The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. It protects life by absorbing UV rays, provides warmth through the greenhouse effect, and moderates temperature extremes. The ozone layer located 15-35km above the surface protects the Earth from UV rays by absorbing most of them. Weather occurs over short periods of time, while climate describes patterns over 30+ years and determines temperature and precipitation averages. Climate is influenced by several factors like latitude, altitude, distance from oceans, wind and pressure systems, and ocean currents.

1. THE ATMOSPHERE
Definition:
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases surrounding the
planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere
protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation,
warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect),
and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the
diurnal temperature variation).
Composition:
The atmosphere is made of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)

2. Layers

3. Other layers:
The ozone layer
The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer
ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is
much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small
compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly
located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km
(9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally
and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is
contained in the stratosphere.

4. Climate /weather and climograme
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a
particular place over a short period of time. For
example, on a particular day in Trinidad, the weather
is warm in the afternoon. But later in the day, when
there are clouds blocking Sun's rays, the weather
would become cooler.
Climate refers to the weather pattern of a place over
a long period, maybe 30 years or more, long enough
to yield meaningful averages. For example, although
the weather in Pakistan may be cool and dry today,
Pakistan's climate is hot most of the time.

5. Climograph
A climograph is a graphical representation
of basic climatic parameters, that is
monthly average temperature and
precipitation, at a certain location. It is
used for a quick-view of the climate of a
location.

7. Factors that affect the climate
• LATITUDE
• ALTITUDE
• DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
• PRESSURE AND WIND SYSTEM
• OCEAN CURRENTS

9. ALTITUDE
* HILLY AREAS ARE COOLER THAN PLAIN AREAS

10. DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
Sea exerts a moderating influence on
climate. If the place is located away from
the sea then the moderating influence of
the sea decreases.

13. PRESSURE AND WIND
Air pressure affects the wind system wind
affects the rainfall of a region.

14. OCEAN CURRENTS
MASS MOVEMENTS OF OCEAN WATER FROM ONE PART OF
THE OCEAN TO ANOTHER PART.
TWO TYPES:
- WARM CURRENT
- COLD CURRENT

16. MAJOR CLIMATE ZONES

18. CHARACTERISTICS
OF SEASONS
SPRING
In nature, the spring season is a time of
renewal. Trees begin to bud and flowers bloom.
Easter egg hunts are held in the springtime to
celebrate the season. Rainy days help the
growth of the flowers, grass, and trees during
the spring.
SUMMER
For many students, summer is a time of
relaxation and a break from schoolwork. The
Fourth of July is celebrated in America with
parades and other outdoor activities. The long
days of summer allow for lots of time with
friends and family. Summer is a common season
for thunderstorms that are both powerful and
exciting to see.

19. AUTUMN
The autumn brings colder temperatures and
frost. Corn is one of the crops that is harvested
in the fall. In addition, some children enjoy
trick or treating on Halloween night.
Furthermore, in the fall season there are
animals that prepare for hibernation by eating
a lot in order to store up enough body fat to
live on through the winter months.
WINTER
Winter brings snow and ice for many people
in the world. Evergreen trees are brought
inside homes and set up for Christmas
celebrations. Bears have gone into
hibernation and most trees have lost all of
their leaves. Shoveling snow and building
snowmen are two common activities of the
winter season.

20. INSTRUMENTS AND PREDICTIONS
THERMOMETER:
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature
gradient. A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature
sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury-in-glass thermometer) in which some
physical change occurs with temperature, and (2) some means of converting
this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is
marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer).
HYGROMETER:
A hygrometer /haɪˈɡrɒmɨtər/ is an instrument used for measuring the
moisture content in the atmosphere. Humidity measurement instruments
usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature,
pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as
moisture is absorbed.

21. BAROMETER: A barometer is a scientific instrument used in
meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure
ANEMOMETER: An anemometer is a device used for measuring
wind speed, and is a common weather station instrument.

22. WEATHER MAPS

23. FORECAST