Rat Observation Report

Rat Observation Report
On May 16 2017, my partner and I dissected a rat in Anatomy. I was looking forward to the
dissection, although the thought of cutting a rat open was not very appealing. Although, I do enjoy
partaking in and watching surgeries on YouTube. The sad part though for this lab was that it would
be our last one with Mr.Cantrell. My partner for this lab was Caitlin Ledbetter, as she has also been
my partner for the whole year. Once walking into the classroom, the smell of formaldehyde filled
my senses, making me want to gag. The aroma is not very pleasant, although, you tend to get used
to it after a while. As class began, we were given a packet with the directions on where and how to
cut the rat. We were to cut the skin down the stomach and across ... Show more content on
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The rat was laid face down on the tray and immediately we were able to distinguish whether it was
male or female. We could tell our rat was male because of the inflamed or overly sized testes. After
Mr.Cantrell gave us advice on how to successfully skin the rat, we began our dissection. Before we
began to cut down the rat, we had to break both of the rats arms and legs in order to pin it down onto
the tray. After doing this and pinning the rat down, we were able to begin. Caitlin picked up the
scalpel and began to cut vertically down the rats stomach. We had to do this operation very slowly
and delicately, otherwise we would cut through the muscle. After finishing cutting it vertically, we
cut across both arms and legs. By then, we were able to peel the skin back and pin it onto the tray.
We weren't able to see the organs yet, therefore we had to cut through the muscle. By cutting
through the muscle, a lot of formaldehyde and bodily liquid began to pour out which was nauseating
yet interesting. We decided to take both the rat and tray over to the trash can and dish out all of the
formaldehyde that was filled inside of the rat's body. After doing this, we went back to
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Pros And Cons Of Caadavers
The use of Cadavers in my view, and from my experience of working and studying in the dissection
lab of the National University of Ireland, Galway is one of the best ways human anatomy can both
be taught and learnt and I believe is an essential aspect in the study of educational anatomy and
should be utilised in the learning of anatomy where possible. The active, hands on exploration that
cadaveric dissections provide, joined with excellent teaching methods makes for an interesting yet
challenging method of learning anatomy. In saying this, I do believe that there are both pros and
cons associated with the study of cadaveric anatomy.
My first time entering a dissection room, my initial emotion was fascination. This fascination
stemmed from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the question still remains, to what extent can these apps and systems be used in the learning and
understanding of anatomy? Are they 100% reliable in terms of accuracy and correct information?
Can these computerised resources replace cadaveric dissections? And finally, are they possibly the
best method to utilise in the learning and understanding of anatomy? Answers to these questions
may differ from person to person, but I personally believe that the role that a cadaver plays in the
processing, digestion and assimilation of information that has been taught in lectures is paramount
as from my experience of using these systems, and trying to learn from them, I feel like in terms of
the positioning of anatomical structures such as muscles and nerves, these 3D visuals fall short.
They provide only a rough and vague indication of the location of structures and sometimes don't
provide an accurate representation of the structures in comparison to viewing them on a gross
specimen. They lack the aspect of precision that a cadaver would provide in terms of location, shape
and size of anatomical structures. The idea that students can one day be taught a completely new
topic, for example, the Brachial Plexus, and the next day enter into a dissection

Synthetic Fibers And Its Effects On The Body
2.2.2.2 Elastic fibres
Elastic fibres are 1 µm to 3µm in diameter and are loosely arranged in all directions in the dermis
[90]. These fibres are scattered among the collagen bundles and become thicker in the deeper layers
of the dermis [90]. Elastic fibres, as their name indicates, are extremely elastic and help in the
elastic recoil of the skin and that is the reason why they are more abundant in the dermis of the face,
scalp and the extensible organs, such as tendons and arteries [91, 92].
2.2.2.3 Extrafibrillar matrix
The extrafibrillar matrix includes a ground substance (glycosaminoglycans), dermal fibroblasts,
dendritic cells, mast cells, histiocytes, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics [85]. Ground substance
is a gelatinous amorphous substance of sugar and proteins (glycoproteins and proteoglycans) that is
observed between the fibres and between the cells. It provides support to the dermis and has an
extraordinary capacity to store water. Moreover, it facilitates the passage of nutrients, hormones, and
other molecules through the dermis [72, 73].
Fibroblasts, the major cell type of the dermis, produce and maintain most of the ECM proteins.
Indeed, they produce collagen, elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycan [93]. The dermal fibroblasts
are differentiated from the mesenchymal cells and appear as thin spindle–shaped cells. The dermis
includes other types of cell such histiocytes, mast cells and dermal dendritic cells. Histiocytes are
star–shaped cells with a small

How Does the Skin Act as a Barrier
how the does the skin act as a barrier
The skin is cleverly designed to perform in helping the skin acting as a physical, chemical and
physical barrier for the body.
The physical barrier acts as a protective cover to protect us from the environment i.e. pathogens,
physical abrasions and radiation from the sun.
Yet it is known to be one of the largest organs in the body in weight and in surface area. In adults,
the skin makes up 16% of body weight and the skin covers an area of about 2 square meters.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skin/skin.shtml. Structurally the skin
consists of three separate layers 1) Epidermis 2) Dermis 3) subcutaneous tissue.
The Epidermis is the outer and thinner portion composed of ... Show more content on
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As well as preventing invasion by certain micro– organisms, chemical substances and allergens
carried out by the specialized components mentioned before.
The fundamental role of the chemical barrier is to protect the skin from harmful sources in the
environment especially the outermost layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum) and to provide skin
secretion and melanin in the epidermis. Melanin is a free radical scavenger and an energy sink,
which forms a protective energy cap over the nuclei of keratinocytes in the basale layer therefore,
protecting the DNA from getting damaged by ultraviolet rays.
The moisture barrier found in the outermost layer of the stratum corneum is slightly acidic pH
(4.5–.5.5), therefore known as acid mantle.
The acid mantle is low in pH in the skin and made of combination of sweat and sebaceous oils,
which has bactericidal substances to inhibit growth of harmful bacteria and fungi. The low acidity in
the moisture barrier of the epidermis also helps to maintain the hardness of keratin proteins, whereas
keeping them bounded together.
If the surface of the skin comes in contact with alkaline i.e. soap; the keratin fibres loosen and
soften, therefore disrupting the pH acid mantle. As a result of this the skin becomes prone to
infection, dehydration, irritation and roughness.

Integumentary System: Similarities Between A Cow And A Tree
A cow and a tree...two objects, that's about it right? Not so much, even though they may seem to be
different, they have many similarities to one another. To point out just a few, both a tree and a cow
are a living source, they both have a protective shield and are they are both processed to make
tangible items we use in today's society.
Many individuals may not know that a tree is in fact a breathing organism. It has complete
circulation which runs from its hair roots down in the soil up to the leaves and back again. Trees
breathe mostly through its leaves. If you ever happen to look at the upper side of a leaf through a
microscope, you will see a countless number of cells. There are many different types of cells,
specialized to do many different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Integumentary System, also known as the skin, is the largest organ of the body. Its complete
structure is composed of many different tissues. The skin protects the cow's body from any bacterial
invasions and physical damage. When a cow becomes sick, the skin is the first system that is
affected. The integumentary system is composed of three layers: (i) Epidermis, (ii) Dermis, and (iii)
Hypodermis or Subcutis. To start with the inner most layer you have the Hypodermis (Subcutis).
The Hypodermis consists of connective tissues, elastic fibers and fat. When fat forms a layer of
thickness it is called Peniculus Adiposus. Any reserved energy is also stored within the Hypodermis.
Then you have the layer, Dermis. The Dermis supports the outer most layer, Epidermis. Dermis
consist of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers which plays a large role in the strength and elasticity
in the skin; as well as the maintenance and repair of the skin. Lastly, you have the Epidermis. The
Epidermis alone consist of four sublayers, (i) Stratum Corneum – outermost horny layer, (ii)
Stratum Lucidum – clear layer, (iii) Stratum Granulosum – granular layer, and (iv) Stratum
Spinosum – prickly cell layer. The Epidermis is derived from basal membrane Stratum Basale,
which presents the openings for the hair follicles. Some of the functions of the skin include:
preservation of the cow's shape, protection from water loss, protection from any physical, chemical
and microbial injury imposed by an external agent. An important role of the skin is it balances its
Thermoregulation, which is its ability of an organism to regulate its body

Stratum Layer Research Paper
Stratum means that the cells are in layers. The stratum Corneum consists dead, keratinized cells.
This layer can be thick or thin depending on its location. On the palms and soles it is thicker for
more protection. It is about 0–15 µm from the skins surface. In RCM images, this layer appears
bright because keratinocytes have a high refractive index. Keratinocytes are cells that produce
keratin, which is a structural protein. The next layer is the stratum Granulosum. The cells in this
layer appear as granules when stained, hence the name. There are also keratinocytes in this layer.
This layer is about 15–29 µm below the skin surface. In RCM images, in this layer there is
cytoplasm and nuclei. The cytoplasm appears grainy because of the organelles located in it and the
nuclei appear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next layer in the epidermis is the stratum Spinosum. In this layer the cells are connected to each
other by desmosomes that appear as spines. The nuclei are also smaller that the nuclei in the
Granulosum layer. This layer is about 20–100 µm below the skin surface. The last layer of the
epidermis is the basal layer. In this layer the cells line up with each other and there are also
melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells that produce melanin, which is the pigment that appears in skin.
The cells in this layer often divide to replace the cells in the layers above it. Melanocytes appear as
bright, round cells and basal cells are small and bright in RCM images. The next layer that appears
in the skin is the dermal–epidermal junction. This is where the epidermis and the dermis meet.
There are two parts to the dermis: the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The papillary dermis
has finger like projections that touch the epidermis. This layer is around 100–150 µm below the skin
surface. In RCM images, one can see blood flow. There are also collagen fibers in dermis and they
appear very

Essay on Anatomy Case Study on the Evolution of Skin Color
The main cause of Skin Cancer is exposure to the sun. Caucasians are more at risk for skin cancer
because people with Darker Skin are more evolved to black out the sun. The age that Skin cancer
typically occurs is after 50. The incidence of skin cancer is greater in older individuals. The amount
of light reaches the North and South Poles in a predictable manner. The map shows all one color
near the poles. The latitude that receives the greatest amount of UV light is the equator. Based on
this information, the darkest pigmentation of skin is along the equator. The lightest Pigmentation of
skin is near the poles. The more darkly pigmented skin will be near the equator because there is
more UV light there, and the pigment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effect of UV light on folate levels makes the count drop. Folate is linked to natural selection
because the folates deplete from UV light exposure, which causes less births through miscarriages
or birth defects. The skin tones related to higher folate levels are lighter skin tones. In my opinion, if
someone lived in a region further from the equator and had no history of skin cancer, they would be
able to have Children easier. Genetics, UV exposure, and folate levels all have to do with skin
cancer and reproduction. A light skinned person living in the tropics, after a while, could have
trouble reproducing. A light skinned person living in a polar region would most likely have no
problems reproducing. A dark skinned person living in the tropics would most likely have no
problems reproducing. A dark skinned person living in the polar region would most likely have no
problems reproducing. At a polar latitude, the inhabitants would be lightly pigmented. Their folates
would be high. In a tropical area, the inhabitants would most likely be darkly pigmented. They
would have low folate levels. Darker skinned individuals are situated more near the equator and
have less folates. The opposite goes for light skinned people. Vitamin D is linked to Natural
selection because Vitamin D is essential for normal growth, calcium absorption,

The Integumentary System In The Human Body
The Integumentary System plays an extensive role in our everyday lives. It consists of hair, skin,
nails, and glands. Therefore, it is one of the largest organ systems that can be seen and in the human
body. All these structures help protect the inner portion of the body. But the most important structure
overall is the skin.
The skin is used as a waterproof layer protecting everything on the inside of the body. The skin
regulates the temperature of the body and the moisture. It also works as a barrier keeping certain
diseases from entering the body, like bacteria and viruses. Likewise it also helps against harmful
rays like ultraviolet radiation. The skin is a sensory organ meaning it can distinguish if it is cold or
hot, touch, pain,

UT Southwesten Medical School
UT Southwestern
UT Southwestern Medical School was formed in 1943 in the Southwestern Medical District of
Dallas, Texas. It started off as a small wartime medical college and since then has grown
exponentially. It now provides care to almost 90,000 patients and oversees 2 million outpatient visits
and is affiliated with four hospitals: Parkland Memorial Hospital, Children's Medical Center, Zale
Lipshy University Hospital, and St. Paul University Hospital.
In 2013, UT Southwestern was ranked 31 in the US News Primary Care Ranking, so it is only fair to
expect a rigorous and competitive admissions process. The UT Southwestern application timeline is
as follows: The time from January–May is recommended for taking the MCAT; Primary and
Secondary applications must be submitted as soon as possible after June 1st; in August the interview
season begins; October 1st is the deadline for all applications submitted through TMDSAS (the
Texas Application Service); Rolling admissions begin November 15th, in Late Winter/Early Spring
decisions for medical schools must be finalized; by May 15th all offers should be resolved; and
finally by June 1st no more offers will be given by medical schools. The admitted overall GPA range
is 3.6 to 4.0 and the overall admitted Sciences GPA range is 3.54 to 4.0. The median incoming GPA
range is 3.88. The median MCAT score is 35 out of 45 points. Last year, there were 4023 applicants,
834 of them were granted interviews (21%), and 230 were accepted

Study Guide Ch 5 Integumentary System K
1
Name:
Lab Time:
Integumentary System
Study Guide, Chapter 5
Part I. Clinical Applications
1. Mrs. Ibanez volunteered to help at a hospital for children with cancer. When she first entered the
cancer ward, she was upset by the fact that most of the children had no hair. What is the explanation
for their baldness?
Chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer kill the most rapidly dividing cells in the body, including
many matrix cells in the hair follicles; thus the hair falls out.
2. A new mother brings her infant to the clinic, worried about a yellowish, scummy deposit that has
built up on the baby's scalp. What is this condition called, and is it serious?
The baby has seborrhea, or cradle cap, a condition of overactive sebaceous glands. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, although they will feel warmer superficially, body temperature will decrease. They
should wear their coats. 10. A hypodermic needle is used to introduce drugs into the loose
connective tissue of the hypodermis. Beginning on the surface of the skin in the region of the thigh,
list, in order, the layers of the tissue the needle would penetrate to reach the hypodermis.
Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum, dermis (papillary
layer, reticular layer).
3
11. Two teenagers are discussing their problems with acne. One says to the other, "Sure wich I could
get rid of these whiteheads." The other replies, "At least you don't have blackheads like I do." What
is the differences between a "whitehead" and a "blackhead"?
"Whiteheads" contain accumulated, stagnant secretions. "Blackheads" contain more solid material
that has been invaded by bacteria.
12. Even though the skin is water resistant, it is not waterproof. When the skin is immersed is water,
osmotic forces may move water in or out of the epithelium. Long–term exposure to seawater
endangers survivors of a shipwreck by accelerating dehydration. How and why does this occur?

The ocean is a hypertonic solution, thus causing water to leave the body by crossing the epidermis
from the underlying tissues
13. Tretinoin (Retin–A) has been called the anti–aging cream. Since it is applied topically, how does
it affect the skin?
Retin–A increases blood flow to the

Explain The Key Components Of The Skin
i. DRAW AND LABELLED DIAGRAM OF THE SKIN AND DESCRIBE ITS STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION, INCLUDE ALL KEY PARTS.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, it covers the whole body and they are water resistant.
The skin consists of two layers, EPIDERMIS and DERMIS
Epidermis : this is the layer of skin that we can see, it has the thickest layer which can be found on
the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, thinnest layer on the eyelids and nipples. The cells on
surface are constantly shedding (the dead cells) this is called Desquamation.
Structure (Epidermis is composed of five layers)
Stratum corneum (surface layer)
Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Germinativum (basal layer)
STRATUM CORNEUM: is the surface layer of epidermis and also the layer of skin you see, and it
is made up : ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dead keratinocytes with a layer of protein around them. That means they have go through
keratinisation
. They are frequently shedding the dead cell.
. Cell membrane is not visible.
STRATUM LUCIDUM: Is the clear layer of the epidermis.
. It contains dead keratinocytes which means, there is no real distinction other than the poor
keratinocytes that have died but not finished the keratinisation process.
. Denucleated cells they are not completely hard.
. Location: it can only be found on the palms of hands and soles of the feets.
. Cell membrane is becoming less visible.
STRATUM GRANULOSUM: THE GRANULAR LAYER
. The keratinocytes are still on the move; at this point they have kertahyalin granules.
. The cells have a distinct nucleus and cell membranes are

The And Its Effects On The Human Body
Dry or irritant skin is a reoccurring issue for virtually all individuals. When irritation occurs, many
people simply turn to hand moisturizers or lotions to combat the uncomfortable dryness. However,
with so many different companies advertising their moisturizer as the best, it is difficult to know
which ingredients in moisturizers actually benefit the skin. There are several different formulas and
ingredients involved in generating hand moisturizers, and many factors which influence their output.
Such factors are the structure of the skin and the inclusion of different ingredients; such as
petroleum jelly, mineral oil, glycerin, and triethanolamine. In the experiment moisturizers with
different ingredients will be tested on gelatin skin models and their effectiveness will be observed
and recorded. The research information documented in this report will provide a better
understanding of the cause of the experimental results. The skin is the largest organ in the human
body and is responsible for many aspects of protection, regulation, and sensation within the body.
The skin structure is a complex of three main layers, and their various sublayers. The outermost
layer of the skin, the epidermis, is elastic and undergoes constant regeneration. The epidermis is
divided into five sublayers; the basal, the squamous, the stratum granulosum, the stratum lucidum
and the stratum corneum layers. The basal cell layer is the innermost of these layers and is the site
of cell

Derasis Human Body
The skin is the largest outermost organ of the human body, contributing to 8% of the body's total
weight, with a surface area measuring around 1.8 square metres in adulthood (Feingold, 2007). As a
result of this, humans tend to be very conscious of, and very sensitive to, the way in which their skin
looks. Despite this, many of us often under appreciate the significance of human skin; we carry out
our daily routines without any realisation or consideration of just how important skin is in protecting
us from the external environment, informing us of our surroundings and making us aware of any
potential dangers (Nickoloff & Naidu, 1994).
The skin has a multifaceted structure consisting of many different components (Montagna, 1974).
The skin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is composed of highly vascular connective tissue (Stocum, 2006). The dermis contains a rich
supply of blood; these blood vessels dilate and contract in response to internal and external stimuli
such as anxiety and temperature (Bowers, Thompson, & Miller, 1992). The dermis is therefore
responsible for regulating body temperature and blood pressure (Kemble & Lamb, 1984). The blood
from the dermis is responsible for the nourishment of newly generated cells in the inner layer of the
epidermis (MacDonald, 2009). The function of the dermal connective tissue is to provide structural
support for the outer layer of the skin (Martini, Ober, & Bartholomew, 1999). Sensory nerve fibres
can also be found in the dermis, which respond to touch, pain and temperature (Bryant & Nix,
2012). This serves an important role in human well–being, allowing us to respond to dangers such
as being burnt by a hot object. The organisation of connective tissue permits the dermis to be
flexible and contract with the movement of the body (Starcher, 2005). This flexibility provides the
body with a barrier to protect it from friction and impact wounds (Hess, 2013). The thickness of the
dermis varies across different areas of the

Animal Integumentary System
The integumentary system is the most complex and most visible organ system, it is formed by the
skin, hair, nails and glands that enwraps the body. From the delicate eyelashes to the thick skin of
the soles, the integumentary system protects the body from the outside world and its many harmful
substances. It harness the sun rays and at the same time it prevents the body from the damaging
effects. It also helps to regulate body temperature and serves as a minor excretory organ. The system
make the inner body aware of its outer environment through sensory receptors. Other than human,
animals also have the integumentary system. Though, it has a bit different when it comes to human
being. In animals, their integumentary system includes the outer

The Epidermis: The Intergumentary System
Organisms are composed of atoms that form molecules which form macromolecules (Shier, Butler,
& Lewis, 2009). These molecules join and form organelles which structure cell that for tissues (p.3).
Tissues form organs and the organs working together form organ system (p3). These organ systems
make up the organism (p3). Each organ system has an important function in the body. These systems
all work together in order to keep and support the conditions that the cells, tissues, and organs need
to function properly. There is one system that is not as well known as other; it is the intergumentary
system. Most people know the organs of the intergumentary system, but they do not know that these
organs work together to form this system. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the majority of the areas, just four layers can be differentiated: the stratum basale, stratum
spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum (p.119). Another layer is the stratum lucidum
which can be found in the thicker part of the skin of the palms and soles (p.119). The epidermis has
major protective function such as protecting the underlying wet tissues of water loss in excessive
way, and against mechanical injury (p. 119). The epidermis also protects against the effects of
dangerous chemical and to keep disease that cause microorganism out of the body (p.119).
Melanocyts is a cell of the epidermis that produces melanin, a dark pigment that gives the color to
the skin (p.119). Although genetic plays an important part in the skin color, the quantity of melanin
interferes on how dark the skin is (p.119). According to Shier, Butler, and Lewis 2009 "melanin
absorbs ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, preventing mutations in the DNA of skin cells and other
damaging effects."
The demis is the inner layer of the skin (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). According to Shier, Butler,
and Lewis 2009 "the dermis binds the epidermis to underlying tissues, it is largely composed of
dense connective tissues that includes tough collagenous fiber and elastic fiber within a gel–like
ground substance ." The dermal blood vessels provide nutrients to the cells of the skin and also aid
in the regulation of temperature (p.122). The dermis

The Layer Of The Skin
Stratum Corneum this layer is the outer most layers; it is formed from numerous layers of
compressed scale– like, overlapping cells. What makes up the surface of the skin is corneocytes,
which are commonly called 'dead skin cells'. Keratinocytes are found in the epidermis they travel up
through the layer where they are formed into corneocytes. The stratum corneum layer protects
against lights, chemicals, water loss, heat and bacteria.
Stratum Lucidum is an additional layer of the skin, found only in the palms of our hands and the
soles of our feet; it is a very shallow layer of just 3 clear layers of cells. Eledin is found in this layer,
a protein rich clear gel like substance that helps give us strength, grip and also protection.
Stratum Granulosum is another shallow layer; it is made up 3 to 5 layers of flat packed grainy cells
called kertaohylain cells which act similar to a water filter, to absorb any foreign bodies. This eases
water loss and keeps up hydration in the skin.
Stratum Spinosum is formed from two to six rows of stretched cells; they have spiky spines that
attach to nearby cells. In this layer there are two other key cells Langerhans cells and melanocyte
cells. Langerhans capture and process any foreign bodies, they are then distributed to the lymph
vessels followed by white blood cells, resulting the immune system activating. Melanocyte cells
create melanin produces skin pigment to our skin, by ultraviolent rays. The primary function is to
give protection

Anatomy Quiz
Anatomy Quiz #2
Chrisheena Wills
1. The layers of the epidermis from deep to most superficial are the stratum basale, stratum
spinosum, stratum grandulosum, stratum lacidum, and the stratum corneum. Each of these layers are
unique due to the type of cells located in them which they are named after. They all together make
up the epidermis, an avascular, superficial, and made up of epithelial cells.
a. The stratum basale is the basal layer of the epidermis. It is the basement layer of the epidermis,
the deepest layer. This is a single layer of keratinocytes that are rapidly dividing. About of quarter of
the melanocytes that are found in this layer branch through stratum spinosum.
b. The stratum spinosum is also known as the prickly layer. It is superficial to the stratum basale.
This is many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The epidermis is made of melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans' cells.
a. The melanocytes synthesize melanin (dark brown/reddish pigment). They are in the deepest layer
of the epidermis, the stratum basale. The melanocytes are located on the superficial part of the
nucleus of the keratinocytes. The help protect the keratinocytes and the rest of the cells by shielding
and absorbing the UV radiation, forming the color. For those who have darker skin there is more
melanin produced from these melanocytes. The melanosomes (granules) which are transported
along the actin filaments is where the melanin accumulates.
i.
b. Merkel cells are those located in the epidermal/dermal junctions. They are the cells that branch
out into the dermis and connected to sensory neurons. They are the touch receptors located in the
deeper in the dermal layer of the skin.
i.
c. Langerhan's cells are macrophages that activate immune response. The immune system is
activated through the epidermis from the bone marrow. The langerhan's cells branch out and form a
network around the keratinocytes. They are found in abundance in the stratum spinosum, but found
in other parts of the epidermis.

Frog Dissection
At first on hearing we are doing a pig dissection I was pretty excited. I remember in seventh grade
we did a frog dissection. I was okay with it, but I thought the frog was to small. Moving around in
the frog was hard and was confusing. I was pretty excited about the pig dissection knowing that it
will be bigger than the frog. I was not scared or nerovus about this dissection at all as it is a nice
way to learn about other animals and species that live on Earth. The external anatomy of the pig was
quite interesting when we first saw it. The umbilical cord was large and long, it was wrapped around
the pig's back legs. The skin of the pig was wrinkly. Beneath the chin, the pig had a small little
collection of hairs, making it look like a beard.

Greek, India, and China Contributions
Today, our lives are based on technology. We have computers, iPods, phones, televisions, etc... but,
what about the unnoticeable contributions that affect us more than we could imagine. The screw for
example. The screw is everywhere around us. In fact its in your computers, televisions, iPods, and
phones. The screw holds your more significant objects together in place. Like the screw the
contributions of Greece, India, and China all have an impact on us today but it goes unnoticeable.
All of these civilizations were created around the same time and fell around the same time period.
Even though all these civilizations took place in around the same time period they all have very
different impacts on the world we have today. In the times of Ancient Greece, India, and China there
were numerous contributions that influenced us today, but, Greece had more contributions in math
and medicine that lead them to have the greatest overall impact on us today. Greece has contributed
a lot to society today in the medical field and in mathematics. Starting with medicine, the modern
day medical symbol was derived from Greece. The god Asclepius (the god of health) thought snakes
were holy so he created the medical symbol we know of today of a staff coiled around a staff with
wings (Michael and Woods, Ancient medicine: from sorcery to surgery, 56). Hippocrates was a great
Greek physician and was known as the father of medicine. Hippocrates introduced a scientific way
to find out how to treat

The Procedure Of The Skin
Introduction
The skin also known as the Integumentary system is the largest organ in the human system; it covers
about 20 square feet. The skin has many functions, most of it is having to act as a protection agent.
The skin is an important organ because it stops unwanted things from entering the body through the
pores. It protects us from microorganisms; it cushions and insult the tissue laying underneath it; it
protects the skin from involuntary damages like cuts and bumps; It protects us from chemical
damages like acids, alkalis and many more, protects us from thermal damages like heat. The skin
acts as a first wall of defense for things on the outside by disallowing them to enter and for things on
the inside by disallowing them to leak out or exposed. For example, the skin stops fluid leakage
from the body and it helps keeps and maintain the basic body temperature. The skin not only
protects and cushions, it also acts as an excretory system. It helps excrete some toxic substances the
body doesn't need just like the urinary system does. It does this by releasing salts, water, and urea in
form of sweat through the pores of the skin. The skin has three regions, but only two of them are
distinct. The three regions are the Epidermis, the Dermis, and the Hypodermis; the two that are
distinct are the Epidermis and the Dermis layer. The epidermis is the physical layer we can see and
touch while the dermis is the layer underneath the epidermis that we can not

Cat Dissection Lab
Introduction The goal of this lab was to dissect and isolate the muscles and organs of a cat.
Dissection is the act of cutting into a specimen to learn the anatomy of it upon other things. Isolation
is the act of separating one body part from another. The groups were to explore different areas of the
cat as a class. After observing for six days the students were to know the locations of muscles and
organs throughout the specimen. The anatomy of a cat is very similar to a human so it was a perfect
example to work on.
Day 1 On day one the students were to isolate the following muscles: Acromiotrapezius,
Clavotrapezius, Spinodeltoid, Spinotrapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Sternomastoid, Triceps Brachii,
Clavobrachialis, Acromiodeltoid. Paige Toset, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The respiratory system in a human consists of the upper and lower tracts. The upper tract includes:
Nose, Pharynx, and associated structures. The lower tract includes: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi,
Lungs, and the tubing within the lungs. Whereas, in a cat its functions are to exchange carbon
dioxide with oxygen and acts as a cooling system. Cats do not sweat therefore, they have to breathe
harder and faster to cool off. After their first breath, a cat's respiratory system is in perfectly working
condition. Their respiratory system concludes of the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and the lungs. I would say they are pretty similar in comparison the only difference
is that in a cat it works as a cooling system as

My Love For Medicine
Throughout my life, there have been several important experiences which have influenced my desire
to pursue medicine. These include having a potentially cancerous mole on my ankle at the age of
three, my love for science and academics beginning in elementary school, the desire to help people,
giving back to the community, and to be a role model for others in the pursuit of their own dreams.
Although not one of these experiences in itself led to my pursuit of medicine, I believe they all have
influenced me in a way that compelled me to obtain a greater desire for the study of medicine. Had
one of these memories not existed, I may not be in the same position as I am today with applying to
medical schools. Nonetheless, I have known since a young age that medicine was going to be the
right choice for me, whether through my love of it or through intuition, but there were several
memories along the way that helped solidify this passion. Medicine has always been my plan A and
plan B because it has always intrigued me. Although other professions may seem exciting at times,
my love for science and helping others has made medicine be the right choice for me always. One of
my first memories, and definitely my first medically relevant memory, occurred when I was just
three. I remember going into the dermatologist with my mom to have my moles looked at. As a
three year old, my understanding of dermatology was zero. Well, as we went to the doctor for the
first time that I remember, I

How The Skin Is Made Up Of Two Layers
The skin is made up of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis consists of
keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, and tactile cells (Marieb & Hoehn 153). The epidermis
consists of four to five layers, including stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum,
stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The deepest layer, stratum basale lies on top of the dermis
and contains mitotic cells that help repair the skin when it is damaged (Marieb & Koehn 153).
Stratum spinosum is the house for Langerhan's cells, and can be characterized as the "prickly layer"
on top of the stratum basale (Poonawalla & Diven). Stratum granulosum is where keratinization
begins, and the cells will flatten and the organelles will die (Marieb & Koehn 153). The next layer is
the stratum lucidum, which is only in thick skin. The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the
stratum corneum, and it is made up 20–30 dead cell layers that help give the skin its protective
function (Marieb & Koehn 154). The epidermis is avascular, meaning this layer contains no blood
vessels. Each epidermal layer has its function and they work together when repair is needed and
they protects the underlying dermis structures.
The dermis layer sits on top of the hypodermis and under the epidermis. The dermis consists of the
papillary layer and the reticular layer. The papillary layer is made up of loose connective tissue that
are vascularized, it contains sensory nerve endings and provides

A Fingerprint Is An Impression Or Mark Made?
A fingerprint is an impression or mark made on a surface by a person's fingertips which are even
more unique than one's DNA. It is used to identify criminals thanks to Edward Henry. Francis
Galton devised a method for classifying fingerprints. Henry Faulds was a Scottish physicians who is
noted for the developments of fingerprinting. William Herschel was a British IAS officer in India
who used fingerprints for identification on contracts.
The five layers of skin are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum,
and stratum corneum. The stratum basale consists of basal cells. The dermal papillae, which
increases the strength between the epidermis and dermis, are found there. All keratinocytes are
produced here, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stratum lucidum is a smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis located just above the
stratum granulosum and below the stratum corneum. It is only found in the thick skin of the palms,
soles, and digits. The keratinocytes that compose the stratum lucidum are dead and flattened. Packed
with eleiden–clear protein, rich in lipids– derived from keratohyalin, which gives the cells its
transparent appearance and provides a barrier to water. Stratum corneum is the layer exposed to the
outside environment. The increased keratinization of the layer gives it its name. This layer prevents
dehydration of underlying tissues while also providing a mechanical protection against abrasion for
the more delicate, underlying layers. Cells in this layer are shed periodically and are replaced by
cells being pushed up from the stratum granulosum. The entire layer is replaced during a period of
four weeks. Cosmetic procedures help remove some of the dry, upper layer and aim to keep the skin
looking fresh and healthy.
Keratinocyte is present in the basal layer and makes up ninety percent of cells found in the
epidermis. Sweat glands are small tubular structures that produce sweat. Sweat glands are found
only in mammals. There are three types of sweat glands, the exccrine sweat

Anatomy And Physiology And Describe Their Subdivisions
1) Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.
– Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Body structures
can be seen, felt, and examined closely.
– Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy: Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as
the heart, lungs and kidneys.
– Regional anatomy, all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular
region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time. – Systemic
anatomy– Body structure is studied system by system. When studying the cardiovascular system,
you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body. – Surface anatomy– Study of
internal structures as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral
deposits. Blood flows in one direction through heart because heart has valves that prevent backflow.
3) Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain
their relationships.
1. Chemical level– atoms combine to form molecules.
2. Cellular level– molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form organelles, basic
components of the microscopic cells. Cells are smallest units of living things.
3. Tissue level– Tissue are groups of similar cells that have a common function. The four basic
tissue types:
– Epithelium– covers body surfaces and lines its cavities.
– Muscle provides movement.
– Connective tissue supports and protects body organs.
– Nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical
impulses.
4. Organ level– Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ is a discrete structure
composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
5. Organ system level– Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an
organ system.
6. Organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us
alive. Contains organism, the living human being.
4) List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain the major
functions of each

Epidermal Layer Of Skin Essay
Epidermal and Dermal Layers of Skin in Relation to the Permanence of Fingerprints The tough,
relatively thin outer layer of the skin, or epidermis is made up of five layers of keratinocyte cells.
This outer layer of the skin acts as the bodies first natural form of defense by preventing most
bacteria, viruses and foreign objects from penetrating the body. Additionally, the epidermis layer of
skin works to protect internal organs in the body against trauma. The epidermal layer of skin present
on the palms of the hands and the bottom of the feet are much thicker to provide additional
protection due to the stratum corneum, the outer keratin layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes can be
found in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the basal layer, its primary function is to protect DNA
from harmful exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight (Holder, Robinson & Laub, 2011). ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This layer of skin is made up of two sub–layers, the papillary layer and the reticular layer.
Additionally, the dermis layer of skin houses nerve endings, sweat gland, sebaceous glands, hair
follicles and blood vessels which work together to regulate the body's temperature. Nerve endings
function to allow us to sense pain, touch, pressure, and temperature, while sweat glands produce
sweat in response to heat and stress. The sebaceous glands, which secrete oil into hair follicles to
moisten the skin and act as a barrier against foreign substances. Together the papillary layer and the
reticular layer provide our skin with its flexibility and strength. (SEER Training Modules,

The Skin Or Integument System
Integument System "The skin covers the entire external surface of the human body and is the
principal site of interaction with the surrounding world."–Bardia Amirlak. Everyday the skin comes
in contact with many different specimens, toxins, bacteria, and environmental situations. It feels
many different sensations, and changes. Also, the skin reacts in certain ways to certain situations
accordingly within a millisecond. The skin or integument system is composed of many different
sections and accessories, functions for multiple outlets, and falls at risk of disease everyday. The
integument is divided by two main sections, the epidermis and dermis. (Amirlak) The outermost
layer of the skin is the epidermis. The epidermis is composed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The tactile cells are touch receptors while the dendritic cells are the immune system. (Amirlak)
Then in the deepest layer, stratum basale, consists mainly stems cells constantly undergoing mitosis,
causing layer after layer of new keratinocytes to be shoved towards the surface. Also in this layer,
melanocytes can be found synthesizing melanin, which gives you your skin color. (Saladin) Lastly,
the curvy boundary between the dermis and epidermis, is called the dermal papillae. These ridges
actually create the projected fingerprint on the hand. (Amirlak) The dermis is composed mainly of
dense irregular connective tissue, specifically collagenous fibers.(Amirlak) The dermis also contains
other accessory structures including, the hair follicles and hair, various glands, and the nails. The
hair follicles, and hair consist of a bulb, root and shaft. The bulb or indention around the base of the
follicle, has many stem cells going through mitosis. This is also the only area of the hair, with living
cells. (Saladin) The root is the remaining hair below the skin's surface finally the shaft is the leftover
hair above the surface. Another accessory, the glands, assort by sudoriferous, sebaceous,
ceruminous, and mammary. (Accessory) Sudoriferous glands, or better know as scent glands, are
categorized by either apocrine or merocrine. Apocrine are scent glands located in areola, axilla,
groin, anal region, and adult male bread areas.

Anatomy And Physiology With A Related Disorder
Integumentary System: Anatomy and Physiology with a related disorder
The integumentary system is an organ that is made of the skin, nails, hair, and the exocrine glands.
The skin is the largest organ in the human body. The skin covers the outer body forming a protective
barrier from chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and nails both develop from
the skin to protects us from environmental damages. The integumentary has four main types of
glands that excrete sweat, oil, wax, and milk. (Skin) The integumentary system can develop
disorders or diseases. An example of a disorder would be skin cancer.
The Integumentary system is used for four main functions such as thermoregulation, protection,
sensations, and synthesizing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Dermis is separated by two main layers called the superficial layer and the deep layer. The
superficial layer consists of looser areolar connective tissue and the deep layer consists of dense
irregular connective tissue. Dermal cells have four main cells types called fibroblast cells,
macrophage cells, adipocyte cells, and mast cells. The most interesting cell to me are the mast cells.
Mast cells release two chemicals called Histamine and heparin. Histamine increases blood flow that
relaxes smooth muscle. Heparin is a blood thinner that increases capillary diffusion. (Tabor)
The epidermal Layer consists of 5 strata layers called the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum
granulosum, stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum. The stratum basale contains two cells called
the keratinocytes and melanocytes. Keratinocytes produce keratin and melanocytes produce
melanin. Melanin is only found in the epidermis and it protects the body from UV rays. The stratum
spinosum has tons of layers of keratinocytes. "The deepest spinosum layer can undergo mitosis,
pushing more keratinocytes toward the surface" (Tabor). The stratum granulosum has cells that
contain an oily substance. This oil substance waterproofs the skins and prevents the skin from
dehydrating. Stratum Lucidum cells have no nuclei or organelles. The stratum corneum

The Body And The Outer Environment
INTRODUCTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF THE SKIN
The skin is the main interface between the body and the outer environment.
The skin is a functional barrier with unique anatomic and physiologic features.
The following essay will provides an overview of the key elements of the skin's structure and
functions to provide an in–depth understanding on the skins biology and how to apply this
knowledge to the beauty industry.
Knowledge of skin structure and promotion of skin health
Function and role of the skin
1.1 Explain the Integumentary system
The integumentary system covers the whole body and is made up of several layers.The
integumentary system consists of the skin and its derivatives including hair, glands, nails and
specialised receptors
 Outer skin
 Superficial fascia
 Epidermis
 Dermis
 Hair
 Sweat gland
 Stratum corneum
 Hair follicle
 Sebaceous gland
 Adipose tisssue
 Pacinian corpuscles
 smooth muscle
 Nerve
1.2 Function and role of the skin
The human skin its self is an organ. The skin is in fact the largest organ of the body. The skin
provides the body with a tough, flexible covering, with many different however important functions.

 Protection
 Sensation
 Heat regulation
 Excretion
 Absorption
 Immunity
 Vitamin D synthesis
1.3 The main functions of the skin, explain the basis for dividing the epidermis into strata. List and
describe each stratum
The main functions of the skin include the following:
 Protection – The skin provides

Ehsm 5163 Week 7 Assignment
OLANREWAJU VICTOR FADARE
EHSM 5163
Week 7 Assignment
Question 1
A. Ans
The outermost layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum corneum, it is water resistant and
when not damaged, it protects the body from foreign substances such as bacteria, virus etc. it also
ensures the protection of muscles, blood vessels, nerves and internal organs. The skin is also thicker
in regions that requires more protection such as the sole of the feet and palms.
It protects the body from ultraviolent rays from the sun due to the presence of melanin from
melanocytes. This radiation can damage the DNA and lead to diseases such as cancer
B. Ans
The dermis contains elastic and fibrous tissues such as fibrillin, collagen and elastin. These tissues
gives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These substances includes aftershave lotions, coal tar, sunscreens etc.
Contact dermatitis causes rash and itching. The itching is usually more when allergic but the rash
depends on the level of reaction from mild to severe swellings. These rash affects only the areas in
contact and can spread to other areas.
Touching the blister fluid and rash would not affect other body parts or people that fail to come in
contact with the substance.
Irritant contact dermatitis causes more pain than itch as it causes direct damage to the skin
Body fluids such as urine and saliva can cause irritation contact dermatitis to the skin
Question 3.
Ans
Psoriasis: This is a common, chronic and recurring skin disorder that changes and alters the life
cycle of skin cells. It causes cells to accumulate quickly on the skin surface. The extra cells from the
skin forms a thick, itchy, silvery scale and a red patch. It can appear at any part of the body such as
the knee, scalp, elbow etc. it is treated with drugs applied to the skin, ingested and with ultraviolet
radiation. This disease has affected about 1%–5% of the world population and it is more common to
the light skinned people. Psoriasis may persist throughout a person's life as it comes and goes but it
is usually reduced during the summer period when the skin is exposed to ultraviolent radiation and
flare ups are common during

Anatomy And Physiology Research Paper
Anatomy and Physiology is the study of the human body. Anatomy is the study of the internal and
external structure of body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of those body parts. In an
anatomy and physiology course you will examine the body parts and the way that these body parts
function together to keep us alive. The definition of homeostasis is the means or ability to keep the
body stable in order to compensate for environmental changes. A really good example of
homeostasis is the body keeping the average temperature of 98.6 degrees. Homeostasis is important
because cells rely on the body to live and operate. Homeostasis keeps the body environment under
control and keeps the environment right for cells to live and operate. Without ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There are positive feedback mechanisms and negative feedback mechanisms. Positive feedback is a
closed system that occurs in a feedback loop and the response of the system relies on the feedback
system to function. A good example of this would be a blood clot. When a vessel is harmed,
platelets begin to stick to the harmed site and discharge chemicals that pull in more platelets. The
platelets keep on heaping up and discharge chemicals until a coagulation is formed and you now
have a blood clot. Negative feedback is a response that causes a decline in its function. It is a
reaction to some kind of stimulus. It usually causes the output of a system to lessen which in turn
tends to stabilize the system. The skin protects underlying tissues and organs, excretes salts, water,
and organic wastes. It also regulates your body temperature. The hair protects your scalp from UV
rays, cushions blows to the head, and insulates the skull. Nails protect the sensitive tips of your
fingers and your toes. Exocrine glands keep the skin oily, produce sweat, and secrete earwax to keep
the ear from drying out. Ensure the body's inner living tissues and

What I Learned In Anatomy Class
My hand was sprinting across the page with charcoal in palm, and the finish line of my sketch was
in sight. The image of a model's face was quickly appearing, and the proportions of her eyes–to–
nose and ear–to–mouth were just right. Proportions of the human face were something I learned in
art class, whereas the details in her eyes were something I learned in anatomy class.
I never knew how much I loved science until my love for art developed. As a child, I grew up in a
home where my parents encouraged me to flourish creatively. While we lived in Europe, I thrived
on new adventures as they took me to museums, cathedrals, and castles throughout several
countries. The sculptures and paintings of people always amazed me. My small brain could ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During my time there, I shadowed a pediatric doctor. While I was asking him questions, he was
called into an emergency surgery, and I was unfortunately not old enough to watch according to the
hospital restrictions. So as I was waiting around, a PA swooped me up and let me shadow her
instead. I was embarrassed to admit to her that I was not aware of a PA's responsibilities to the
hospital. Throughout the rest of the day, I followed the PA into patient rooms and recovery rooms. I
was able to observe how the PA interacted with patients with such a reassuring and caring attitude
that I had not seen with the previous physician I had met. I not only respected her compassionate
personality, but I related to it.
My senior year, I desired to see more of what life was like as a PA. Thankfully, I was finally within
the age requirement to stand in on surgeries. That day I saw the PA make the first cut and suture the
last stitch. Both were made with such precision and perfection. It hit me; the PA was an artist just
like Rubens, Giorgione, and Michelangelo. The sutures were just as beautiful as the paintings in all
the museums to

Integument Skin
The skin is part of the integumentary system, and it is the largest organ in the body (Human
Anatomy Book, 119). The integument is made up of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis; deep
to the dermis, however, is the hypodermis. The hypodermis is not part of the integument, but it is
still taken into consideration as the deepest layer of the skin (Human Anatomy Book, 119). The
epidermis, being the most superficial part of the skin, consists of five different layers: stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick skin only), and stratum
corneum. The stratum basale, however, consists of many cells, one of them being melanocytes
(Human Anatomy Book, 121). These cells are responsible for the production of melanin, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For many years now, "scientists have known...that the condition is linked to mutations in the gene
that produces the OCA2 protein; [however], they hadn't...understood how mutations [led] to a
melanin deficit" (Brown University). The study was important because it was "the first to show that
ion channels are important for melanosomes to function properly" (Brown University). According to
the biologists, Nicholas Bellono and Elena Oancea, "the ion channel... lets electrically charged
chloride molecules flow into and out of the melanosome. When the melanosome lacks OCA2, the
researchers found that the chloride flow doesn't occur and the melanosome fails to produce melanin"
(Brown

Animal Physiology And Anatomy : The Skin Structure Of...
Animal Biology Research Paper
It is apparent that chameleons are remarkable animals due to the fact that they possess various
abilities which many other animals do not. The one ability that outstands the most from the rest is
the ability to change color. Ever since the discovery of chameleons, many scientists have elaborated
hypotheses as to how they are able to change color. The theory that has been adopted by many
researchers and animal enthusiasts has been that chameleons change color due to the expansion of
small pigment–filled sacs called chromatophores. This mechanism/technic is seen in various
animals such as those within the Mollusca phylum (e.g. squid, cuttlefish, octopi). This research
experiment gives rise to the truth as to how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symmetrically triangular s–iridophores, hence the name, were found to be in the superficial part
of the chameleons' skin; male chameleons showed to possess a more developed layer of this crystal,
whereas female and juvenile chameleons possessed an underdeveloped form of these crystals. The
more asymmetric rectangular d–iridophores were found to be located in the deeper part of all
female, male, and juvenile chameleons' skin.
The drive to fully understand how these guanine nanocrystals influence color change in chameleons
lead the researchers to extend their research. It was addressed that the s–iridophores were able to
relatively change the distance between one another, whereas, for the d–iridophores, were more fixed
when compared to the s–iridophores. It was observed that s–iridophores that appeared to be
positioned at closer proximities to each other expressed the color blue, and sections of the skin
where the iridophores were positioned further apart expressed the color red (usually when males are
excited). After disproving the initial hypothesis, the experimenters quickly formulated another cause
and effect relationship between the role of the s–iridophores and color change. The researchers
hypothesized, for a second time, that chameleons modify/move their guanine reflective crystals to a

The Effects Of Melanoma On The Integumentary System Essay
Integumentary System The Integumentary system is defined as "an organ system consisting in the
skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands" (Integumentary System, 1999). This systems main purpose is
to protect the body from the environment around it. The skin covers and protects tissues, nerves,
veins, and muscles of the body. The hair and nails give extra strength in reinforcing the skin while
keeping the body warm and protecting the skin from harmful UV rays. The exocrine glands of the
skin include the sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, and the ceruminous glands. Each exocrine
gland has a different function as well as location in the skin. The following text will explain the
effects of melanoma on the integumentary system.
Skin
The skin is divided into three different parts including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The
epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. This region of the skin has no blood cells or blood
vessels running through it. All of the nutrients that the epidermis needs are received through
diffusion from the dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. The
epidermis is made of five separate layers: the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum
granulosum, stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum. Starting at the innermost layer, the stratum
basale is where mitosis of keratinocytes takes place. This layer of the epidermis also contains
melanocytes which give the skin it's pigment. As mitosis takes place in the stratum

Symptoms And Treatment Of Skin Cancer
In recent years incidence of non melanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis (AK) has increased.
The tumours are treated with the help of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and topical therapies
to manage superficial carcinoma and actinic keratosis. This review briefs about skin physiology, non
melanoma skin cancer, relationship between actinic keratosis(AK) and skin cancer, different drugs
used in dermal preparations for management of actinic keratosis and novel approaches for targeting
drugs to skin neoplasm and actinic keratosis are discussed.
Introduction :
Development of skin cancer is most commonly seen in Caucasian popoualtion(1) (Bradford PT.,
2009).Damage of DNA due to ultraviolet radiations lead to formation of such type of cancer. Actinic
keratosis (AK) is also called as Solar keratosis or Senail keratosis.
AK severs as a marker for an increase in nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), even in the absence of
any specific lesion progression.The risk for progression of AK to invasive SCC with the potential
for metastasis provides the rationale for treatment(2) (Ibrahim and Brown, 2009). Early diagnosis
should be done for treatment of patients with skin cancer. Anticancer drugs administered orally or
by the intravenous route are associated with serious side effects when given systemically. Topical
dosage forms deliver most of the drug locally with fewer side effects compared with other routes of
administration.
Limited number of molecules has been administered topically

The Skin Or Integumentary System
The Skin or integumentary system is the largest organ in the human body. Its main purpose and or
function is to shield the entire body from the outer environment. Without the presence of the
integument, our bodies would be completely vulnerable to various factors such as temperature
change, mechanical damage, chemical destruction, and bacterial disturbance. Analyzing and
understanding the skin's structure and various functions will help us find ways to properly maintain
this crucial organ protecting our bodies.
Structure & Function
As mentioned earlier, "the skin is the largest organ in the body, accounting for approximately 16%
of the total body weight of an adult" (McLafferty E, Hendry C, Alistair F. 2012). Throughout the
body we see that skin has many variations of thickness which usually is determined by the specific
function of the body area. Consisting of sweat glands that react to changes in temperature, and
extensive layer of adipose tissue, and cells that are in charge of identifying changes in temperature,
touch, and pressure. The skin is comprised of two main layers, the upper epidermis layer, and the
lower dermis layer. Constructed of keratinized squamous epithelium, the epidermis contains four
primary types of cells. The first and most abundant are keratinocytes charged with the production of
keratin, a protein that helps give the epidermis its protective layer. Next up are cells known as
melanocytes which are responsible for the synthesis of the skin

The System Of The Human Body
Introduction
The integumentary system is one of the largest and most integral organs in the human body,
encompassing many structures and playing key roles in the protection and general function of the
body (Zimmermann, 2014). As with everything however; things can go wrong, failures can occur
causing the system to function at a level below what is required of it. It is at this point where we
must be active in our response to these faults and subsequently utilise knowledge and techniques in
order to contain these failures and sustain human life.
Structure
Encompassing structures like; hair, nails, nerves and glands, the integumentary system is evidently a
hugely important and crucial organ within the human body (Science Net Links, 2015). Despite
containing all of these structures however, the main component of the integumentary system is the
skin. Consisting of three layers; epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, the skin plays key functional
roles in the control of temperature within the body, production of essential vitamins, housing of
sensory receptors, secretion of waste products and protection of the body (Kerr, 2010).
The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium, providing a waterproofed protective layer over the epidermis (Moore, Dalley, Agur
2010). The epidermis itself separates into several layers (Figure 1) at thicker areas of skin, for
example palms of hands (Carola, Harley, Noback, 1992).

Lab 5: The Integumentary System
Lab 5: The Integumentary System Name
Using the key choices below, identify the indicated structures.
A. adipose tissue
B. venule
C. motor nerve
D. dermis
E. arrector pili muscle
F. hair bulb
G. merocrine sweat gland
H. hypodermis
I. apocrine sweat gland
J. sebaceous gland
1. D
2. H
3.C
4.J
5.E
6.F
7.I
8.G
9.A
10.B
[pic]
Using the key choices below, choose ALL responses that apply to the following descriptions.
A. stratum corneum
B. stratum basale
C. stratum granulosum
D. stratum lucidum
E. papillary layer
F. reticular layer

G. epidermis
H. dermis
__D___ 1. Translucent cells containing keratin
__A___ 2. Dead cells
__E___ 3. Dermis layer responsible for fingerprints
__F___ 4. Vascular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nails
1. The clear, keratinized portion of a fingernail is known as the nail _PLATE_. It has a root, body,
and free edge.
2. The space under the free edge, called the HYPONYCHIUM, must be scrupulously cleaned when
scrubbing for patient care.
3. The nail grows from a mitotically active tissue called the NAIL MATRIX_. Often a little of this is
visible at the proximal end of the nail as a white crescent called the _LUNULE__.
Top of Form
Cutaneous Glands
1. Sweat glands are also known as _SUDORIFEROUS__ glands. One type, called _MEROCLINE_
glands, serve for evaporative cooling of the body, while the other type, called _APOCRINE glands,
are scent glands. One place where the latter type can be found is the _AXILLARY_region.
2. We lose about half a liter of water a day by _INSENSIBLE_ perspiration, which we don't notice
because it evaporates immediately from the skin. More profuse sweating, with noticeable wetness, is
called __DIAPHORESIS__________.
3. Associated with the hair follicles are holocrine glands called __SEBACEOUS___, which produce
a skin oil called ___SEBUM_______.
4. Earwax, or __CERUMEN___________, consists mainly of the secretions of the
_CERUMENOUS___________glands in the ear canal.
5. The __MAMMARY___________ glands are modified sweat glands that show significant
development only in pregnancy and maternity.
Fill in the blanks.
Diseases of the Skin
1. Skin

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