Techniques For Privacy Preserving Data Mining Essay

Techniques For Privacy Preserving Data Mining Essay
Techniques for privacy preserving data mining
Introduction
Data mining techniques provide good results only if input data is accurate. But data collected from
users are often inaccurate.Users may deliberately enter inaccurate information if they are asked to
provide personal information because of their worry that information may be misused by
organisation to harass them. So we need to find data mining techniques that encourages the user to
provide accurate information by ensuring them that data mining techniques used will not voilate
their privacy and also produce accurate mining results.
Goals of privacy preserving data mining techniques are
Privacy– Degree of trust by users on organization.
Accuracy– Producing accurate data mining results.
Effeciency– Reducing time and other resources overhead required by data mining process.
Privacy and accuracy are contradictory to each other because improving one results in degradation
of other.
Privacy–Preserving Mining of Association Rules From Outsourced Transaction Databases
Data mining–as–a–service:
An organisation(data owner) which lacks the expertise or computational resources required for data
mining can outsource its data mining tasks to third party service provider(server).But there are
various security issues associated with this kind of outsourcing because the server can misuse the
data provide by the organisation directly or by extracting frequents patterns from it. However, both
data and the association
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Organizational Data Privacy and Security Policy
Organizational Data Privacy and Security Policy
Alyaa Ghanim
What are Organizational Data Privacy and Security Policy?
It is the policy of the Organization to protect against the unauthorized access, use, corruption,
disclosure, and distribution of non–public personal information.
The Organization shall hold non–public personal information in strict confidence and shall not
release or disclose such information to any person except as required or authorized by law and only
to such authorized persons who are to receive it. The Organization shall not use any non–public
personal information for any purpose other than the administration of a receivership or in the event
that it assists a regulator in the supervision of an insurer. In ... Show more content on
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5. A succession plan is required from organization for key persons in the event of a disruption to
normal business processes.
6. The Organization should ensure that the greatest extent possible based on the size of the
organization that there is a clear separation of duties to prevent important management controls from
being overlooked. Segregation of duties as defined in the Procedures will preserve the integrity,
availability, and confidentiality of information assets by minimizing opportunities for security
incidents, outages and personnel problems.
7. Training employees and other authorized users are important in an Organization and maintenance
of security procedures.
8. Violations of the data privacy and security policy may result in disciplinary action up to and
including termination of employment.
Information Systems
There are some procedures that Organization should follow to protect and maintain the security and
integrity of its information systems which include infrastructure and software design, information
processing, storage, transmission, retrieval and disposal.
So, Figure (1) illustrates the matters that the procedures should be handled:
Figure (1): Procedure's matters
1. Limiting access to those individuals necessary to carry out the Organization's role with respect to

non–public personal information.
2. Physical and electronic protection of

Data Protection and Customer Privacy
The media, trade bodies and academia has created a large buzz around the Data Protection and
customers' privacy in the recent years. The consequences of the issue raised are different legislation
policies, self–regulation, and general confusion. In order to be discussed, this controversial topic
should be looked at from two different perspectives: customers' one and direct marketers' one. From
customers' point of view, direct marketing is undoubtedly an invasion of their privacy. Consumers
feel intimidated by the direct marketing campaigns that 'fire' them with different types of unwanted
printed and online media daily. Further, many of them are being concerned about their personal
information being so easily available which makes them feel vulnerable. On the other side are direct
marketers who put a lot of effort in their attempts to engage the audience and build/maintain
relationships with them. Moreover, practitioners believe that they are targeting the best prospects
and best customers (rather than uninterested people) who are willing to buy the products offered and
are happy to receive up–to–date information about them. Thus, it has been assumed that marketers
see themselves as assistants who help people in choosing the best deals available whereas customers
feel like victims rather than catered for.
Customers' concerns about their privacy could be simply splitted up into two parts: unwanted direct
marketing approaches and privacy issues. 'Junk mail', 'Spam' emails,

Privacy Versus Security: Personal Data and Internet Use,...
Privacy versus Security: Personal Data & Internet Use There are many Americans who are
perplexed by the very topic of Internet Privacy as well as the security of their personal data. While
the topics, privacy and security are clearly defined by Merriam–Webster's Dictionary as two
different things, they possess the ability to work together while one does not encroach upon the
other. While these are two different topics, there are some that make the mistake of using these
terms interchangeably. There is a way to maintain not being observed while remaining secure. Some
fear that the mere use of the Internet is funneling their information to some huge database recording
personal activity along with personal information. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 3rd party company validates the user as either the cardholder or not without accessing any
additional or identifying information. This type of process enforces security to the user while at the
same time maintaining their privacy. As many stories fill the news of databases being compromised
or government laptops being lost or stolen, the "Shibboleth" project will win many supporters.
However, even with privacy being protected and security being enforced, it is up to the consumer to
be vigilant regarding their personal information in the same way. Many internet users fill the web–
sphere with personal information from Facebook to LinkedIn. These networks (professional and
social) encourage users to divulge information about themselves that may end up being dangerous,
especially for our youth. There have been stories of people killed or hurt because they posted a
specific status on their Facebook page. This can be simply taken care of by using the tools already
resident on the site (privacy tools). There are various ways in which personal data and Internet
privacy can be maintained while keeping national security in top working order. There are various
sources that allowing this to be the case more than the theory on an individual user level, without
packages such as the "Shibboleth" software application. Utilizing the firewall in your Windows or
Mac operating system is an excellent method of

The Privacy Preserving Data Mining
3.4 Generalization approach
Generalization includes substituting a value along with a less definite but semantically constant
value. Generalization can be reached via local recoding or global recoding[3, 5].
3.5 Cryptographic technique
In this ideal architecture the whole process is divided into the three main components the mediator,
customer and a group of data service providers. Previously there is no interaction between the
customer and the data provider. And when the client sends a query, the mediator forwards the
information to all data holders and via exchange of the acknowledgements, the mediator generates
the connection with the data providers[4].
There are various techniques suggested in the area of the Privacy Preserving Data Mining but one
exceed over the other on the basis of different criteria. Algorithms are categorized based on utility,
performance, cost, complexity, etc. It has been presented a tabular comparison in a chronological
order. Table 1 represents different Merits and Demerits of the Various Techniques of PPDM.
IV. CONCLUSION
Currently, one of the major concerns is privacy to prevent the private data which they don't want to
share. This paper targeted on the previous literatures in the domain of Privacy Preserving Data
Mining. From this analysis, it has been found that there is no only one method which is constant in
all fields. All techniques operate in a separate way based on the pattern of data also the kind of
domain or application.

Is Data Mining Violating Our Privacy And Rights? Why Are...
Imagine, that you come back from a hard day's work. You put on your favorite grey sweats with a
cozy sweater. Soon after, you get a cup of hot chocolate with marshmallows. Then you lean back on
the sofa, turn on the television and change the channel to the local news. Breaking news with bright
red letters are plastered across the screen. The news anchor goes on explaining that an employee at
the local hospital accidentally donated data of patients. This means that patient's social security
numbers, addresses, medical records, and other personal information, were given away without
patients' permission or consent. At that moment you realize that all your personal information is out
there for everyone to see and use; and there is nothing you can do about it. The collection of
personal information is called data mining, and is collected through large online databases. The real
question is that data mining violating our privacy and rights? Why are companies still collecting our
personal information without our consent and how can we protect ourselves from breaches? Data
mining should be limited in the United States and needs to undergo more appropriate privacy and
security policies to protect citizens privacy. To begin with, Dell software an information technology
enterprises describes Data Mining as "an analytic process designed to explore data in search of
consistent patterns and/or systematic relationships between variables, and then to validate the
findings by applying the

Data Mining and Privacy-an ethical look Essay
Data Mining and Privacy–an ethical look
I. Introduction
In 2001, the MIT Technology Review listed data mining as one of the top 10 technologies that will
change the world.[i] So, what is data mining? For many people, the simple answer is that data
mining is the collecting of people's information when logged onto the Internet. But Webopedia
emphasizes that data mining is not the collection of data itself, but the statistical interpretation of it –
allowing people to obtain new information or find hidden patterns within that collected data.[ii] It is
the combination of these, collection and analysis, which are cause for concern. People want to
know: What information is being collected about me? Who has access to that ... Show more content
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But these people didn't fit into any of MSNBC's existing user categories. By discovering that these
people enjoyed tabloid–style news, the website was able to encourage use of their website by
including at least one really juicy story on their homepage each day.[i]
Amazon.com has something they call "Purchase Circles" where, based on data mining they have
done on their customers, you can see what the most popular purchases are for employees of certain
companies, people in particular zip codes, and students of individual schools. They do allow you to
opt–out of the data collection, but only after the initial uproar over the information collected – and it
is not easy to figure out how.[iii]
Computer scientist Jon Kleinberg used data mining to determine what new words are entering our
language. He has analyzed every State of the Union address to see how phrases come in and out of
popularity. Current web logs are examined to find current 'hot' words that can be used in targeted
advertising.[iv]
B.In Britain
The Leeds Building Society uses data mining on their 500,000 mortgage holders to determine which
ones are most likely to go into arrears. They looked at all the information held on accounts that went
into arrears in the past to form 'high risk' account profiles that can be applied to current and future
accounts. They had some surprising

Big Data And Information Privacy
Davis Model United Nations Conference 2016 Committee: CSTD Country: Indonesia Topic 1: Big
Data and Information Privacy Topic Background The amount of data on the planet in 2014 was
around 4.4 zettabytes. It's expected to grow to 44ZB by the year 2020. It's also predicted that by
2020, the amount of information produced by machines will account for about 10% of data on earth.
One Zettabyte is 1000 Exabytes or 1 Billion Terrabytes. To put it in perspective, with one exabyte of
data, a person can watch 36,000 years worth of HD videos. So, with one zettabyte of data, thousands
of generations can watch 36 million years of HD videos. One doesn't have to be Albert Einstein to
know that the amount of data usage on this planet will reach ... Show more content on
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It predicts the most likely event as the probable future, not using magic or any machines from
Science Fiction novels. Big Data also cannot "read minds". Rather, it predicts a person's interests
and produces the types of advertisements or information the said person would be interested in. Big
Data can analyze a customer's purchases, profile information, and make an accurate prediction on
what his/her interests will be. Big Data has the potential to be the phenomenal tool of the future. It
can accurately predict what a customer wants and show advertisements that he or she is actually
interested in; It can be installed in smart cars, where an automatic distress call is sent when an
unlucky individual is in a car accident; It can be uploaded to devices that closely monitor people's
health and report any irregularities to their doctor.4 Past UN Involvement There is a committee
called the United Nations Global Pulse, which is dedicated to "harnessing big data for development
and humanitarian action".5 "Its vision is a future in which big data is harnessed safely and
responsibly as a public good. Its mission is to accelerate discovery, development and scaled
adoption of big data innovation for sustainable development and humanitarian action."5. Global
Pulse functions as innovation initiative that explores how big data and real–time analytics can help
the advancement of the

Urban Data Collection And Data Privacy Essay
Urban Data Collection and Data Privacy
(Case Study on LinkNYC Kiosk)
Part I
As the data are getting more and more easily accessed and analyzed by software and algorithms, the
development of Urban Science has entered a new era. The urban technologies have being created to
tackle the universe of the big data, and the popularized use of Mobile devices has made data
collection never so easy. Data is everywhere, anytime and in any format. The science of data can be
highly applicable to almost any industries, such as medicine, urban planning, health care, and
economics, etc. Most of them are closely connected to citizens' everyday lives, so the
responsibilities of regularizing the data use from private or public uses become extremely crucial for
the progress of the overall economy.
In this essay, our primary discussion in this part will be around some specific examples on how
urban data is being captured, from examples of 311 calls to interactive street displays like LinkNYC,
how the newly collected data is shaping the urban planning process and aiming to solve wicked
problems, and more detailed case analysis on LinkNYC, including the a proposed optimized
outcome of deploying this new data collecting technology.
The capturing procedure of the data is the beginning of every story. Take Baltimore's Citi–Stat
program for example. Citi–Stat lead by its former mayor Martin O'Malley is a leadership strategy
that a mayor can employ to mobilize city agencies to produce specific

Analysis On Data Security And Privacy
Introduction
The goal of our research paper is to provide a concise analysis on data security and privacy
protection issues pertaining to data and databases as well as the current advancement/ breakthrough
made and achieved in regards to database security and privacy concerns. We will also discuss in this
paper some current solutions in the security market. First, we looked at the a trusted database model
which makes it possible to shield database with absolute secrecy to benefit trusted equipment
presented on the side of server and made to work at the charge of any cryptography which permits
private data handling on a simple device.
Also, we looked into the problem of Enterprise Search Engines, How it gives out detailed aggregate
information about the enterprise which is a bridge in privacy and this is a big concern. Also review
the new technique that was proposed and used in analyzing the problem by suppressing sensitive
aggregate for enterprise search and still keeping it originality in answering users.
We will use another technique which is encrypting data with different encryption keys assigned to
each group this makes a challenge which is we would like to execute queries without revealing
information on the server mean while doing less computations on the client, some techniques
minimize the revealed information on the server and amount of computations on the client. We also
focus on investigating the operational model, database use in Rails.
Therefore, we provide

Little Rock-Based Companies: A Case Study
leading data brokering company with one of the largest commercial database on consumers in the
world is Acxiom Corporation. This 9 Little Rock – based company, according to its executives has
about 1500 data points for each of about 500 million consumers worldwide (10% of world
population); in order to manage all data they have (as the
20 company is gathering and using data since the '80s, when they upset direct marketing
with computerized advanced analytics across massive datasets) they tried to improve the algorithms
to segment population (by age, location, etc...). Acxiom is "specialised" in database marketing,
more precisely in people– based marketing (engage consumers with relevant messages). According
with their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
InfoUSA controversy One of the biggest concerns and problematics of data brokering is the fact that
it is hard to know to whom data is sold and how buyers will use it. In fact, this may lead to
purchasers using bought informations for criminal purposes. In 2007 the New York times reported
12 that infoUSA, a data brokering company, sold lists about old vulnerable people (such as "old
people looking for ways to make money" or "suffering seniors dealing with cancer or Alzheimer's")
which are more likely to be naive and/or credulous, and the purchasers used those lists for
fraudulent purposes. For example a 92 years old man was duped into revealing his banking data to
25 unknown people telephoning him, and who then
emptied his bank account without his authorization. Once his family noticed this it was anyway hard
to understand how it was possible, thanks to the old man memory being faulty. Old people also are
"good victims" as they often tend not to tell anything to the police due to their fear of being brought
to the hospice, and not wanting their family and sons to be worried about their mental

Privacy Preservation Of The Field Of Data Mining
Data Mining is an analytic process designed to explore data (usually large amounts of data –
typically business or market related – also known as "big data") in search of consistent patterns and
systematic relationships between variables, and then to validate the findings by applying the
detected patterns to new subsets of data. In recent years, with the tremendous development in the
internet, data storage and processing technologies, privacy and security has become our major
concerns in the field of data mining. Privacy preservation is one of the most important and
challenging factor as the sensitive data should not be embarrassed by the adversery.this paper
presents wide survey of different privacy preserving techniques and algorithms for privacy
preserving data mining and points out the merits and demerits.
Different approaches of privacy preservation:
In this era where internet is everything, for any purpose the corporations have to maintain large
amounts of electronic data, therefore privacy of data has become our major concern .the main aim of
privacy preservation is utilization of enormous amount of data present without harming the
individual's privacy. There are many effective algorithms for privacy preserving data mining but in
all the approaches, some form of transformations are applied to the data in order preserve its
privacy. Many methods reduce the granularity in representation in order to reduce the privacy. The
transformed data set is made available

Why Customers Care About Data Privacy
Why customers care about data privacy? Nowadays, questions that involve data privacy and security
are becoming progressively significant. There exist some data collectors that are almost impossible
to be identified, so consumers are concerned about it. (Bergström, 2015)
Consumers need to preserve their privacy, due to the fact that they don't want to exposure their
personal information to others. This fact has became one of the most important barrier for
companies that try to collect as much information as they can, to arrive through a direct way to their
consumers (Lee, 2015).
Big data affects in a different way depending on how privacy, security and welfare influence to the
customers. There are different types of consumers depending on ... Show more content on
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A wrong use of the personal data can produce a big problem for them, but also can be a huge
connotation for the society. It is difficult to control the manipulation of the information, because
some data collectors are really hard to be identified. (Bergström, 2015)
Consumer trusting is a key factor for the companies; if the costumers believe and trust to others it
would be easy for them to get their personal information. So we can affirm that "trust" is an
important key factor for the privacy concerns. (Bergström, 2015). For the majority of business,
consumers' data is relevant and if they collect as much information as possible, it would be easier to
improve a lot their products and services. (TRUSTe, 2013)
Some companies give to their customers the opportunity to get some presents or the entry to limited
content, in exchange of their personal information. For a lot of people, this type of assistance has an
important value so they decide to accept it, and they give them their personal data. Sometimes,
different brands are offering some special deals or they make an auction for those people who have
created an account during the time the promotion is valid. With this, brands have more personal data
of potential consumers and they send them newsletters and so on, for catching each time more
clients. For example, Fashion brands like ZARA or H&M they were promoting a special discount of
a 25% of a purchase doing an auction for all the

Review the Laws Related to Security and Privacy of Data
ss | | | | | | | |
Review the laws related to security and privacy of data
In this document I will be discussing the laws that are related to security and privacy of datas, I will
explain how they relate to the security and privacy of data.
Computer Misuse Act 1990
This act was introduced to prevent users hacking. This also stops them entering a computer,
programs or files without authorisation, this act is in place to prevent users to use the internet
without permission to cause an act of crime and also prevents unauthorised modifications to a
computer. This act does not allow any attacks on a server as this is illegal.
Hacking into a computer is not allowed as it can disrupt the business as personal information can be
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Copyrights
This exclusive legal right that is given to the original artist to print, perform film, publish or record
literary and authorize others to do so for their material. This protects a physical expression of ideas ,
for example someone has an idea to write a book the content that is written in that book is covered
by the copyright act as it will be unique to the creator. You do not need to register or claim
copyright, this protection is automatic as soon as it is created. If someone steals information or
wrongly sells other work or creation for their own financial benefit then this copy right act will
protect the original creator and he can claim back the money that has been gained by the person who
has taken the material without permission. This protects security and the use of private data as it
does not allow anyone to take data or material without the author permission, if this does happen the
user who has taken this material can be fined and prosecuted as the products does not belong to
them, the author can also decide how his material has been used and if someone breaks his
restriction they can also be prosecuted.
Open Source
This is software or material that is available with the source, this allows users to copy the material
and modify the material, the reason for this is because the creators would believe that if someone
can edit the material for themselves it will be more useful to another persona and will also allow less

Consumer Security And Data Privacy
Over the years the consumers of the internet have used this resource for many professional and
personal needs. However, even though internet can seem like a good thing to us, it sometimes can be
a bad thing and very threatening. Consumer security, and the protection of our data on websites and
apps that we explore every day, is very important and should never be violated. Over the years there
have been many services that in a way threaten this security and privacy and at the same time some
services have helped us and most people are blind to this. The protection of our personal data on
social media websites, to important data like medical information and social security is also affected
in both ways. Consumer security and data privacy has affected we the consumers negatively through
the lies from Facebook, ads containing malware from cyber criminals, non–malware, Google, and
positively through LifeLock. Consumer security and data privacy is very important for everyone to
know about because it can greatly affect us. Consumer security is our online security against many
things such as hackers stealing money from us, preventing criminals and strangers from finding out
where people live, and what people do. Data privacy is one of the many features of information
technology that then allows users to store information about ourselves, other people, or really just
anything people may be looking up, typing in and more. Data privacy and determining what to do
with it can be a very

Invasion Of Citizens ' Privacy On Digital Data
Invasion of Citizens' Privacy on Digital Data In today's world, people tend to run the majority of
their daily errands through the internet. It is very easy, convenient, and it saves a lot of time. In one
hour someone can make a deposit into his personal bank account, order a medical prescription, pay
bills, apply for a loan, get some shopping, and more. All it takes for a customer to be able to do this
is having an account with each of these company's websites. Creating an account is usually a very
simple process where the person provides some information and creates a username and a password
to be in a position to return to the website. This information provided by the client is called: digital
data or digital information, which is simply any kind of information in digital format. Digital data
can be public or private, it can be kept by the government, banks, medical providers, and other
institutions; as well as a freely available on the internet on websites like myspace.com, Facebook,
LinkedIn, etc. But is our data really safe? Along with its many benefits, the march of technology
makes an encompassing surveillance network seem almost inevitable. We owe much of the privacy
we have enjoyed in the past to a combination of immature technology and insufficient manpower to
monitor us. But these protective inefficiencies are giving way to efficiency technologies of data
processing and digital surveillance that threaten to eliminate our privacy. Already we are tracked by
our

Future Privacy Of Data Analysis
Future Privacy of Information Technologies to Protect Personal Data In a modern life, from the
minute a person is born, a digital record is created. From that point on, the individual's behavior is
regularly tracked and information are collected about the typical parts of the person life such as
when government collect data about our health, education and income, we hope that the data are
used in good way. However, we always have concerned about our privacy. Liina Kamm did her
research on the Information Security Research Institute of Cybernetica AS. Kamm worked with
development team of the secure data analysis system Sharemind to develop she developed a
convenient privacy–preserving data analysis tool Rmind to help on the future privacy ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, the Data users have an interest in gathering data to learn the statistical possessions of the
qualities or notice designs from this date. Also, SHAREMIND is designed to be organized as a
disseminated secure calculation benefit that can be used for outsourcing data storage and
calculations. The benefits of SHAREMIND are the developer labels data as public or private in the
database and in application code, Sharemind routinely applies cryptographic safety for private data
throughout the analysis process step, and Private data cannot be made public without using special
functions that need the compromise of some servers before publication data. Different type of
privacy There are four type of privacy levels. they are record–level, source–level, output–level and
cryptographic privacy. First, Record–level privacy is most important in statistical surveys and setups
where databases are published. Second, source–level privacy is very like record–level privacy, but
the difference is privacy does not easily report the issue of privacy leaks as a result of a large
number of frequent requests. Third, Output–level privacy looks directly at the result the data
analysis more specifically in how much the outputs of a data removal process leak material about its
inputs. This is because breaking output–level privacy means that we learned something about the
private inputs that we should not have learned. Forth, Cryptographic privacy guarantees that only
the last

Informational Privacy And The Challenge Of Big Data
Informational Privacy and the Challenge of Big Data
By analysing an "unprecedented breadth, depth, and scale" of data, Big Data may benefit society,
discovering a positive relationship between therapeutic vitamin B use and delayed AIDS
development and tracking the spread of influenza for instance. However, despite the benefits, there
are significant privacy concerns surrounding the ability to provide informed consent considering Big
Data's aggregate and unpredictable character. For example, regarding the use of Big Data to track
the spread of influenza, Google analysed search terms related to the virus and then plotted users'
locations, without notifying the users, thus arguably ignoring individual informational privacy.
Accordingly, this essay will consider the importance of informational privacy and the potential
harms resulting from Big Data use. It will be argued that the existing mechanisms are inadequate to
address the informational privacy concerns surrounding Big Data.
The Importance of Privacy
While Egger's protagonist Mae Holland stated that "Privacy is theft" on the grounds that maintaining
a degree of personal privacy was seen to deprive others from the vicarious enjoyment of an
individual's personal experiences, it is submitted that privacy is vital to freedom of expression. By
procuring an isolated area, free from public observation, individuals may develop new ideas that
may improve society. Such ideas might not develop if subject to continua public or

Privacy Issues Of Data Mining And Data Publishing
Privacy Issues in Data mining and Data Publishing:
With the buzz around many big data applications, privacy concerns regarding their uses have also
grown. With the personal data has been mined and published every day, the battle to reclaim the
privacy starts vigorously. E–commerce websites harvests information about all the online searches
of customers. Social Media exposes the likes and preferences of people, their photos and all their
daily activities. Video surveillance monitors the movement of people. The data gets published from
health care, censes and other government agencies. With such potential of harvesting, mining and
publishing data, the risks of using big data is more than anything [29].
As the privacy concerns are increasing drastically, privacy preserving techniques is an option that
can be employed in both data mining and data publishing. The principle of this technique is to
design techniques for effective data mining and data publishing without compromising privacy.
Data Mining :
Data mining is a very important component in today's big data [22, 23]. Data mining is essential for
everyone from large businesses to government organizations. It helps to identify trends, patterns and
make predictions by exploring, comparing, researching and analyzing data.
Various uses of data mining performed in government and private organizations are [10–Page2]:
1. Analysis in science and engineering.
2. Improve intelligence and detecting terrorist activities
3.

Privacy Preserving Data Mining : Database Security And...
Privacy Preserving Data Mining
Database Security and Privacy
Jing Wang
250711908
Abstract In recent years, privacy preserving data mining has become a hotspot in data mining.
Today, the field of privacy has seen rapid advances in recent years because of the increase in the
ability to store data. In particular, recent advances in the data mining field have led to increasing
concerns about privacy. However, with the development of technologies, the emerging applications
result in an accumulation of abundant personal privacy information, which will easily lead to the
violence of personal privacy. Therefore, it is significant to study the privacy preserving data mining
methods of new applications. Data mining is the process of extraction of data from a large database.
Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) is another name of data mining. One of the most
important topics in a research community is Privacy Preserving Data Mining (PPDM). It refers to
the area of data mining that seeks to safeguard sensitive information from unsolicited or
unsanctioned disclosure. The Success of Privacy Preserving data mining algorithms is measured in
terms of its performance, data utility, level of uncertainty or resistance to data mining algorithms.
The objective of privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) is to find a way to manipulate the dataset,
so that the sensitive message can't be disclosed in data mining.
Keywords: Database, Privacy, Data Mining, PPDM
Introduction
The

The Big Data Is Preserve Privacy Information Of The...
The most important and significant challenge in the big data is to preserve privacy information of
the customers, employees, and the organizations. It is very sensitive and includes conceptual,
technical as well as legal significance. Any collected information about a person, when combined
with other sets of data, can lead to the finding of persons secret and private information. " As big
data expands the sources of data it can use, the trustworthiness of each data source needs to be
verified, and techniques should be explored to identify maliciously inserted data" (Jaseena K.U.
Julie M. David). Big data gives us a significant opportunity in the field of national security, a
breakthrough of diseases, medical researchers, marketing and business analysis, urban planning, and
so on. But these exceptional advantages of big data are also restricted by the privacy concerns and
the data protection. On the other side, privacy is a huge concern. Critical pieces of information of
users are collected and used in furtherance to add value for any businesses. This is done by
exploiting the insight in their personal information, and in most of the cases, users are totally
unaware of it. The user might not want to share his/ her information. But, it is already being known
to the data owner without the consent or even knowledge of it to the user. " Unauthorized release of
information, unauthorized modification of information and denial of resources are the three
categories of security

How Data Breaches Affect Privacy And Security
Anonymity, Security, Privacy, and Civil Liberties:
How Data Breaches Affect Privacy and Security
Micheal Boor
CS300DL Technology in a Global Society
Park University
Mr. Mark Munoz
10 July 2015
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Data Breaches Affect Privacy and Security
a. Office of Personnel Management
b. Target
3. Conclusion
a. How to protect yourself and your information
4. Works Cited
Introduction:
While technology has advanced to previously unexperienced levels, our personally identifiable
information is less secure now than ever before. Personally identifiable information can be best
described as "data that could potentially be used to identify a specific person;" which includes
information such as your date of birth, social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2015. CNN Money, OPM hack's unprecedented haul: 1.1 million fingerprints [Internet]. Available
from: http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/10/technology/opm–hack–fingerprints/. Accessed: 07/10/2015.
OPM. 2014. Background Investigations [Internet]. Available from:
https://www.opm.gov/investigations/background–investigations/. Accessed: 07/09/2015.
Bertrand, Natasha. 2015. Buisness Insider, The US agency plundered by Chinese hackers made one
of the dumbest security moves possible [Internet]. Available from:
http://www.businessinsider.com/the–us–agency–plundered–by–chinese–hackers–made–one–of–the–
dumbest–security–moves–possible–2015–6. Accessed: 07/09/2015.
Rosenblum, Paula. 2014. Forbes Business, The Target Data Breach Is Becoming A Nightmare
[Internet]. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/paularosenblum/2014/01/17/the–target–
data–breach–is–becoming–a–nightmare/. Accessed: 07/09/2015.
Harris, Elizabeth A., Perlroth, Nicole, and Popper, Nathaniel. 2014. New York Times, A Sneaky Path
Into Target Customers' Wallets [Internet]. Available from:

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/business/a–sneaky–path–into–target–customers–wallets.html?
_r=1. Accessed:

Unregulated Data Mining Undermines Privacy Rights
Unregulated Data Mining Undermines Privacy Rights
Introduction
As we live our everyday lives day to day, data is being gathered from each and every one of us;
often without our consent or realization. Data is being gathered constantly when we subscribe to
magazines, when we use coupons, when we use our credit cards and when we browse the Internet.
Following the 9/11 attacks, the government and law enforcement proposed to develop an airline
traveler screening program that would consolidate these pieces of consumer data information. It was
not implemented due to its controversial nature. However, privacy and civil liberty advocates are
constantly questioned, "What are you afraid of? What do you have to hide? If you haven 't done
anything wrong, what 's there to worry about?". They insinuate that data is harmless, but according
to law professor, Jeffrey Rosen's book The Unwanted Gaze, you are not your profile. These datasets
can contain errors. Furthermore, data misuse and the revelation of information to strangers can lead
to misjudgment, wrong conclusions and violations of privacy rights. Therefore, I will look at the
topic of data mining, "a set of methodologies for extracting knowledge from datasets" (Robinson,
2015) as it relates to the balance of public interest and privacy rights. Thus, this paper will analyze
the arguments of Kaplan, Al–Saggaf & Islam, Bahamonde et al., McCaul & Meehan and Robinson
as they relate to the problem of unregulated data mining. The first

Advantages Of A Model Contract
Model Contract
A model contract can be described as an agreement between the parties which are data exporter and
the data importer, which covers lot of important aspects for not only to communicators but also to
data transport. This means that the relevant company in the United States must have a contract or
some kind of an agreement for each and every country to which it sends and receives data. Usually
model contracts tend to be better suited for small and medium–sized enterprises that do not have
very large employee base or partners in many countries. But if it is a larger company that may have
employees or partners in different countries, standard contracts are not going to be that much helpful
in practical a situation. In large companies, model contracts ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
g)
HP states "Protecting customer and employee personal and confidential data promotes trust and
loyalty and energize the HP brand". Though HP is a large corporation, its dedication to protecting
employee data has prevented altering, mishaps, such as major leaks of employee data.
But a large and a well renowned company like HP may also be vulnerable to some potential threats
such as,
Global protection and national data protection for employees. As we know the "safe harbor" is
largely paying its attention only towards the EU member states. But they work in more than I70
countries throughout the world. Which means they can't keep one single policy for all their
employees, which will eventually lead to a chaos. Thus, it can be difficult to cope if a security
problem arise in a country which is not part of the EU.
So in order to mitigate this kind of an incidence they should keep separate rules and regulations,
policies, agreements which can be applied to any circumstances with that county regarding their
employee data or information protection despite of their general EU

Ensuring User Data Protection And Privacy
##Ensuring User Data Protection & Privacy##
While access to sensitive data on the network is governed via "Access Control" (Refer to Chapter 7
on Network Security), you can assist with additional privacy to users by ensuring they adopt the
following secure data communication & storage practices, provided these practices constitute
approaches identified during the organization's Risk Assessment (Refer to Chapter 1). Keep laws &
regulations related to encryption in mind before recommending these best practices.
###6.1 Encrypt User Data–at–Rest###
Data–at–Rest refers to user information stored on their devices, in external hard drives and on
removable media such as USBs, DVDs.
**6.1.i Full disk encryption (FDE)**
When working with users ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FDE 's biggest advantage is that there 's no room for error if users don 't abide by or don 't
understand encryption policies.
Here are some best practices when instituting Full Disk Encryption (FDE):
– Prep the machine: Before enabling encryption on the HDD, ensure the machine is clean and
running properly beforehand. It's essential that there are no disk problems that would render code
specific to the encryption engine to be unreadable.
– Its recommended to defragment the hard drive, run checkdisk several times, back up the data,
administer all patches and optimize performance before encrypting.
– Test the waters: Test encryption on a few "pilot" testers – these could be your tech champions to
iron out the kinks, gauge user resistance and the scope of the full deployment, before instituting
FDE across the organization. (Refer to Chapter 3 for change management best practices).
– Don't underestimate deployment time; enabling FDE takes time, especially for large drives. A
good rule of thumb is that it takes anywhere between 4–6 hours depending on the size of the HDD
for the software to encrypt the drive.
– Check for interference with other applications. Another reason for a pilot test is to identify if there
is device–driver or BIOS interference between the encryption software and other applications. Run
tests for the various operating systems of devices on your network as not all of them may be
compatible with your FDE solution.
– Ensure users are employing

Data Privacy On Ethical Online Business
Introduction
"In a few decades' time, computers will be interwoven into almost every industrial product", said
computer scientist pioneer Karl Steinbuch in 1966. Steinbuch's prediction couldn't be closer to the
truth. Today we see the "Internet of Things" (IoT), which is the concept that modern devices are
provided with "unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
any human–to–human or human–to–computer interaction" (Rouse, 2014). Wireless technologies,
the internet, and various other types of computer networks have converged to form the IoTs as we
know it. The Internet of Things is a complex technical and policy–related subject, and impacts
everything from politics and the environment, to society and the economy. Before delving into the
implication of data privacy on ethical online business, one must understand what the two respective
terms mean. Privacy is defined as "the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or
information about themselves and thereby express themselves selectively" (Roux, 2012). The right
to privacy is explicitly stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and declared by the U.S.
Supreme Court as a right implicitly granted by the Constitution. Though privacy is viewed as a
necessary right, with the onset of the internet and tracking cookies, privacy has become more
difficult to maintain for online businesses.
Business ethics is the study of how to behave as "individuals in business",

The Ethics Of Big Data And An Individual 's Privacy
The Ethics of Big Data and an Individual's Privacy What is Big Data? Big Data is the mass
collection of user data by mathematical algorithms, databases, data mining, and the use of datasets
that were once believed to be static and unusable. Big Data's history goes way back "...70 years to
the first attempts to quantify the growth rate in the volume of data, or what has popularly been
known as the "information explosion" (Press, Gil)." Researchers had predicted the massive growth
of information and how our ability to collect and store it would need to continue to grow as well.
Libraries would be considered the first cataloging of human information, but as software and
hardware continued to grow in the ability to collect and store data information is now happening at
an astronomical rate. To get a glimpse, or bigger picture, of Big Data here are a few facts of how
much data is being generated and managed (Villanova University): 1) Per IBM, users create 2.5
quintillion bytes of data every day. In practical terms, this means that 90% of the data in the world
today has been created in the last two years alone. 2) Walmart controls more than 1 million
customers transitions every hour, which are then transferred into a database working with over 2.5
petabytes of information. 3) Per FICO, the credit card fraud system helps to protect over two billion
accounts all over the globe. 4) Facebook holds more than 45 billion photos in its user database, a
number that is growing daily 5)

Computer Aided Mammograms And Trans Atlantic Data Transfer...
Issue Paper: Computer–Aided Mammograms and Trans–Atlantic Data Transfer Privacy
Garrett Gutierrez CSE 485: Capstone I #80015 12:00 PM – 1:15 PM
Introduction:
As new technologies emerge, they cause new and surprising impacts on the world, which shape how
people experience life. Yet, these advancements in computing and engineering may have some
negative consequences. Thus, they become controversial issues. Two recent issues in the computing
and engineering field are the effectiveness of computer–aided mammograms in the
United States and Facebook data being used for mass surveillance on European denizens. These
issues affect the areas of national healthcare and global privacy, respectively. Not only do these
topics have current ramifications, they also have potential long term consequences that will need to
be addressed. Thus, current leaders are taking actions to address each of these issues in order to
resolve them or mitigate their adverse effects. This paper will identify each issue, its source, the
current and future impact of the respective issue, and how current leaders are addressing the issues
based on the facts provided by the credible news sources.
Issue 1 and Source:
On the national level, a contemporary issue involving computing that has arisen is the use of
computer–aided mammograms in the U.S. for women's healthcare. The issue is that recent studies
have shown that computer–aided mammograms are not effective at detecting more instances of
breast cancer or tumors,

Privacy and Citizens' Data
Introduction This is an era of massive violations of privacy rights and individual liberties due to the
new technologies of surveillance, data mining, electronic monitoring, biometric chips, spamming,
hacking, phishing, and security breaches at major private and public institutions. These new
technologies make the protection of privacy rights far more difficult than in the pre–electronic past.
Given the nature of the Internet, thousands or even millions of people can view these Twitter and
Facebook postings in a very short time, and they can quickly go 'viral' and spread globally almost
overnight (Owyang and Milliken 2010). Governments collect data on the entire life cycles of
individuals, from birth to death, as well as information on marriages, divorces, legal records,
financial histories, voting, motor vehicles and property ownership. Those suspected of terrorist or
'subversive' sympathies are subjected to far more intensive covert monitoring and investigation by
the federal government, under the provisions of the Patriot Act. Banks, corporations and private
organizations in general also collect an immense amount of personal and financial data for credit
and marketing purposes. In short, these governmental and private organizations now have
considerable power over "individual autonomy and decision making" thanks to these new
technologies (Solove, 2006, p. 2). Social Networks Privacy The personal right to privacy is a
modern concept and hardly existed anywhere in

Database Data Mining: the Silent Invasion of Privacy
Database Data Mining: The Silent Invasion of Privacy
Database Data Mining: The Silent Invasion of Privacy
Dustin Johnson
University of Maryland University College
As coined in an article in the St. Louis Post–Dispatch by Aisha Sultan, "Data is the new world
currency." Data mining is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and then
summarizing it into useful information. In essence is it applying all different types of what if
scenarios on large swaths of data to get possible results to aid in better decision making. This sort of
decision making isn't something new, it's the technology aiding the decision making that is new.
This has reduced the amount of time it takes in the decision making process and given the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But after realizing that companies can't govern themselves since the allure of profits from selling
consumer information they collect to other agencies is so great, the FTC has had a change of mind
and is now promoting the effort of government regulation of protection of privacy of consumer data.
Now this brings up a good question. What has the FTC done to promote standards/regulations to
protect consumer privacy data and what are the punishments for not complying with those standards
and regulations. The FTC had advised congress on enacting laws to protect consumer privacy. Some
of those laws are the Children's' Privacy Protection Act of 1998, Gramm–Leach–Bliley Financial
Modernization Act (GLBA), Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, Communications
Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Driver Privacy Protection Act of 1994, Electronic
Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Electronic Fund Transfer Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, and
the Federal Privacy Act (Kim). Most of these regulations are predominantly enacted for the public
sector in order to prevent illegal gathering of information by government agencies at the federal,
state, and local level. It is also the FTC that handles the cases against companies that don't comply
with these regulations besides promoting further enhancement of regulations. For example the FTC
is currently advising Congress and implementing a stronger

Privacy Of Data Stream Using Sliding Window Method
Privacy Preserving In Data Stream Using Sliding Window Method
1. INTRODUCTION:
Data Mining is defined as extracting information from huge sets of data. In other words, we can say
that data mining is the procedure of mining knowledge from data. There is a huge amount of data
available in the Information Industry. This data is of no use until it is converted into useful
information. It is necessary to analyse this huge amount of data and extract useful information from
it. Extraction of information is not the only process we need to perform; data mining also involves
other processes such as Data Cleaning, Data Integration, Data Transformation, Data Mining, Pattern
Evaluation and Data Presentation [12].
Information is today probably the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1 Anonymization based PPDM
The basic form of the data in a table consists of following four types of attributes:
(i) Explicit Identifiers is a set of attributes containing information that identifies a record owner
explicitly such as name, SS number etc.
(ii) Quasi Identifiers is a set of attributes that could potentially identify a record owner when
combined with publicly available data.
(iii) Sensitive Attributes is a set of attributes that contains sensitive person specific information such
as disease, salary etc.
(iv) Non–Sensitive Attributes is a set of attributes that creates no problem if revealed even to
untrustworthy parties [4].
Anonymization refers to an approach where identity or/and sensitive data about record owners are to
be hidden. It even assumes that sensitive data should be retained for analysis. It 's obvious that
explicit identifiers should be removed but still there is a danger of privacy intrusion when quasi
identifiers are linked to publicly available data. Such attacks are called as linking attacks. For
example attributes such as DOB, Sex, Race, and Zip are available in public records such as voter
list.
Figure 1: Linking Attack
Such records are available in medical records also, when linked, can be used to infer

Data Collection And Privacy Policies
Data collection generally can provide and opportunity for abuse, misuse and identity theft in some
cases (there have been several reported cases of major data breached from companies like Target
and Apple). Privacy and security are one of the biggest issues, my client will be justifiably
concerned not only about what my company will do with the data we will collect, but also how it
will be protected from third parties. Transparency about the use and protection of consumers' data
will reinforce trust by my client for my company. There is also a need to give my clients and their
employees full control over what part of their data can be collected and used for product
enhancements. There is also the fact that my client may not fully grasp the ... Show more content on
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The customers will be provided with the appropriate value in exchange for collected data, they will
be educated about how it is collected, and allowed to have control over what information we can or
cannot received. Our data collection practices and privacy policies will also be spelt out upfront, we
expect that the tradeoffs will be transparent to the customer who stands to gain significantly when
we use the information provided from the data collected to enhance their companies efficiency and
effectiveness. Since customer data will continue to be a strong competive advantage for my
company, gaining my clients confidence will be key. Transparency about the information we gather
from our customer and their employees is critical. We must also give them full control over their
data, and offer fair value in return to earn contineous access. We understand how much data is worth
to our consumers, we offer commensurate value in return for it. We will make the exchange
transparent to build trust and encourage data sharing. We will ensure we focus on safeguarding
privacy, educating users, and giving them control. We will also voluntarily continuously identify and
adopt the most stringent data privacy policies to protect our company against legal challenges and
let our customer know how highly place we consider their data to us. 2. a. The ROI analysis was
unreliable because the average ROI % was greater

Data Privacy
Data Privacy
G.Maruthi
What is data privacy?
Protection of personal data Why do we need protect personal data?
– The need to control personal data
Fear of misuse Identity Theft Cases of Fraud Other form of cyber crimes
What is Personal Information?
According to the European Directive on Data Protection
– Article 2: "Personal Data shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable
natural person ('data subject'); an identifiable person is one who can be identified , directly or
indirectly, in particular, by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to
his physical, physiological, mental economic , cultural or social identity" – Article 8: Personal data
revealing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the person so affected" – Body Corporate: "means any company and includes a firm, sole
proprietorship or other association of individuals engaged in commercial or professional activities"
Data Privacy: India
Under the chapter XI: Offences Section 72: Penalty for breach of confidentiality and privacy Section
72A: Punishment for disclosure of information in breach of lawful contract:
Data Privacy: India
Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data
or Information) Rules, 2011:
– Rule 3: Sensitive personal data or information
Password; Financial information such as Bank account or credit card or debit card or other payment
instrument details; Physical physiological and mental health condition Sexual orientation Medical
records and history Biometric information
Data Privacy: India
or Information) Rules, 2011: Rule 4: Body corporate to provide policy for privacy and disclosure of
information: Responsibilities of data controllers:
– – – – – Practices and policies Type of information collected Purpose of collection and usage of

such information Disclosure of information Reasonable security practices
Data Privacy: India
or Information) Rules, 2011: Rule 5: Collection of information: Rule

Big Data And Digital Privacy Policy Concerns
MEMORANDUM
TO: The Internet (for suggestions before sending to Office of President) FROM: (Representing:
Virtual United Consortium of Big Data Companies)
Date: January 14, 2015
RE: Big data and digital privacy policy concerns
The purpose of this memo is to describe ongoing big data revolution and to show how digital
privacy considerations for same can be addressed by adopting recommended options.
Background:
Although traditional software packages used to track usage patterns to catch bugs with a goal to
improve user experience as a whole, the recent growth of web applications (which includes dynamic
websites ranging from digital content consumption, interaction and production– which in turn is
really a small subset of whole ecosystem) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there are many rationales to use such techniques, broadly they can be classified into two
classes: 1) direct usage: which involves usage of big data techniques for one, specific,
predetermined purpose. 2) indirect usage: which involves, as its name suggests, indirect use of
collected data beyond its original intended usage. The application domain is very large – ranging
from search engines, online ad marketing, video content analysis for piracy detection, healthcare,
natural language processing to name a few.
Government
The hot topic around government usage of big data has been centered on meta–data crawlers. The
meta–data which, as its name suggests, is data about some particular data. An easy example is of a
phone call where the data is single audio file of the phone call and the meta–data is group of many
attributes such as caller, recipient, call time, call duration, call location through signal triangulation
etc. Since it is evident that meta–data is very large in quantity than its parent data itself, thus making
it a perfect domain for government agencies to apply the big data analytics2.
End users End user will use the product provided by software and web companies and will provide,
either with or without consent, the input to the big data techniques. It is difficult to draw a clear

Privacy Protecting Confidential Information On The...
Abstract– Privacy preserving in data mining specifies the security of the confidential data or
attribute in the large data base. Sharing of extracted information from a data set is beneficial to the
application users. But at the same time analysing such data opens treats to privacy if not done
properly. This work aims to reveal the information by protecting confidential data. In the literature
various methods including Randomization, k–anonymity and data hiding have been suggested for
the same. In this paper we introduce new masking technique for hiding sensitive data based on the
concept of genetic algorithms. The main purpose of this method is fully supporting security of
continuous numerical data in the database and keeping the utility ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial. These patterns can then be seen as a
kind of summary of the input data.
In recent years, data mining has been viewed as a threat to privacy because of the widespread
proliferation of electronic data maintained by [2] corporations. A number of techniques have been
proposed for modifying or transforming the data in such a way so as to preserve privacy. The
privacy preserving in data mining concerns the protection of confidential data from unauthorized
users. The confidential data may be numerical, categorical or both. The protection of confidential
data may give personal security to the workers of a company, government employers and sometimes
it concerns with national security.
A key problem that arises in any mass collection of data is that of confidentiality. The need for
privacy preserving is sometimes due to law [3] or can be motivated by business interests. However,
sharing of data can be beneficial to others and give mutual gain. A key utility of large databases
today is research, whether it is scientific or economic and market oriented. For example, medical
field has much to gain by pooling data for research. Despite the potential gain, this is often not
possible due to the confidentiality issues which arise. So the privacy of the one's confidential data
should be preserve from other corporate or public sectors.
The problem of

The Importance Of Privacy And Data Encryption
In today's world we are so much dependent on technology, that the need for privacy and data
encryption has become more important to protect the importance of information, such as credit–card
numbers, email messages, confidential company information, banking details and other personal
information. For example, when you are at an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), you do not want
someone looking over your shoulder for your PIN number. The same applies for email accounts,
bank accounts, Social–networking accounts. And we do not want an unauthorised person or a third
party to monitor our movement over the internet. So as the computer technology and Information
technology have evolved, so is the need to secure date increased. Internet usage has increased at an
alarming rate, and now every person is using the Internet for various purposes. Researchers have
been working hard for a very long time to make Internet and data sharing as safe as possible. They
are trying to find new methods of securing and transferring data across the internet and extranet.
History
Encryption is not new or limited to Internet. It has been into practice for a very long time, in fact
began thousands of years ago, however in a different format. The use of cryptography dates back to
1900 BC, in Egypt which uses mystery paintings and figures. In those days, it was not so much
aimed for secrecy as it was to create mystery or amusement for literate readers. Secret messages
were used by the Greek army, which

Online Data Collection and Personal Privacy-a Review of...
Introduction
The growth of the internet enters into marketing world (Kımıloğlu, 2004). The internet is used as
another marketing tool in several purposes; a cost–effective advertising channel (Eri, Islam and
Daud, 2011), a resource for customers' personal data obtaining (Pope and Lowen, 2009), and a
market place (Lwin, Wirtz and Williams, 2007). Apart from those rising benefits, there are also
problems and ethical issues growing aside. Privacy seems to be the biggest issue that marketers have
to deal with the growth marketing use of the internet (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Miyazaki,
2008). Many researches found that privacy could have effects on trust, loyalty, and attitude on
customers toward companies doing business on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.Collecting
2
personal data to create information with intention of selling it; this approach of data collecting
tends to be the most invasive to personal privacy perspectives.
Miyazaki (2008) states that the invasion of personal privacy of data collecting occurs when it is
combined by two perspectives; tracking data and information of customers (Kımıloğlu, 2004), and
the lack of information about how data is collected or is used and ability to control. The latter seems
to be a huge problem issue and privacy invasion (Dommeyer and Gross, 2003; Pitta, Franzak and
Laric, 2003; Dubelaar, Jevons and Parker, 2003; Christiansen, 2011). There are many undisclosed
circumstances of using personal information that threat customers' privacy for example price
adjusting and shopping pattern tracking. Insurance companies measure individual's risk of injury
and death based on personal information of the internet searches and blogs, then accordingly adjust
one's insurance price (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Christiansen, 2011). Providing a club card to
use in supermarkets for customers to collect points allows supermarkets to track consumers'
shopping patterns (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003).
As the increase of data collection and media reports of its affect (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Ha,
2004), privacy concern increases on customers (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Ha, 2004; Spake,
Finney and Joseph, 2011; Bernard, 2011). This is the

The Importance Of Information Security And Data Privacy
The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more
popular among those who are interested in. The problem with this much information being
accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. Supervision is
used because many different types of groups of people are using it. Legislative regulation of the
internet would be an appropriate function of the government. Although the freedom of speech and
privacy is important to the history and culture of the United States, certain regulations over the
internet are needed.
Protecting Personal Data If personal data is required for a use, it should be secured. Millions of
people use the internet basically everyday. The issue of information security and data privacy is
assuming tremendous importance among global organizations and particularly in an environment
marked by computer virus and terrorist attacks. As crucial information of a financial, insurance,
medical and personal nature begins to get handled by remotely located offshore outsourcing service
providers, there is a growing concern about the manner in which it is being collected, stored and
utilized. But luckily the government is taking action by the following, "Government and law
enforcement officials contend that access to such information spurs rapid identification of criminals,
helping to combat credit fraud, terrorism, and illegal immigration" (Privacy). The internet needs a
policy and

Techniques For Privacy Preserving Data Mining Essay

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