Voice Disorder Manual

Classification Manual For Voice Disorders
The voice is an individual's main mode of communicating his or her wants, needs, and emotions
among other things. Each individual's voice is different, depending on whether the individual is
male or female, and ranges in pitch and loudness. The voice is something that defines an individual
as a person by helping shape the person's overall personality and attitude. However, there are many
factors that may cause an individual's voice to be affected. According to Verdolini and colleagues
(2006), the "Classification Manual for Voice Disorders I describes seven distinct causal
classifications which include laryngeal problems related to structural (1) pathologies, (2)
inflammatory conditions, and (3) trauma or injury; (4)systemic conditions, (5) nonlaryngeal aero
digestive disorders, (6) psychiatric–psychological disorders, and (7) neurological disorders". Due to
such a broad definition of what a voice disorder is, it is difficult to determine the incidence and
prevalence of voice disorders. Most normative data includes information on individuals with
occupations that require them to use their voice more than the average person, such as teachers,
speech pathologists, and even singers (Boone et al., 2014). The purpose of this paper will be to
provide background information on one causation of a neurological voice disorder–vocal fold
paralysis, describe the diagnostic process for assessing a voice disorder, and describe the treatments
available for the types of vocal fold paralysis.
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Informative Speech on Als Essays
Informative Speech on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) OBJECTIVES: General Purpose: To
inform the audience about ALS Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the diagnosis and
progression of ALS Central Idea: The symptoms and effects of this disease on the individual and
family Organizational Pattern: The progression of ALS from diagnosis to death INTRODUCTION
I. Take a moment, and point at the computer screen. Notice that your index finger is extended and
your other fingers are curled into your palm. How did your hand know to do that? It all began in
your brain, the starting point for an important chain of communication. Your brain ordered nerve
cells, to activate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C. Once the victim is positively diagnosed they are given a life expectancy of 2–5 years. (As the
disease progresses the symptoms get worse) III. Middle Stage A. Some muscles are paralyzed, while
others are weakened or unaffected. B. Walking becomes difficult, if a fall occurs, the person may
not be able to stand back up alone. Driving is relinquished. Weakness in swallowing muscle may
cause choking, and greater difficulty eating and managing saliva. C. Weakness in breathing muscles
can cause respiratory insufficiency, especially when lying down. D. Some people experience bouts
of uncontrolled and inappropriate laughing or crying. (Despite how it seems, the person usually
doesn't feel particularly sad or happy.) IV. Late Stages A. Most voluntary muscles are paralyzed B.
The muscles that help move air in and out of the lungs are severely compromised. C. Mobility is
extremely limited, and help is needed in caring for most personal needs. D. Poor respiration may
cause fatigue, fuzzy thinking, headaches and susceptibility to pneumonia (Respiratory insufficiency
is a leading cause of death in ALS.) (When ALS attacks, it attacks quickly) V. Final Goodbyes A. In
the last stage of the disease the effects on the body are crucial. B. The vast majority of deaths from
ALS are the result of

Three Different Kinds Of Muscles : Skeletal, Cardiac And...
Introduction: The body consists of three different kinds of muscles: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscle. Skeletal muscle, which is the primary focus of this lab, is made up of much smaller muscle
fibers. These muscle fibers have smaller units called myofibrils followed by the smallest contractile
unit of a muscle fiber called the sarcomere. Furthermore, the sarcomere is composed of two filament
types– thick filaments, called myosin and thin filaments called actin. In order for muscle contraction
to occur, these two filaments must bind to form cross bridges. These cross bridges are formed
through the interaction of the actin and myosin head along with calcium ions and ATP molecules.
The formation and reformation of these cross bridges is what is known as cross bridge cycling and
is what is responsible for repeated muscle contraction in the same sarcomere. Muscle contractions
only occur when they receive action potentials from nerve cells called motor neurons. These motor
neurons synapse directly onto muscle cells– sometimes even innervating multiple muscle cells. If
there is a need for stronger contraction, motor neurons can be recruited to aid in the increase of
muscle contraction. A concept known as motor unit recruitment. Typically, motor unit recruitment
goes from the smaller units, which innervate smaller muscles, to larger units which innervate larger
muscles. This is known as the Henneman's size principle. However, for the purposes of this
experiment, when

Erb 's Palsy : A Form Of Brachial Plexus Palsy
Erb's Palsy
Amanda Metrikin
5/11/16
Pediatrics
Erb's palsy is a form of brachial plexus palsy. Brachial plexus palsy occurs when nerves in the
brachial plexus get damaged and signals cannot travel in their normal pattern from the brain to the
arm muscles. This causes paralysis (palsy) or weakness in the arm (brachial) region, as well as
atrophy of the deltoid, biceps, and brachialis muscles. About two out of every 1,000 babies have this
condition and it often occurs during birth when the infant's neck is stretched during a difficult
delivery. Common risk factors of Erb's palsy include use of forceps or a vacuum during delivery,
large infant size, small maternal size or excessive maternal weight gain, a large infant, breech birth,
or prolonged labor. Recovery of movement and feeling in the arm can reoccur with daily physical
and occupational therapy, as well as an active role by the parents to help maintain maximum
function (Erb's Palsy Ortho Info).
The brachial plexus is made up of five large nerves, which come out of the spinal cord between the
vertebrae and give movement and feeling to the arm. After coming out of the neck, the nerves come
together and then divide amongst the muscles and tissues of the arm. The area of the brachial plexus
runs from the neck and passes under the collarbone and is the major area of the nerves of the armpit.
When the upper nerves are affected, this is known as Erb's palsy. The infant may not be able

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is commonly referred to as ALS. This disease is also known to many
as Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS is a disease characterized by the slow death of certain nerve cells in
the brain and spine. As described by research done through the Mayo Clinic, nerve cells called
motor neurons control the muscles that allow you to move muscles of your body. ALS effects these
particular neurons and produce serious neurological effects that can start as muscle weakness that
eventually leads to disability and then to death. For some people diagnosed with ALS they may find
it difficult to walk, talk, eat food, swallow, and even breathe. These problems can, and will lead to
injury, illness, and eventually death. For most people who suffer with ALS, death will occur within
three to five years after the first symptoms begin; some people may live for many years beyond that.
One of the early symptoms of ALS is footdrop, where lifting the anterior part of the foot or toes
becomes problematic. Other early symptoms include muscle twitching and weakness in the arms or
the legs. Also, other early symptoms include hand weakness and noticeable clumsiness. This may
include things like having difficulty buttoning shirts or tying shoes. Trouble swallowing and slurred
speech can also be an early sign of ALS. Doctors don't know what actually causes ALS. What is
known in about 1 case out of 10 is that it is hereditary. This means that 9 times out of 10, someone
with ALS does not

The Human Nervous System Essay
The Human Nervous System
The nervous system is the most complex part of the body, as they govern our thoughts, feelings, and
bodily functions. It is an important factor in science because it can lead to new discoveries for cures
or diseases. The studies of the nervous system helped lower death rates from heart disease, stroke,
accidents, etc. The nervous system is a network of neurons (nerve cells that sends information to the
brain to be analyzed.
Neurons live both in and outside the central nervous system. Understanding how the neurons work
is vital to understanding the nervous system.
The neuron has two important structures called the dendrite and axon, also called nerve fibers. The
dendrites are like tentacles that sprout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse is then sent to another neuron, and the process repeats until the nerves are at rest. The
effect of the signals depends on what the target is. If the target of the signal is a muscle cell, the
effect might be a muscle contraction. The speed of the electrical impulse depends on the size of the
nerve fiber. In small nerves, the rate it transmits impulses is from a half to two meters a second. The
larger the diameter of the nerve fiber, the higher rate of conducting impulses. There is less electrical
resistance in thick fibers. When nerve impulse jumps from one node (gaps in nerve fibers) to the
next, it is called saltatory conduction. Saltatory conduction conducts faster because it contains an
insulator that prevents leakage of currents. The rate of conduction is 2 to 120 meters a second. Not
all nerves conduct impulse electrochemically. Some impulses jump from nerve to nerve, bypassing
the synapse. Unlike other cells, once neurons are lost, they can't be regenerated. Fortunately, there
are about 10 billion neurons and they have other cells to aid them in carrying messages to other
nerves. But if nerves are severed, the nerve fibers can regenerate if the two ends are reattached
precisely. However, restored functions may produce different actions because the nerves might not
be connected to the right channel.
There are three main parts of the nervous system: the central, peripheral, and autonomic

The Effect Of Neural Reflexes On The Gastrointestinal...
ows neural reflexes to occur solely in the gastrointestinal tract, independent of the brain and spinal
cord (Widmaier et al. 2014).
Within the tubular gastrointestinal tract, the ENS is formed by various interconnected networks,
called plexuses, of enteric neurons, glial cells, and axons (Widmaier et al. 2014). The majority of
these nerve cells are found within two different arrangements of ganglia (Fig. 1): the myenteric
(Auerbach's) plexus and the submucosal (Meissner's) plexus (Furness 2006; Guyton and Hall 2006).
The nerve cells' axons either synapse with additional neurons in the plexus or innervate the smooth
muscle of digestive organs (Furness 2006). Neural activity in one plexus can affect activity in the
other since some axons in one plexus synapse with neurons in the other (Fig. 1) (Widmaier et al.
2014). Extrinsic nerve fibers from the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can also synapse
with neurons in each of the two plexuses (Fig. 1) (Guyton and Hall 2006). Though the ENS can
function without these nerve pathways, the subsystems of the ANS can influence gastrointestinal
activity (Guyton and Hall 2006; Widmaier et al. 2014). An example would include either inhibiting
or enhancing the GI tract's motility and secretory activity through the sympathetic and
parasympathetic fibers (Widmaier et al. 2014).
The myenteric and submucosal plexuses each have different physiological functions. The myenteric
plexus spans the length of the intestinal wall and consists of

Acoustic Neuroma Research Paper
Acoustic Neuroma is an uncommon, benign, and typically slow growing tumor that develops on the
eighth cranial nerve. The incidence of developing this neuroma is 1 in 100,000 people per year
according to Science Direct (Ho & Kveton, 2012). It is estimated that 2,500 new tumors per year are
diagnosed in the United States alone. Information on how acoustic neuromas actually evolve,
treatment options, advantages and disadvantages of treatment options, and preservation of the facial
nerve during surgery will all be discussed in this paper.
Evolvement
The first step to understanding acoustic neuromas is learning about the science behind the neuroma,
how they grow, and the effect they have on individuals. According to McDonald (2011), acoustic
neuromas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The preservation of this facial nerve maximizes the surgery by retaining the normal anatomy while
maximizing the removal of the tumor as much as possible (Tokimura et al., 2014). When the
surgeons monitor the facial nerve function, they are becoming more conscious of protection of the
facial nerve thus preserving its function. When removing an inner tumor close to the brain stem,
injury should be carefully avoided in case that the fourth ventricle choroid plexus is exposed. This
would indicate that the operation has approached the facial nerve stem end, which we do not want.
When the residual tumor tissue adhered to the facial nerve is removed, detection electrode can be
used to determine the facial nerve function. If the stimulation current intensity remains constant
while the sound signal is gradual weakening, it suggests that facial nerve dysfunction has increased
(Xing, Wang, Wang, Cao, & Ma, 2014). The protection and preservation of the facial nerve is a very
important aspect to the surgical aspect of Acoustical Neuroma treatment

Persuasive Speech About Relationships
Have you been cheated on? Is your partner having an affair with someone else? Well, if yes, then
this book is definitely for you.
They say change is the only constant thing in the world and that everything happens for a reason.
We all know that nothing is perfect and life is as messy as your room. Same goes with relationships.
Every relationship starts with flowers and hearts, experiences some bumpy and sticky roads along
the way, and will either come to an end, or to a fruitful marriage. That's the scariest part of dating,
and it is one of life's greatest mysteries. You will never know what will happen next...
One of the most common things that barricades every couple's way to their possible future together
is infidelity. If you're having the best partner around and suddenly, your system goes into turmoil
when you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then there will be utter devastation, feelings of hurt, confusion, and betrayal to deal with. On top of
that, there are also many ribcage–opening heart decisions to think and make about the future of your
relationship––– Is it time to end the relationship? Or you just need some time to think? Maybe, you
badly need counseling.
First, let's talk about cheating. When one of you cheats, it just means that your relationship needs
some minor repairs, or in other cases–really serious repairs. It serves as a premonition, a stop light, a
warning sign that something is wrong. It could be with you, with him/her, or with both of you.
Now let's have a 30 day plan to help you cope after the affair. The healing process is an emotional
one and takes some real work from both parties involved, not just with only you. The process of
fixing and figuring things up and saving the relationship is really difficult and emotional–like, really
emotional for some people––– but it is not impossible to achieve, to give you out good

Case Study on Compartment Syndrome
A Case Study on Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in a soccer player
Objective: To describe the evaluation, diagnosis, and current treatment of a men's soccer player with
compartment syndrome of the forearm.
Background: The forearm is the most common site for compartment syndrome in the upper
extremity. The compartments of the forearm include the volar (anterior or flexor), and the dorsal
(posterior or exterior). Both bone forearm fractures and distal radius fractures are common initial
injuries that lead to acute forearm compartment syndrome. The flexor digitorum profundus and
flexor pollicis longus are among the most severely affected muscles because of their deep location,
closest to the bone.
Differential Diagnosis: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency. It is usually cause by a severe injury. And
without treatment, it can lead to permanent muscle damage. Chronic compartment syndrome, also
known as exertional compartment syndrome, is usually not an emergency. This is most often caused
by an athletic exertion. Because the fascia does not stretch, this can cause increase pressure on the
capillaries, nerves and muscles in the compartment. The blood flow to the muscle and nerve cells is
disrupted. Without a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, the nerve and muscle cells can be
damaged. Compartment syndrome most often occurs in the anterior compartment of the lower leg.
But can also be present in other compartments in the leg, as well as the arms, hands, feet and
buttocks. The pain and swelling of chronic compartment syndrome is caused by exercise. Athletes
who participant in activities with repetitive motions, such as running, biking, or swimming, are
more likely to develop chronic compartment syndrome. This is usually relieved by discontinuing the
exercise and is usually not dangerous. Acute compartment syndrome usually develops after a severe
injury such as a broken bone. Rarely does it develop after a relatively minor injury. Conditions that
may bring on acute compartment syndrome include: a fracture, badly bruised muscle, reestablished
blood flow after block circulation, or constricting bandages. The classic sign of acute

The Neural Epidural Junction Is Where The Psychological,...
The neural epidural junction is where the psychological, physiological and somatic systems
intersect. These systems all give access to my personal identity. In addition, the three systems
redirect thoughts and feelings on how I associate with systems and through the colors, the
subconscious and a compassionate self is revealed by the following. I created a grouping of three
large and small figureheads, and an umbrella–like sky (the visor). These figureheads enable viewers
to sieve their thoughts and feelings as I do. Specifically, sharing the mental anxiety through shock
encounters (concrete figurehead); memories of the Holocaust and traumatic circumstances. Also, the
physiological response captured in an array of colors (glass figurehead) which, convey emotional
responses. In addition, even though, I am a down–to–earth person, the third figurehead
communicates that I also crumble like the soil (clay figurehead). The smaller figures mounted on the
visor above the clay figurehead intends to give a whimsical, floating feeling to emphasize the
warmth related to the feelings of compassion I hold. It is also through the colors in all the
figureheads, the visor and the illumination with LED lights, and crackling effect that I project whom
I am. Further, by having a visor emulate a stained glass, I created an illusion that viewers can
embrace seeing society as tainted, as I do. The three figureheads work like fitting a puzzle together
and addressing caring. The concrete head is

The Muscular And Nervous Systems Of Our Body
The Muscular and Nervous Systems of our body are two of eight major body functional systems that
help us maintain homeostasis or in a chemical balance within our bodies. When the body cannot
maintain homeostasis there is usually some sort of sickness or disease that is targeting one of our
major body functions. An example of two diseases that could affect our homeostasis within our
Muscular and Nervous System are Hydrocephalus and Dystonia.
The Nervous System is the system of our body that deal with the many nerves in our body that help
us respond and react to things outside of our body that could or could not be conscious to us. The
disease Hydrocephalus is a disease that affects the Nervous System through the brain.
Hydrocephalus is when fluid that normally would help cushion our brain becomes excessive. This
fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. By this fluid becoming excessive it puts harmful pressure on the
brain. Hydrocephalus can be categorized into two types. Congenital Hydrocephalus and Acquired
Hydrocephalus. Congenital Hydrocephalus is present at birth. The causes could be genetic or
inherited through the parent's genes or problems during fetus development. Acquired Hydrocephalus
is happens after birth and at any age. Several causes such as head injuries, strokes, infections,
tumors, and bleeding in the brain are ways that can lead a person's diagnoses of Acquired
Hydrocephalus. Symptoms patients should look for after experiencing one of these causes are:

Neurotransmitter and Maximal Contractile Response Essay
Department of Physiology
PHY2021
Body Systems Physiology
Activity of Gastrointestinal
Smooth Muscle Worksheet
Due by:
Noon (12 pm) Friday April 12
Pre–prac Reading: Vander, 12th Edition:
Section 6D.4 (pp 175–180), Section 15.2 (pp 521–522), Section 15.4 (pp 528–529, 536–538 & 542–
543).
INTRODUCTION
Give a brief description in your own words of the objectives and aims of this practical.
The aim of this practical was to discover the effects that numerous hormones and drugs have on the
sample ileum's nerves and relate this to the human autonomic nervous system.
The objectives include observing the change in contractions during different levels of stimulation
and inhibition, such as that from different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A decrease in stimulus frequency results in a greater number of contractions within the ileum. An
increase in the stimulus frequency results in a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters, further
inhibiting the contractions of the ileum.
B. MIMICKING THE ACTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM USING DRUGS
 Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to the direct
addition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine to the tissue bath.
1) What was the final bath concentration of noradrenaline you used? Briefly describe the response
of the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline.
2) What was the final bath concentration of acetylcholine you used? Briefly describe the response of

the ileum to the direct addition of acetylcholine.
3) Since an inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was observed in all (or most) of the tissues
studied in the practical, how is differential control (i.e., both inhibition and excitation) of gut
contraction achieved in the body? Is it always inhibitory in vivo? What happens in the intact
animal?
C. BLOCKING AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TRANSMITTER TARGETS
Effect of phentolamine on the responses to nerve stimulation and added transmitter substances
 Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to nerve
stimulation and to the direct addition of

Anterior Thoracic Nerves
The Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1 is part of the thoracic region in the spinal nerve that originates
thoracic vertebrae 1 (T1). When T1 is not functional and there is limited activity in the upper
extremity, it causes a debilitating condition called scapular winging. The muscles affected are
serratus anterior, trapezius, and rhomboids. Loss of function of the Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1
would affect the antagonist muscles of Shoulder Medial Rotation (Serratus anterior, Trapezius, and
Rhomboids), not the synergist muscles that create the movement (Pectoralis major, Subscapularis,
Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, and Anterior deltoid). Scapular winging causes you to lose ability in
lifting, pulling, carrying, and pushing heavy objects. Serratus anterior

An Injectable, Amide Group Local Anaesthetic Drug ( Class )
Bupivacaine hydrochloride (generic name) is an injectable, amide group local anaesthetic drug
(class). In New Zealand this drug is marketed under the trade names Marcain, Marcain spinal and
for veterinary use as Bucaine (Bullock and Manias, 2013). When in combination with a
vasoconstrictor such as adrenaline, it is available as Marcain dental or Marcain with adrenaline. It is
also available as Bupafen when in combination with fentanyl (MIMS, 2013). Other trade names
include; Sensorcaine, Sensorcaine spinal and Vivacaine (Halaszynski, 2010).
Formulations
As an injection bupivacaine hydrochloride comes in a cartridge as a colourless, particle free
solution. All preparations contain sodium chloride. When in combination with adrenaline it also
contains sodium metabisulphite. Preparations with fentanyl contain fentanyl citrate (AstraZeneca
Ltd., 2015).
Indications
Bupivacaine hydrochloride is indicated for local anaesthesia; this includes nerve block, infiltration,
epidural (with fentanyl) and intrathecal (spinal) anaesthesia and analgesia (MIMS, 2013). Generally
a single–shot injection is administered, however, to achieve prolonged anaesthesia and post–
operative analgesia, the drug can be co–administered with adrenaline (Halaszynski, 2010). This drug
is commonly used for medical pain during general and dental surgical procedures, obstetrical as well
as diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (Bullock and Manias, 2013).
Contraindications
Bupivacaine hydrochloride is

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome : An Autoimmune Disease
Introduction Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, also known as Eaton Lambert syndrome, is an
autoimmune disease that is characterized by the onset of severe muscle weakness. The muscle
weakness involved with Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) typically occurs in the
pelvis and thigh muscles. Approximately 60 percent of LEMS cases are associated with a small cell
lung cancer (SCLC), and the onset of LEMS symptoms often precedes the detection of the cancer
(Gozzard). Patients who have LEMS that also have cancer tend to have a history of smoking and are
usually older adults. LEMS occurs often in men with tumors in their chests, especially lung cancer.
Individuals without cancer can develop LEMS at any age. However, LEMS is rarely seen in
children and this disease is not hereditary. This disease is also more common in men than in women
and the progression depends on whether it occurs with cancer. LEMS is named after Edward
Lambert and Lee Eaton. These men were neurologists at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota
and they described Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome in the 1950's and 1960's. Approximately
400 people in the United States have LEMS. This disease is an autoimmune disease in which the
immune system attacks the body's own healthy tissues. The immune system attacks neuromuscular
junctions, which are the areas where a person's nerves and muscles connects. This then affects the
way muscles and nerves communicate and make it difficult to move muscles. LEMS

Biomechatronics: Analyzing Human Motion Essay
Modern robotics is edging ever closer to this vision in a field known as biomechatronics. Many
people around the world take their limbs for granted; some people have lost or have impaired limbs
due to trauma, disease or birth defects. Scientist are edging closer to developing biomechatronic;
merging man with machine. Bimechatronic scientists attempt to make electronic devices that
interact with the body's muscles and nervous system with the aim to enhance human movement. Dr.
Hugh Herr, a leading scientist and his team are working on developing biomechartonics using
computer models and camera analyses to study the movement of balance. (How Stuff Works Inc,
2005) They are also researching how electronic devices can be interfaced with the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nerve cells in your foot then react to the ground force and feedback the information to adjust to
the force, or the appropriate muscle group. Nerve cells in your legs muscle spindles sense the
position on the floor and rely the information to the brain where it is processed and send back where
the movement takes place. Interfacing Biomechatronic devices allow the user to connect muscle
systems and nerves in order to send and receive information from the device. This technology is not
available at ordinary orthotics and prosthetics devices. Scientist will then have created a device,
which helps to treat paralysis, and stroke victims who are unable to move their feet when they walk.
When the foot is installed the scientists will mingle the nerves and muscles together. This will
enable them to use the limb. When the user wants to move the limb the biosensors receive
information about the limbs movement and force. Then the movement that will be sent to the
controller that is located internally or externally. The controller will then relay the user intention to
the mechanical sensor where it will be processed aand then sent back to the actuator and the limb
where the movement will take place. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2014)
Advantages
Disadvantage
Biochatronics can be very hard to fix, as they are very complex machines with very small

Axonal Death And Alzheimer 's Disease
Introduction Axonal death is a main element in many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been
observed in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Axon degeneration does not necessarily have to involve the typical apoptotic pathway regardless of
the morphological similarities to cells undergoing apoptosis. Yang et al. focused on axonal death in
traumatic injury because it has been shown to be independent of the necroptotic pathway. This was
discovered since treatment with necroptosis inhibitors did not protect axons. To reiterate, axonal
death in traumatic injury has commonalities with other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's disease. If there is a greater understanding for the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Axonal degeneration does have a significant impact on many neurodegenerative diseases. Their
research found that this particular pathway, Sarm1–MAPK pathway, may be a common pathway for
different types of axonal degeneration, not just from traumatic injury. If the main pathway or
underlying mechanism that drives these diseases is uncovered and understood, then this can lead to
creating different methods to protect synapses and axons in these diseases. Other research can focus
on trying to inhibit the Sarm1–MAPK pathway, or at least inhibit distinct components within it.
Their research is pertinent to finding a cure or possible treatments for many of these diseases. This
will have multiple implications on society, medicine, and the quality of life for many people
suffering with the many debilitating symptoms associated with these diseases.
Experimental System In order to examine axons undergoing degeneration after traumatic injury,
they observed axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse optic nerves. These RGCs were
labeled with TdTomato fluorescent protein in order to visualize the axon degeneration following the
optic nerve crush–the traumatic injury. Then using the transgenic mouse line, Yang et al. examined
the cytosolic version of Nmnat1. In addition, they used wild–type mice that were transduced with
TdTomato and a specific shRNA targeting Sarm1

Analysis Of Electrospinning Nannofibers
The main technique that will be used during this project is electrospinning nanofibers. The goal of
electrospinning is to produce polymer fibers so that their diameters are much smaller, on a nano–
scale size. Electrospinning fibers is a relatively cost effective and simple set–up (Pham, 2006) as
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Shows an example set–up that contains a syringe, a collector and designates the controlled
variables of applied voltage (V), distance between the tip and the collector, and the flow rate/charge
density, Q (Pham, 2006).
As the name and figure implies, the polymers are exposed to conditions in which charge and voltage
are applied that propel the fiber from the tip and Taylor cone to the collector in a circular motion. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This input is relevant as it is the driver for the jet propulsion system that creates the fibers. Voltage
and the presence of beads has been found to have a proportional relationship in the sense that if the
voltage applied to the system is increased, there is an increase in the presence of beads (Pham,
2006). The mechanics that cause this relationship is when the voltage is altered, the jet generated
from the tip has a change in volume that causes a change in the of the Taylor cone (Pham, 2006).
Recall that the Taylor cone is the result of the difference of charges between the applied electric
field charge and the surface charges that causes the shape of the fluid to become a cone as seen in
Fig. 2 (Garg, 2011). Furthermore, the flow of the jet is important so that the jet has the proper
amount of time to travel from the tip to the collector. Studies have found that a slower flow
generates thinner diameter fiber as well as less beading (Pham, 2006). Other parameters such as
design of the different components of the system play a role in the quality of fibers created. These
include the characteristics and location of the needle tip and jet collector. Our goal is to optimize all
of the different parameters that are inputted into the system so that the the presence of the beads will
be minimized, so that the integrity of the scaffolds are maintained.
Specific Aims 1: Assessing scaffold sufficiency for nerve

Guillain-Barresyndrome Case Studies
Benjamin Verhey
RCP 251
Guillain–Barre ́syndrome
11/14/14
Guillain–Barre ́syndrome (GBS) was first described in 1916 by Guillain, Barre ́and Strohl as a rapid
progressive motor disorder with noted absence of reflexes and elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid
proteins [1]. Research throughout the early twentieth century began to identify varying subtypes and
severities of GBS ranging from decreased sensory perception and distal weakness to respiratory
paralysis and death in more several instances [2]. GBS is currently understood as a syndrome that
encompasses a spectrum of immune mediated polyneuropathies [3]. The onset of GBS is associated
with an antecedent infection typically 2–4 weeks before the onset of symptoms. The ... Show more
G. Guillain, J. Barre ́, and A. Strohl, "Sur un syndrome de radiculo–nevrite avec hyperalbuminose
du liquide cephalo– rachidien sans reaction cellulaire. Remarques sur les characters clinique et
graphique des reflexes tendinaux," Bulletins et Memories de la Societe Medicale des Hopitaux de
Paris, vol. 40, pp. 1462–1470, 1916.
2. W. K. J. Haymaker, "The Landry–Guillain–Barre ́ syndrome: a clinicopathologicic report of fifty
fatal cases and a critique of the literature," Medicine, vol. 28, pp. 59–141, 1949.
3. Orlik K, Griffin GD. Guillain–Barré in a 10–month–old: diagnostic challenges in a pediatric
emergency. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(1):110.e5–6.
4. Winer JB. An update in guillain–barré syndrome. Autoimmune Dis. 2014;2014:793024.
5. Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ. Guillain–Barré syndrome and variants. Neurol Clin.
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syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(8):469–82.
7. Ryan MM. Pediatric Guillain–Barré syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25(6):689–93.
8. Winer JB. An update in guillain–barré syndrome. Autoimmune Dis.

shark attack
Answer the following questions:
1. Identify at least five organ systems in this region of the arm that the surgeon would have marked
for reattachment.
2. List the names of the specific structures that had to be reattached. Cardiovascular, Muscular,
Skeletal, Nervous, and Integumentary
3. What organ system was most likely not reattached? Explain. Nervous system, it will never be the
same again.
4. Why was a clean bite so important? The muscle tissue is not torn to pieces.
5. Why was the bone shortened? They had to add a plate so it had to be trimmed down for the pieces
6. Identify the movements associated with the arm, forearm, wrist, and fingers. Rotation, flexing,
extension, hyperextension, proation, and supination.
7. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So far, I have told you the good news, the bad news is that his arm will probably never gain the
same movement it once had. The nerves in his arm can never be attached the same as they were
before once they have been severed the way your sons have been. This unfortunately means he
might have a little bit of trouble from this arm throughout his lifetime. The movement in his arm,
forearm, and hand will be very limited an awkward for him. Jim will probably have trouble playing

Lumbosacral Neuritis Research Paper
Lumbosacral Neuritis
What is lumbosacral neuritis? These are nerves that are in the lower spine, specifically In the lumbar
region. The nerves become inflamed and irritated, from picking up heavy objects and also twisting.
The (5) vertebra affected are L1 throughL5 and the large bone at the base of the spine is the sacrum
which connects the spinal column to the pelvis.
There are a number of things that can cause lumbosacral neuritis as follows, compressed spinal
column, infection such as hepatitis. Development of bone spurs as well shrinking of the spine do to
surgery and the scare tissue left behind affects the nerves. Diet can be a contributing specially diets
lacking vitamin B, thiamine and niacin lack of these thing can be very harmful to the lumbar
section. Avoid drinking in excess of alcohol, taking prescription drugs and recreational drugs same
day. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the spine becomes inflamed it compresses the never which then leads to tingling or
numbness, these are symptoms of lumbosacral neuritis. Muscles become weak do the lack of blood
flow causes ischemic changes of the motor nerve. This effect can cause partial paralysis of the leg
muscles. Not being able to distinguish between hot and cold temperatures or feel pressure like
someone makes contact with a body part. Your reflexes diminish, and have a hard time with muscle
control. Depending on which nerve or nerves are being pinch or baldly pressured. Lumbosacral
Neuritis is hard to diagnose because of how many nerves are in the spine. Nerves are very small and
can be hard to isolate. The two main nerves that are in the spine consist of motor and sensory
nerves. Sensory nerves send messages to the body part to move and the Motor nerves send messages
from the Central Nervous System to the outer parts of the

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Rupure Research Paper
Flexor Digitorum Profundus Rupture
Flexor digitorum profundus rupture, commonly called "jersey finger," is a condition in which you
are unable to bend your finger without assistance. This is caused by an injury to connective tissue
(tendon) in the last joint of your finger, farthest form your palm. The tendon tears (ruptures), which
restricts your ability to bend your finger joint.
Sometimes, when the tendon ruptures it can break off a piece of bone. This is called an avulsion
fracture.
CAUSES
This condition is commonly caused by forced straightening (extension) of a bent (flexed) finger.
When force on the tendon is too great, the tendon ruptures. Less commonly, this condition can be
caused by a cut (laceration).
RISK FACTORS
This condition is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pain when moving the finger.
Inability to bend the finger without assistance. When you do bend the finger with assistance, it may
be able to bend all the way (it may have full passive range of motion).
Bruising. This may not happen for up to 48 hours after the time of injury.
A lump in the palm of the hand.
TREATMENT
This condition often needs to be treated with surgery. Before surgery, treatment involves icing and
resting the injured area. Your health care provider may recommend medicines to help to reduce pain
and inflammation.
After surgery, you may be given a cast or splint to stabilize your finger joint. Your health care
provider may show you exercises to strengthen and stretch your finger, and you may be given the
name of a physical therapist.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
PREVENTION
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider.
If directed, apply ice to the injured area:

○ Put ice in a plastic bag.
○ Place a towel between your skin and the bag.
○ Leave the ice on for 20 minutes, 2–3 times per

Axonal Nerve Injuries
Introduction
Nerve injury is not fatal but can severely impact quality of life. Peripheral nerve injuries occur in an
estimated 2–3% of all patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center (1) and are commonly caused by
trauma to the upper limbs. The economic impact of nerve injuries can be large with operative costs,
hospital charges, rehabilitation visits, and lost time at work. Only subtle improvements to peripheral
nerve repair have been made recently, and our current knowledge of nerve physiology and
regeneration vastly exceeds our current repair capabilities.
Poor outcomes of peripheral nerve injury are largely due to the slow process of axonal outgrowth.
After nerve injury, severed proximal axons with intact cell bodies can grow up ... Show more
The proposed mechanism is PEG–induced lipid bilayer fusion by removing the hydration barrier
surrounding the axolemma and reducing the activation energy required for membrane fusion to
occur. In an axonal injury without PEG, axonal endings seal after an influx of calcium, preventing
axonal fusion (6). Figure 1 demonstrates the bioengineered process of PEG fusion. When severed
axonal endings are exposed to calcium–free hypotonic saline and an antioxidant (i.e. Methylene
Blue or Melatonin), vesicle–mediated sealing is decreased, keeping membrane leaflets open. PEG is
then applied to artificially induce closely apposed membranes of severed axonal ends to flow into
each other and fuse. This produces a partial repair of the plasmalemmal membranes that are then
perfused with calcium containing saline, which causes vesicles to accumulate and seal remaining
holes at the injury site. This process is known as PEG fusion.
The success of our PEG–fusion technique is based on multiple factors including PEG, calcium,
nerve stump approximation, and an antioxidant Methylene Blue (MB) (Figure 1). PEG, a
hydrophilic compound, enhances axonal fusion in either severed or crushed settings and restores the
ability to generate compound action potentials across the site of injury. PEG potentially facilitates
lipid bilayer fusion by removing water molecules from the lipid bilayer at or near the damage site
(Figure

Stress-Related Back Pain Research Paper
Millions of Americans have experienced back pain at one point or another in their life. Back pain is
one of the most common complaints that a doctor will hear from a patient on a visit. Understanding
the source of your pain can be very overwhelming and frustrating, especially when a structural
explanation cannot be provided. Could your back pain be triggered by stress? For many individuals,
stress is not the first thing that comes to mind when trying to establish the cause of their back pain.
However, it is quite possible that stress is the primary cause of your back pain. Stress–related back
pain is real. What is stress–related back pain? This is a back pain that is initiated by the
psychological or emotional factor–stress, or is maintained by it, or both. In simpler terms, when we
hold stress in our bodies, it can cause a physical change that leads to back pain. Physician and
professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at New York University, John Sarno MD, who
helped to popularize the notion of stress–related back pain, contends that the patient's feelings,
personality, and unconscious issues are the direct cause of the back pain. Stressful life situations,
coupled with personality characteristics, can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood flow to different soft tissues, which includes muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves, is
limited as a result of constricted blood vessels, triggered by this psychological change. A decrease in
oxygen in the blood, along with waste products in the muscle, amounts to muscle tension and back
pain in the individual. Stress–related back pain carries symptoms such as back or neck pain, sleep
disruption and fatigue, shifting muscle aches, and muscle tenderness. If back pain is stress–related,
lacking a structural explanation, a multi–disciplinary treatment option involving an assessment of
the physical, cognitive, emotional, and environmental is typically

Supraspinatus Tendonitis Essay
Supraspinatus tendonitis typically occurs when there is an impingement of the supraspinatus muscle
of the shoulder joint between the acromion as it passes by the acromion and humerus head. In
response, the supraspinatus tendon and the contiguous peritendinous soft tissues become inflamed.
The supraspinatus is a muscle located in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula located in the
shoulder and is largely affected by supraspinatus tendonitis. The supraspinatus allows for the
abduction of the shoulder and its insertion is the greater tuberosity of the humerus. Tendonitis is the
inflammation of a tendon and commonly occurs in the elbows, knees, and shoulders. Therefore,
supraspinatus tendonitis is the inflammation of the supraspinatus. This condition is a very common
inflammatory problem because it can be caused by the abduction of the arm, which is involved in
many sports and activities. The supraspinatus muscle, the head of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, people who play volleyball tend to get supraspinatus tendonitis because they have to
constantly raise their hand and apply force to the volleyball. Other hobbies like weightlifting,
swimming, rowing, painting, and tennis are all activities that can cause supraspinatus tendonitis
because it makes it more likely for the supraspinatus to pass under the acromion. Although this
condition occurs more often in athletes and active individuals, people who are between 30 to 60
years old also commonly get this condition as well. Older people get supraspinatus tendonitis, due
to supraspinatus tendinosis, which is when there is chronic degeneration without any inflammation.
This can cause supraspinatus tendonitis because this condition can occur over time and slowly
weaken the shoulder. Additionally, any long term joint disease like like osteoarthritis can cause
supraspinatus tendonitis in older individuals because it can also abate the

Essay On Myofascial Release
Given the patient's initial presentation and pain level during the evaluation, soft–tissue mobilization
and myofascial release was performed. The patient was positioned supine with one pillow and a
bolster placed under bilateral lower extremities. Extreme stiffness in bilateral sternocleidomastoid
muscles consisted as the main focus of the initial treatment. The manual strokes were applied with
moderate pressure in a superior to inferior fashion along the direction of the muscle fibers.
Treatment duration lasted 15 minutes. Upon palpation, the left side was significantly stiffer and had
more soft tissue limitations. Scar mobilizations were also performed to help with the remodeling
phase. After the first treatment, the patient reported a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the scapular mobilizations, the patient was positioned side–lying with the involved side up
and arm resting on the therapist's arm. These techniques were preformed to patient tolerance. The
left scapula presented with more limitations when compared to the mobility of the right scapula.
Myofascial release was also performed to bilateral upper trapezius muscles. The treatment session
was ended with a three–minute suboccipital release. During the fourth treatment, gentle periscapular
strengthening exercises were prescribed to see how the patient tolerated therapeutic exercise. The
patient was given scapular retraction, elevation and protraction exercises. He performed one set of
fifteen with each exercise. The patient was also introduced to an instrument assisted soft tissue
mobilization (IASTM) technique using the edge tool. The use of the edge tool was thought to
provide a mechanical advantage for the therapist by allowing for deeper penetration of soft–tissues
while reducing the stress in the therapist's hands.8 IASTM treatment is also thought to stimulate
connective tissue remodeling by resorption of excessive fibrosis and recruit fibroblasts to repair and
regenerate collagen.8 However, these findings are still being studied and have not been proven
100% effective in human trials.8 Regardless, the

How To Write A Madondo Case
Hello my dear judge, I'm here on the behalf of David "Tsotsi" Madondo for the accusations made by
the prosecutor. I believe the prosecutor's sentencing is cruel and insensitive based on my clients
past. He should serve jail time but not life, my client has been a victim of apartheid he's also been a
victim of abuse, he's been abandoned which took a toll on him at only 10 years old. He was left to
feed himself take care of himself. Which led him no other option but to join a gang. This gang gave
him the security he needed. They fed him and put a roof over his head but also influenced his
negative ways. This is where he learned to be heartless. I believe he deserves 1 year sentencing to
pay for what hes done and some alternative punishment on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Prison is not an effective way to create civilized citizens. 60% of inmates have mental issues and
77% within 5 years return to prison for additional charges (whitehouse.gov). Tsotsi stated one point
in his life that what he did was wrong and that he doesn't feel the need to kill anymore that killing
was a choose after sparing Morris life Morris was a man that was handicapped and because of
apartheid he was unable to attain fair working conditions in which his only option was to go into the
mining field. The mining was hazardous place this is where he lost his legs. He lost his job and was
more poor than ever before. Tsotsi bumped into Morris on the street followed him, Ttosi asked him
how he goes everyday living like he does Morris said he felt like he was born again, what he held on
too is sunshine the feeling of waking up everyday to experience the sun on his hands and on his
face, Totsi was moved by what Morris said it was an eye opener this is why he spared his life. Tosti
felt that he finally had an option after beating up Boston on night he later on he helped out boston
and took care of him and his house. He was learning how to take care of a

Four Types Of Tissue Research
There are four main tissue types in a human's body which are connective, epithelial, muscular, and
nerve tissue. Connective tissue has the largest amount amongst the tissue types and the most
distributed of the tissues. Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most
internal cavities. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt,
dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful ("Exploring Four Types of Tissues," 2016).
There are three types of muscle tissue which include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle
is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle
is an involuntary type and cardiac muscle is also involuntary ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Neurons are what send nerve impulses from one part of the nervous system to the other. Neuroglia is
the "glue" that holds the neurons together. (Campbell, 2016). There are multiple parts of the neuron
that help to transmit the impulses. A neuron includes the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin
sheath, and axon ending. The main portion is the cell body which holds the nucleus or DNA of the
cell (Boeree, 2009). Dendrites receive the message from other neurons while axons carry the
impulse to another neuron. The myelin sheath serves as insulation for the impulses so they can
travel faster. The axon ending then sends the impulse on to another neuron and the process is
completed for that impulse (Boeree, 2009). Nerve tissue helps to run the nervous system and the
impulses sent in the body from neurons. All of the tissues of the body work together in order for the
body to function and work as it

Forward Head Posture Fix Review
Forward Head Posture Fix Review
Introduction
Do you know that bad posture is a common problem in our current generation? It is also true to state
that most activities we carry out during the day involves the use of technology. This can be through
the use of a phone, tablet or a computer. It is therefore good to have a forward head body posture.
Body posture has effects on our fitness level. We are mostly going to focus on how to fix posture so
that it doesn't affect our fitness level. Bad posture is mostly as a result of weight of the head pulling
the rest of your body forward.
Unhealthy body posture can cause the following conditions:
Headaches and sinus issues
Fatigue and dizziness
Decrease in strength and stamina
Mental functioning decreases
Heavier physical appearances. A person at times looks shorter
We are also going to look at some exercises which improve posture.
What is forward head posture fix review?
Forward head posture fix is a program which helps in getting rid of the forward head posture. In
short it is a program designed to fix posture of human beings.
This program was created by Mike WeSterdal, a well known fitness author, sports nutrition expert
and also a personal trainer. This program aims at restoring balance to your posture.Additionally; it
makes you both physically and mentally sharper.
Forward head posture fix program will make you look a little bit taller and younger. Let's find out
how we can achieve all this.
What does forward head

Living Organisms Survive By Consuming And Transforming Energy
Summary
Living organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by homeostasis, keeping its
internal environment regulated, balanced and stable. To success, they need to constantly keep
communication between the outside environment and all the internal organs from all systems, in a
continuous cycle of revising and reacting. This communication is made at a cellular level by
transmitting electric–chemical signals from cell to cell, to produce physical and chemical reactions.
Neurons or nerve cells are excitable cells. They receive, process and transmit information as
electrical/chemical signals. Those signals are called Action Potentials and they have specific
properties and characteristics. We wanted to gain practical experience and study some of the nerve
impulse and muscle contraction behavior by stimulating an isolated sciatic nerve and a sciatic
nerve/muscle from a cane toad; in a controlled environment, with the help of specialized equipment
and software technology. The nerve was given a series of electric pulses as stimulus and the system
recorded the reaction along the nerve and muscle to collect data that later would be analyzed.
Introduction
A living organism may thus be defined as a complex unit of physicochemical materials that is
capable of self–regulation, metabolism, and reproduction. Furthermore, a living organism
demonstrates the ability to interact with its environment, grow, move, and adapt (Fried, 2013). In
order to achieve that, organisms,

The Function Of James And Musculoskeletal System
Case Introduction
James Walsh, a 55–year–old–male presented symptoms including weakness inferiorly in his right
lower limb and difficulty performing simple tasks such as walking or tying his shoelace. He also
had some difficulties swallowing and often experiences unpredictable movements due to lack of
control. As a result, he primarily uses a wheelchair and requires careful assistance when performing
everyday activities.
The function of James' musculoskeletal system is primarily to facilitate movement as the contraction
of his muscles pull on bone to carry out an action. It also contributes to heat production for enzymes
to function, stability by resisting unwanted movement and maintains his posture (Saladin, K S.,
2007). This is important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, James' case of spastic cerebral palsy alters the interaction between the musculoskeletal
and nervous system in some areas which are affected.
Case Examination
James' condition of spastic cerebral palsy impacts the regulation of muscle tone due to the effect of
spinal reflexes when muscles are slightly contracted (Ballard, F., 2016). Muscle tone is dependent
on the release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). This is regulated
when there is a balance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. James' condition of
cerebral palsy indicates that there is an imbalance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory
impulses. The imbalance between these impulses causes a lack in regulation of muscle tone due to
the insufficient release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). James'
excess production of excitatory impulses originates in the golgi tendons of organs and muscle
spindle, a specialised sensory receptor in the muscle (Albright, A.L., 1995). The impulse then passes
through afferent nerves into the spinal cord and releases excitatory neurotransmitters. In contrast,
the lack of ability to generate inhibitory impulses suggest that the regions of the brain responsible
for the generation of inhibitory impulses including the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum may
be damaged (Albright, A.L., 1995). Consequently, the excess of excitatory impulses may result in

What Is The Purpose Of Electromyography
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
An electromyogram (EMG) gauges the electrical activity of muscles at rest and during contraction.
Nerve conduction studies (NCS) measure how well and how fast the nerves can send electrical
signals.
The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body
activities. It is made up of two major divisions: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal
cord) and the peripheral nervous system (all other neural elements). The brain sends out signals
through electrical signals–called impulses–that control the muscles of the body. Unfortunately, nerve
and muscle problems cause the muscles to react in abnormal ways.
The purpose of EMG/NCS is to localize where your symptoms are coming from. That can be pain,
any kind of numbness and tingling, and/or weakness and the test is also good at assessing the
severity of your symptoms. Typically, these studies are ordered when a patient is having some type
of nerve symptom: pain, numbness and tingling or a burning sensation, and/or any type of weakness
where a person can feel a change in muscle strength. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, it can be used to locate diseases that damage muscle tissue, nerves, or the junctions between
the two. These problems may include a herniated disc, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or
myasthenia gravis (MG). Secondly, it can be used to detect the origin of weakness, paralysis, or
muscle twitching. Problems in a muscle, the nerves supplying a muscle, the spinal cord, or the area
of the brain that controls a muscle can all be the source of these symptoms. However, the EMG does
not show brain or spinal cord

Idiopathic Progressive Neuropathy
My patient has idiopathic progressive neuropathy. This means that the cause of his neuropathy
cannot be determined and is developing gradually. Nerve damage is interfering with the functioning
of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damaged nerves can occur in the brain and spinal cord and
affect how the peripheral nervous system communicates with the rest of the body, it sends incorrect
signals which can be a risk factor for falls. He is not a diabetic which is one of many causes of
neuropathy.
Neuropathy can affect the nerves that provide feeling or cause movement, if both are affected it is
called sensorimotor. The nerve fibers also known as Axons (nerve cell) are the first to fail, and are
the furthest from the spinal cord and brain. Neuropathy

Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that unfolds in the developing brain – either right
before birth or shortly after, typically before the child turns one year of age. Head injuries that occur
several weeks after birth may also cause spastic cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy makes up
roughly eighty percent of all cerebral palsy cases, since there are other types; spastic is considered
to be the most common. Spastic cerebral palsy causes neuromuscular mobility impairment meaning
that there is a lack in connection between the nerves and muscles. The two parts of the brain
affected by spastic cerebral palsy are the cerebral motor cortex and the white matter. The cerebral
motor cortex is responsible for movement, hearing, speech, thinking, visual processing etc.
Therefore if the cerebral motor cortex is damaged then all those previously listed may be affected.
White matter is responsible for transmitting signals to the body, consequently if it is damaged, nerve
signals are interrupted. (Common Parts of the Brain Affected by Cerebral Palsy.) Spastic cerebral
palsy carries many symptoms which include muscle spasticity/stiffness, joint contracture, paralysis,
seizures, dysarthria, difficulty eating/swallowing, drooling, irregular breathing (respiratory
problems), unsteady gait, learning disabilities, hearing/eyesight problems, slower growth than
average, scoliosis, bowel problems, or urinary incontinence. (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.) Spastic

Dugesia Spp Research Paper
Dugesia spp., also known as planaria is a small flat dark brown worm of varying sizes around 0.3 –
2 cm long and 1 – 2 mm wide (Palmer and Fowler, 1975 as cited by Cha, 2001). Although they are
small, they are hermaphroditic (Maule, 2006). The middle of the body is darker in color with tiny
spots. The body consists of an arrow shaped head and a long unsegmented body that narrows as it
reaches the posterior end (T. Huang, biology student, personal communications). Midway down the
ventral side of its body, the pharynx is a tube–like structure that protrudes out for feeding (Cha,
2001). The body is smooth and stretches in contracting and expanding movements as the Dugesia
spp. travels around a flat surface (T. Huang, biology student, personal communications). The two
side parts of the arrow that extends out of its head are sensory organs, the auricles (Cha, 2001). The
auricles help sense water currents so that the Dugesia spp. is aware of the direction of water flow
(Kriska and Gyorgy, 2013). Dugesia spp. has tiny eyes called eyespots located on the dorsal side of
its arrow head. The eyespots can detect light and are extremely sensitive to light (Cha, 2001).
Dugesia spp. lives in freshwater bodies like lakes and ponds located in areas of North America and
Europe (Maule, 2006). Due to its extreme ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2001). The ganglia are connected to two nerve cords that goes along the entire body (Saló et al.
2001). When light hits the photoreceptor cells, it signals the nerve cells to react and evade the light
source (Saló et al. 2001). Due to the simplicity of its eyes, it can only detect light and darkness; it
can only live in habitats that are dark. With high sensitive eyes, the prediction is that when Dugesia
spp. is exposed to sunlight, it stresses the planarian and forces it to move away from light (negative

Acute And Chronic Effects On The Body System
Assignment 1
Task 1
As you exercise, changes occur in your body system known as acute and chronic effects. Acute
effects on the body system contain short term effects and they would occur straightway when
performing exercise. Whereas, chronic effects on the body system contain long term effects and it is
adaptable to the body system so new demands are encountered within the future. There are different
systems that occur in our body: musculoskeletal system, energy system, respiratory system and
cardiovascular system.
Musculoskeletal system
Firstly, the musculoskeletal system includes your muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones and cartilage.
The nervous system is also at times used to control the musculoskeletal system; this would allow
voluntary movement to take place. The impulses around the body help contract muscles; as a muscle
contracts it would shorten and pull the attached bone to it. As well as this, the skeletal system
maintains a structure and posture for the body and allows movement to take place, and so it
produces heat by contracting muscles. Some of the acute changes that take place in the
musculoskeletal system are:
Increased blood supply– having an increased blood supply would allow more oxygen to be taken in
as the heart will quickly pump blood around the body. An increased blood supply is required
because of more oxygen and metabolic activity needed whilst exercising. There is a higher demand
for oxygen and it helps remove carbon dioxide. A sporting example

Body Wall Tendons Research
Mark Jones
Writing Assignment 2
BIOL 510
4/11/2017
Tendons are one of the most important tissues in the body of any organism, transferring the power
created by the muscles to the bones and allowing coordinated body movements to occur. However,
until recently there was very little known about the origin of this tissue and most of the research
performed focused on the limbs and the tendons associated with them. Along with the limited
amount of research it seemed that not of them were focused on the axial and ventrolateral body wall
tendons. It was not until later that the discovery of Scleraxis, Scx, which is a bHLH transcription
factor found in, but not limited to, progenitor cells that eventually lead to tendon formation. The
discovery of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In situ hybridization was used to visualize Scx expression and QCPN to identify quail cells. The two
layers of sclerotome transplanted from quail to chick indicated that quail cells produced Scx tendon
progenitors and sclerotome. It also produced a complete set of tendon progenitors between the
myotome layers, indicating they arose from both chick and quail cells. While transplanted quail and
host chick sclerotome indicated that the Scx expressing cells were entirely produced by quail cells.
This observation suggested that Scx expressing cells between two layers of myotome form from the
anterior and posterior edges to two adjacent somites. On the other hand, two adjacent
dermomyotome layers did not produce any Scx expressing tendon progenitors but, it did produce
myotome and dermotome. This observation lead to the conclusion that the dermomyotome produces
myotome and the sclerotome produces the syndetome. These results raised the question: why is Scx
expression only being observed on the anterior and posterior boundaries of the somite closest to the
myotome and if a signal from the myotome was responsible for the observed

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndrome (PNS)
Introduction
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS) are syndromes that result from dysfunction of the
nervous system, caused by a benign or malignant tumor via mechanisms other than direct tumor cell
infiltration, metastasis, coagulopathy, infection or any treatment side effects [1]. All parts of the
central and peripheral nervous system may be affected by PNS and, as a result, signs and symptoms
are diverse. Most PNS of the central nervous system have in common a subacute course leaving the
patients severely disabled in weeks to months and inflammatory changes in the CSF, including
moderate lymphocytic pleocytosis, increased protein levels and IgG index and presence of CSF–
specific oligoclonal bands[2]. Early recognition may be difficult

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