality of communication. Loosemore (1998) conducted a case study of a
construction crisis to challenge the view that quantitative methods cannot be used to understand the
social nature of construction research. This research found that the quality of communication could
be indicated by the advantages and damaging effects of factions. During phase 1 of the crisis
management process, there was one faction which consists of the architect, engineer, contractor –
quantity surveyor and contractor – site manager. It indicates that there was good communication
across the consultant/ contractor division. In comparison, during phase 3 of the reaction process, the
communication was not positive. The dangers of factions could give some indication of the negative
communication. Specifically, the site manager and engineer still formed the strongest faction,
revealing a lack of focus among other actors. Additionally, a relatively equal distribution of a
relatively high level of closeness could be indicative of effective communication with minimal
distortion. Recent research includes Chinowsky et al. (2008)'s

Research Paper On Social Network Analysis
Abstract– A social network is a set of people (or organizations or other social entities) connected by
a set of social relationships such as friendship, co–working or information exchange. Social
networks are connected through various social familiarities ranging from casual acquaintance to
close familiar bonds. Social network analysis provides both a visual and a mathematical analysis of
relationships. Social network analysis (SNA) is a quantitative analysis of relationships between
individuals or organizations. By quantifying such social structures it is possible to identify most
important actors, group formations or equivalent roles of actors within a social network. This paper
presents various properties or analysis measures for social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Size of the Network[21]
The size of a network can be determined in terms of the number of nodes of the network
alternatively, as the number of edges in the network.
2. Density of a Network[21]
The density of a network is the number of ties in the network expressed as a proportion of the
number of all possible ties, i.e. the number of actual ties in the network divided by the number of all
the ties that could be present. The density of a network may give insights into phenomena such as
the speed at which information diffuses among the nodes. It is also sometimes used as a measure of
connectivity of the network.
3 Path[21]
A path between two nodes is denoted as d (u, v) is a sequence of node pairs that connect these two
nodes. A special characteristic of a path is that all nodes and all connections on a path are distinct. If
nodes are not distinct, the sequence is called trail; and if either nodes or connections are distinct
within the sequence, it is called a walk. The length of a path is the number of connections in the
sequence. A path is an important property of a node pair because it defines if two nodes are
reachable or not and at what distance. If a path between two nodes exists, than they are reachable
and vice versa. The path property is important for the calculation of various SNA measures
including geodesic distance, diameter or centrality

Using Connections Between People, Places, And Network
"Statistics is a way to see how a group of individuals can be grouped together using connections"
SNA is the mapping and depiction of relationships and connections between people, places, groups,
computers, and lots of other things. The different nodes in the network represent the different people
and groups while the links represents the relationships between the nodes.
When you relate your life to world networks and connections; you think about friendships that are
established via internet, acquaintances, job interviews and money. Once social network is analyzed
from a certain perspective you visualize how some of your relationships were created and how it
was formed. Which stimulates from new cultures, politics, background information ... Show more
For instance, there is a trending topic in the media. Twitter is known for mentions to be a popular
thing. Everyone would push towards the social media to view several conversations with respect of
a mention. McTemore 's metaphor of a living web is an accurate description of the current social
network, which dramatically expands our ability to connect with one another. For example, some
6,000 '‫؛‬ tweets are tweeted on Twitter every second, which corresponds to 500 million tweets per
day. This number increased from 5,000 tweets per day in 2007, to 2.5 million in 2009, and 340
million in 2012. Online technology has opened a new world of revolutionized connectivity. (Lee, l.
(2015).
Graph Theory
In Mathematically terms, while using a graph theory it is represented as a network. A graph consists
of two sets the nodes and the links which could be described as (edges, sets). It's held as a maximum
N (N –1)/2 and will eventually be connected based on the pair of elements. To show a valid
connection with a graph using nodes and links, the person will connect draw a dot that represent the
nodes and connect it with a link (known as the edge) to be created. The higher the value the stronger
the connection will be in the graph.
G= (N, L) where N= {n1, n2 ,....,nN } represent the nodes
L = {l1, l2, ...., lK} represent links
N = nodes of networks
K = total number of links
Mathematically, we can represent a network using graph theory. A

Disadvantages Of Actor Network Theory
Objective
This assignment focuses on elaborating the failure of "Windows Vista", succeeding operating
system to Windows XP launched by Microsoft in 2007 in the market by identifying the important
reasons of failure using stages of translations in the Actor Network Theory. This assignment consists
of brief theoretical background of Actor Network Theory, its elements, Key concepts of Actor
network theory, description of Windows Vista, identification of actors in this relevant example
(Windows Vista) and explaining the same the using the concepts of Actor Network Theory.
Actor Network Theory
Actor network theory is a framework and systematic way to consider the infrastructure surrounding
technological achievements. It assigns agency to both human ... Show more content on
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In our case, Microsoft developed a new operating system "Windows Vista" as the solution for the
problems of Windows XP rather than developing patches and upgraded versions to provide solution.
This has resulted in failure to recognize the actual problem which should occur during the
problematization.
When Windows XP was released in 2001, there were about 600 million computers used worldwide.
Approximately 90% of them were running Windows but it was split between two code bases:
Windows 95/98 (65%) and Windows NT/2000 (26%), according to IDC. One of the challenging
task of Windows XP was to unite the Windows 9x and Windows NT code bases, and it eventually
accomplished that.
However in 2008, there were over 1.1 billion PCs in use worldwide and of which 70% (800 million
PCs approximately) were running Windows XP which makes it the most widely installed operating
system of all time. That's a lot of inertia to overcome, especially for IT departments that have
consolidated their deployments and applications around Windows

Network Society Theory By Maneul Castells
In this essay, I will analyse the Network society theory by Maneul Castells. My essay consists of
three main parts: the first one is theory's key points summary, the second is critical evaluation of
merits and limitations, and the last one is a specific application from Asia context. According to
Castells, our society transformed from the Industrial Age into the Information Age. The term
"network society" refers to the social structure which is formed and dominated by microelectronic–
based information and communication technologies (Castells 2004). He also claimed that a network
is a system consisted of various interconnected nodes, from which communication occurs. Nodes
helps the network function by contributing information and process them more effectively (Castells
2005). Communication via this network is not restricted in term of space as Catells stated that space
in the network society is disparate from the space in astrophysics. To support his statement, he
proposed a concept of "real virtuality" along with "space of flows" and "timeless time". He
conceptualized a new term of spatial named "space of flow" which is the central to his network
society theory (Webster 2006). This flow of information empowered distant and concurrent
communication, regardless where or who involved in, while the space ... Show more content on
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Castells explained the term as all people who can access and manage ICTs, which can create
misunderstanding since this definition can be understood as almost everyone (Webster 2006). A few
more critiques is from sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, as he said that Castells's theory is too idealistic
and utopian about the political, social, economic and environmental. Or from Frank Webster, who
claimed that Castells emphasized too much on how technology affect social relations, yet neglected
how human shape and influence technologies ( Castells

Value Chain Approach And Actor Network Theory
Why use the Value Chain Approach and Actor Network Theory (ANT)
Value chains traditionally are those farmers can easily access. To comprehend complexities involved
in value chain a qualitative approach termed value chain analysis approach was used. The approach
is descriptive and allows linkage analysis of the farmer with different actors that are part of the
Ziziphus mauritiana chain. Inter–mediators or the middlemen buy Ziziphus mauritiana from rural
peasants in Muzarabani. The middlemen also sale Ziziphus mauritiana to each other. However, most
of the Ziziphus mauritiana end up in the hands of bigger traders from markets like Mbare Musika of
Harare in Zimbabwe. The value chain analysis approach used has an array of advantages. Different
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The socio–technical world is well explained (Langanki 2014). Especially, when local production of
spirits from Ziziphus mauritiana (kachasu) is explained. Actor Network Theory acts as an eye
opener. It gives a conceptual framework to the understanding of Ziziphus mauritiana value chain.
What about Power relation relations issue in Actor Network Theory?
Power relation are criticised to ANT approach. However in contrast ANT observed power being in
action. The linkages and Network power are recognised through ideas for undertaking perceptions
actions and opinions. Actors have voices and act as agencies. ANT emphasises use on interactive
power than the physical power. The concept of ANT is aligned to each network and provided a
radical approach to the discourse and other non–human actors are treated as actors.
Actor Network Theory is used as a methodology for the study of the of the Ziziphus mauritiana
value chain. The value chain is viewed as an assemblage of networks. Being a theory and a
methodological approach ANT endeavours to develop analysis tools on focal actor, thats try to
control other actors. ANT can be used to shape the theoretical framework, hence enhancing the
flexibility of the developed

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