2. JOB DESIGN
Job Design is:
The process of laying out
job responsibilities and
duties describing how they
are to be performed.
The different ways in
which work can be
designed has been studied
for a long time.
Four Dimensions of Job
Design
Task Characteristics
Knowledge Characteristics
Social Characteristics
Contextual Characteristics
3. TASK CHARACTERISTICS
Task characteristics focus on
how the work itself is
accomplished and the range
and nature of the tasks
associated with a particular
job.
Example of a TASK????
4. TASK CHARACTERISTICS
Autonomy
refers to how much
freedom and independence
the incumbent has to carry
out his or her work
assignment.
(a) work scheduling,
(b) decision making, and
(c) work methods.
6. TASK CHARACTERISTICS
Task Significance
When is your job significant?
Task significance indicates the
extent to which a job
influences the lives or work of
others, whether inside or
outside the organization.
7. TASK CHARACTERISTICS
Task Identity
reflects the extent to which a
job involves a whole piece of
work that can readily be
identified.
Ex. A cake decorator versus a
person who makes the cake
from start to finish
8. TASK CHARACTERISTICS
Feedback from the job
Refers to the extent which jobs
provides direct and clear
information about the task
performance.
Management job gets low
feedback from the job.
9. KNOWLEDGE
CHARACTERISTICS
is the demand for knowledge,
skill and ability placed on a job
holder because of the activities
built into the job.
Security Guard
Driver
Pastry Chef
12. KNOWLEDGE
CHARACTERISTICS
Problem solving
What is a Problem?
refers to the degree to which a
job requires unique ideas or
solutions, and it also involves
diagnosing and solving non
routine problems and
preventing or fixing errors
18. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Interaction outside the
organization
refers to how much the job
requires the employee to
interact and communicate with
people outside the
organization.
19. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Feedback from others
refers to the extent to which
other workers in the
organization provide
information about
performance.
24. CONTEXTUAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Equipment Use
Is a sub-dimension of the
contextual characteristics that
reflects the variety and
complexity of the technology
and equipment incorporated to
the job.
25. JOB DIMENSION DIFFERENCE
Professional
Job complexity
Information processing
Problem solving
Skill variety
Work scheduling autonomy
Decision-making autonomy
Work-methods autonomy
Work conditions (more
favorable)
Non-Professional
Physical Demands
28. JOB SPECIALIZATION &
AUTOMATION
Automation typically involves a
machine that performs a
specialized task previously
performed by people.
To increase productivity by
reducing the labor content
required to deliver a product of
service.
Automation enhances job
satisfaction when annoying or
dangerous tasks are removed,
and automation does not result
29. JOB DESCRIPTION
is a written statement of
the key features of a job
and the activities required
to perform it effectively.
30. JOB ENRICHMENT
Job enrichment
is an approach to including
more challenge and
responsibility in jobs to
make them more appealing
to most employees
Ownership
Responsibility
Accountability
31. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENRICHED JOB.
1. Direct feedback.
Employees should receive immediate
evaluation of their work.
2. Client relationships.
A job is automatically enriched when an
employee has a client or customer to
serve.
32. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENRICHED JOB.
3. New learning.
An enriched job allows its holder
to acquire new knowledge.
4. Control over method.
When a worker has some control
over which method to choose to
accomplish a task, his or her task
motivation generally increases.
33. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENRICHED JOB.5. Control over scheduling.
Scheduling includes the authority to decide
when to tackle which assignment and having
some say in setting working hours.
6. Unique experience.
An enriched job exhibits unique qualities or
features.
7. Control over resources.
such as money, material, or people.
34. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ENRICHED JOB.
8. Direct communication
authority.
An enriched job provides workers the
opportunity to communicate directly with
people who use their output.
9. Personal accountability.
In an enriched job, workers take
responsibility for their results.
35.
36. JOB INVOLVEMENT,
ENLARGEMENT, ROTATION
Job involvement
is the degree to which
individuals identify
psychologically with their
work.
Job enlargement
refers to increasing the
number of variety of tasks
within a job.
37. JOB INVOLVEMENT,
ENLARGEMENT, ROTATION
Job rotation
is a temporary switching of
job assignments.
Formal programs or job
rotation usually last about
one year.
helps prevent workers
from falling into a rut and
feeling bored
39. ERGONOMICS
The practice of matching
machines to worker
requirements
Ergonomics seeks to minimize
the physical demands on
workers and optimize system
performance, and therefore
has considerable relevance to
job design
42. NOISE PROBLEMS
Although industrial noise
problems are usually
associated with manufacturing
and mills, the constant buzz in
offices also can create
discomfort and physical
problems.
Many workers complain about
the ringing of personal cell
phones during the work day.
43. STEPS TO PREVENT
CUMULATIVE TRAUMA
DISORDERS
Analyze possible hazards, including equipment that is difficult
to operate.
Install equipment that minimizes awkward hand and body
movements.
Encourage workers to take frequent breaks.
Encourage workers to maintain good posture when seated at the
keyboard.
44.
45. MODIFIED WORK SCHEDULES
is giving workers authority
In scheduling their own
work.
popular with the physical
disabled because the
rigors of commuting may
decrease.
many single parent need
flexible hours to cope with
childcare
47. FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS
Advantages
decrease employee
absenteeism and stress
and enhance productivity.
increase efficiency during
core times and decrease
the need for overtime
because more gets
accomplished during the
core.
Disadvantages
fear of being perceived as
not strongly committed to
the organization.
meetings might be held at
times outside the
employee’s scheduled
time.
48. COMPRESSED WORKWEEK
A compressed week is a
full-time work schedule
that allows 40 hours of
work in less than five days.
The usual arrangement is
4-40 (working four 10hour
days).
49. COMPRESSED WORKWEEK
popular with employees
whose lifestyle fits such a
schedule and morale
increase for employees
who want more days off.
Some employees do not
want so much time away
from work each month.
Many workers are fatigued
during the two hours of
the day and suffer from
losses in concentration.
50. TELECOMMUTING
Telecommuting is an
arrangement in which
employees use computers
to perform their regular
work responsibilities at
home, in a satellite office,
or from a remote worksite
52. TELECOMMUTING
Advantages
Increased productivity.
Low overhead.
Access to a wider range of
employee talent
Direct contribution to
green initiatives
Disadvantages
Isolation from coworkers
Less highway traffic
Late night works
Loyalty and teamwork
Supervision issues
Less extraction of
creativity
53. JOB SHARING
is a work arrangement in which two
people who work part-time share one
job.
Salary and benefits are prorated for
the half-time workers.
The sharers divide the job according
to their needs.
They may work selected days of the
workweek, or one person might work
mornings and the other afternoons
54. PART-TIME AND TEMPORARY
WORK
The category of part-time
workers includes
employees who work
reduced weekly, annual, or
seasonal hours and those
who have project-based
occasional work.
56. SHIFT WORK
The purpose of shift work
is to provide coverage
during nonstandard hours.
The most common shift
schedules are days (7 a.m.
to 3 p.m.), evenings (3
p.m. to 11 p.m.), and
nights (11 p.m. to 7 a.m.).
57. SHIFT WORK
Shift work involves more
than a deviation from a
traditional work schedule.
It creates a lifestyle that
affects productivity, health,
family, and social life.
