14. Brodman’s Map of Motor and Sensory AreasBrodman’s Map of Motor and Sensory Areas
15.
16. Sensory areaSensory area
primary sensory areaprimary sensory area
secondary sensory areasecondary sensory area
Motor areaMotor area
primary motor areaprimary motor area
secondary motor areasecondary motor area
supplementary motor areasupplementary motor area
Association areaAssociation area
parietal, occipital and temporal cortexparietal, occipital and temporal cortex
- conceptual elaboration of sensory data- conceptual elaboration of sensory data
prefrontal (frontal) cortexprefrontal (frontal) cortex
- judgement, foresight- judgement, foresight
Functional Localization of Cerebral CortexFunctional Localization of Cerebral Cortex
17. AgnosiaAgnosia
Tactile agnosiaTactile agnosia
Visual agnosiaVisual agnosia
AlexiaAlexia
Auditory agnosiaAuditory agnosia
ApraxiaApraxia
AphasiaAphasia
Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasiaWernicke’s (receptive) aphasia
Broca’s (Motor) aphasiaBroca’s (Motor) aphasia
conduction aphasiaconduction aphasia
global aphasiaglobal aphasia
Disorders of Association CortexDisorders of Association Cortex
18. ApraxiaApraxia
The inability to execute a voluntary motor movement despiteThe inability to execute a voluntary motor movement despite
being able to demonstrate normal muscle function.being able to demonstrate normal muscle function.
21. Roger SperryRoger Sperry
(1913-1994)(1913-1994)
1981 Nobel1981 Nobel
LaureateLaureate
Split BrainSplit Brain
CommissuratomyCommissuratomy
(split corpus callosum)(split corpus callosum)
Two minds in one brain?Two minds in one brain?
22. Sensory Language Area (Wernike's area) ----Sensory Language Area (Wernike's area) ---- 22, 39, 4022, 39, 40
ReceptiveReceptive AphasiaAphasia -- area 22area 22
defect in comprehension, good spontaneous speechdefect in comprehension, good spontaneous speech
AnomicAnomic AphasiaAphasia -- word finding difficultyword finding difficulty
JargonJargon aphasiaaphasia -- fluent, but unintelligiable jargonfluent, but unintelligiable jargon
39 (supramarginal gyrus), 40 (angular gyrus)39 (supramarginal gyrus), 40 (angular gyrus)
Superior Longitudinal (Arcuate) FasciculusSuperior Longitudinal (Arcuate) Fasciculus
ConductionConduction AphasiaAphasia
good comprehension, good spontaneous speechgood comprehension, good spontaneous speech
poor repetition, poor responsepoor repetition, poor response
Motor Language Area (Broca’s area) --- 44, 45Motor Language Area (Broca’s area) --- 44, 45
MotorMotor ApahsiaApahsia
good comprehension, no speech, agraphiagood comprehension, no speech, agraphia
Language AreasLanguage Areas
23. Arcuate FasciculusArcuate Fasciculus
The groups of fibers that connect Broca's area with Wernicke's area (these fibersThe groups of fibers that connect Broca's area with Wernicke's area (these fibers
connect to the angular gyrus) and are located below the supramarginal gyrus.connect to the angular gyrus) and are located below the supramarginal gyrus.
According to Geschwind, damage to this area results in Conduction AphasiaAccording to Geschwind, damage to this area results in Conduction Aphasia
25. Photograph of the brainPhotograph of the brain
of Paul Broca’s patientof Paul Broca’s patient
called “Tan” (real namecalled “Tan” (real name
is Leborgne).is Leborgne).
Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area
Pars triangularis andPars triangularis and
pars opercularis of thepars opercularis of the
inferior frontal gyrus ofinferior frontal gyrus of
dominant hemisphere.dominant hemisphere.
53. Clinical FeatureClinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion:Principal Pathologic Lesion:
Corpus StriatumCorpus Striatum (esp. caudate nucleus)(esp. caudate nucleus)
and Cerebral Cortexand Cerebral Cortex
- Predominantly- Predominantly autosomal dominantlyautosomal dominantly
inherited chronic fatal diseaseinherited chronic fatal disease
(Gene: chromosome 4)(Gene: chromosome 4)
- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50
- Choreic movements in onset- Choreic movements in onset
- Frequently associated with- Frequently associated with
emotional disturbancesemotional disturbances
- Ultimately, grotesque gait and sever- Ultimately, grotesque gait and sever
dysarthria, progressive dementiadysarthria, progressive dementia
ensues.ensues.
HUNTINGTON’S CHOREAHUNTINGTON’S CHOREA
54. SYDENHAM’S CHOREASYDENHAM’S CHOREASYDENHAM’S CHOREASYDENHAM’S CHOREA
- Complication of- Complication of
Rheumatic FeverRheumatic Fever
- Fine, disorganized , and- Fine, disorganized , and
random movements ofrandom movements of
extremities, face andextremities, face and
tonguetongue
- Accompanied by- Accompanied by
Muscular HypotoniaMuscular Hypotonia
- Typical exaggeration of- Typical exaggeration of
associated movementsassociated movements
during voluntary activityduring voluntary activity
- Usually recovers- Usually recovers
spontaneouslyspontaneously
in 1 to 4 monthsin 1 to 4 months
Clinical FeatureClinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion:Principal Pathologic Lesion: Corpus StriatumCorpus Striatum
55. HEMIBALLISMHEMIBALLISMHEMIBALLISMHEMIBALLISM
- Usually results from CVA- Usually results from CVA
(Cerebrovascular Accident)(Cerebrovascular Accident)
involving subthalamic nucleusinvolving subthalamic nucleus
- sudden onset- sudden onset
-- Violent, writhing, involuntaryViolent, writhing, involuntary
movements of wide excursionmovements of wide excursion
confined toconfined to one half of the bodyone half of the body
- The movements are continuous- The movements are continuous
and often exhausting but ceaseand often exhausting but cease
during sleepduring sleep
- Sometimes fatal due to exhaustion- Sometimes fatal due to exhaustion
- Could be controlled by- Could be controlled by
phenothiazines and stereotaxicphenothiazines and stereotaxic
surgerysurgery
Clinical FeatureClinical Feature
Lesion:Lesion: Subthalamic NucleusSubthalamic Nucleus
56. Muhammad Ali in Alanta OlympicMuhammad Ali in Alanta Olympic
Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease
Disease of mesostriatalDisease of mesostriatal
dopaminergic systemdopaminergic system
PDPD
normalnormal
57. Substantia Nigra,Substantia Nigra,
Pars Compacta (SNc)Pars Compacta (SNc)
DOPAminergic NeuronDOPAminergic Neuron
Slowness of MovementSlowness of Movement
-- Difficulty in Initiation and CessationDifficulty in Initiation and Cessation
of Movementof Movement
Clinical Feature (1)Clinical Feature (1)
Parkinson’s Disease - Paralysis AgitansParkinson’s Disease - Paralysis Agitans
62. I.I. Molecular LayerMolecular Layer
II.II. External Granular LayerExternal Granular Layer
III.III. External Pyramidal LayerExternal Pyramidal Layer
Line of Kaes-BechterewLine of Kaes-Bechterew
IV.IV. Internal Granular LayerInternal Granular Layer
Outer band of BaillargerOuter band of Baillarger
- Line of Gennari- Line of Gennari in area 17in area 17
V.V. Internal Pyramidal LayerInternal Pyramidal Layer
Giant pyramidal cell of BetzGiant pyramidal cell of Betz
Inner Band of BaillargerInner Band of Baillarger
VI.VI. Polymorphic LayerPolymorphic Layer
GolgiGolgi NisslNissl WeigertWeigert
