Humanitarian Intervention

Humanitarian Intervention
Humanitarian intervention is use of force or other sanctions by one state or group of states against
another to prevent or stop the denial of the basic human rights of that states citizens.
There is no actual definition of humanitarian intervention, only a basic notion of what it entails and
the outstanding question of whether the human rights violations in a sovereign state are reason
enough for others to intervene.
In past wars the majority of casualties were the combatants, but today's wars have larger civilian
casualty numbers. With aggressive pursuit of stories by the media and fast exchange of information
in todays age, armed action against a states own citizens do not remain secret for long.
For these reasons, in 2005 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Female genital mutilation is a big enough issue that in 1996 the United States set a precedent in
mandating that women refugees who flee persecution related to their gender, in this case genital
mutilation, are entitled to protection under U.S. immigration laws (When Rights and Cultures
Collide).
If responsibility to protect is mandated and reason enough to intervene, the intervening party or
parties should have nothing whatsoever to gain. This is likely the greatest test and barrier to
responsibility to protect and probably causes any humanitarian intervention action in modern time to
be considered a violation of state sovereignty. Most responsibility to protect actions, while in the
name of humanitarian intervention; have been considered by some scholars and legal experts to be
"a Trojan Horse used by the powerful to legitimize their interference in the affairs of the weak?"
(Bellamy)
One of the more recent responsibility to protect actions was in Libya in early 2011. After protests in
Tripoli spread through the country Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, announced that his forces
should take Benghazi and show 'no mercy' (The Crisis in Libya). The previous research shows that
over 35 states and NGO's, including the African Court on Human Rights and the League of Arab
States took some type of sanction against Libya, including calling for the 'no fly zone'. UN
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Humanitarian Intervention Does Not Become A Smokescreen...
ensure humanitarian intervention does not become "a smokescreen for bullies" (Weiss, 2004: 142).
This is precisely what the ICISS has achieved with its report Responsibility to Protect.
As has been echoed in this essay the ICISS focuses on the notion that with sovereignty comes
responsibility, specifically the responsibility to protect human rights (Evans et al., 2001: 12). Thus, it
is primarily the duty of the state to uphold human rights. However, "Where a population is suffering
serious harm, as a result of internal war, insurgency, repression or state failure, and the state in
question is unwilling or unable to halt or avert it, the principle of non–intervention yields to the
international responsibility to protect" (Evans et al., 2001: XI). It is here were the emphasis is drawn
to those who need the intervention rather than the nation intervening (Weiss, 2004: 138). This is
important, as intervention is no longer a right of the intervening state (i.e. in so far as they can
exploit the situation) but rather a responsibility of states to protect those most vulnerable, hence the
shift from the terminology of 'intervention' to 'responsibility'.
What this framework consequently does is make the correct weigh up between sovereignty and
human rights by creating a connection between the two (Sarkin, 2008: 52). Moreover, this allows for
real and effective action to be undertaken for those who require it. It accomplishes this by a precise
framework for both the criteria for

Government Responsibility To Protect America
Although the president has the responsibility to keep the nation and its citizens safe, there is a moral
limit to the actions that he or she can take. The government's duty is to protect America, fairly serve
and represent the people, carry out orders or laws to develop the country, and allow their citizens to
thrive with freedom. While carrying out these tasks, the government should not treat anyone with
discrimination or injustice, like FDR did to the Japanese in the 1940s. After Japan attacked on Pearl
Harbor in 1941, America began to fear the Japanese people currently residing in the United States
since they believed that they posed a threat to them, simply because they were Japanese. In his
Executive order to the Japanese–Americans, FDR

Pros And Cons Of Humanitarian Intervention
Humanitarian Intervention, as nice as it might sound, poses controversy among international society
and world politics; mainly due to the fact that it directly contradicts with the principles of state–
sovereignty, non– intervention, and the non–usage of force. However, the issue lies on the fact that
human rights principles and the previous mentioned principles do often conflict, which results in
questioning the concept of humanitarian intervention. Meanwhile, this paper will discuss the pros
and cons of humanitarian intervention, while aiming to clearly point out the need and support for
humanitarian intervention. Critics argue that there is no legal basis for humanitarian intervention in
International Law; however, legally humanitarian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no clear consensus on the matter of humanitarian intervention and it is therefore prone to
abuse. Nonetheless, considering all pros and cons of intervention it appears quite clear that the
consequences of intervening in all cases or just in some are less threatening compared to the
consequences of not intervening at all. Such consequences include undermining human rights fully
since genocide and mass killing are clear violation of the fundamental human rights. Meanwhile, the
main argument in favor of humanitarian intervention is the principle of "responsibility to protect"
which states agreed to at the World Summit 2005. The responsibility to protect implies that states
are obligated to protect their citizens from genocide, mass killing, and ethnic cleansing; meanwhile
if a state did not respect this responsibility or was not able to do so than the responsibility is
transferred to the international community (Bellamy, 2011, p. 487). They have to firstly use peaceful
means in order to protect the citizens and if that fails that they are allowed to use proportioned
measures which are necessary to restore the protection of the citizens. Humanitarian Intervention
nowadays is mainly based on the principle of responsibility to protect (Case: Libya

The Role Of Responsibility In The Rwandan Genocide
The Rwandan genocide saw hundreds of thousands of Rwandans murdered in a matter of 100 days
by the Hutu government, and was the motivating factor for articulating the "responsibility to protect.
The whole notion of genocide occurring and the inability of governments and other organizations to
halt it, has generated a lot of soul searching throughout the world. Thus, the responsibility to protect
was highly motivated by the Rwandans genocide. Furthermore, many of these constituencies were
wondering if states were, in fact, sovereign nations , and secondly, how they were going to protect
the population. Thus, the responsibility to protect was designed to make constituents aware that the
principal is sovereignty, not to prevent populations from

Humanitarian Intervention with Respect to R2P
AGENDA– HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION WITH RESPECT TO R2P INTRODUCTION
The objective of humanitarian intervention is to prevent mass violation of human rights and human
dignity. It has remained a compelling issue in international affairs because of its controversial
character. Although sovereignty has formed the basis of international relations since the Treaty of
Westphalia, events in the 1990s raised the impetus of the international community to place the
protection of civilians before state autonomy. However, given the complexity of international law
and international relations, the threshold for triggering interventions continues to be debated.
Definition Humanitarian intervention is the threat or use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Secretariat General has strengthened capacity of mediation and control. It also proposed that the
established of so called a Peace building Commission backed by supporting fund will effectively
transform a country from war to peace. Murphy, Sean D.(1996) The United Nations in an Evolving
World Order, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania press, 1996. Pg. 75–82 (b)
Responsibility to Protect When peaceful means of a nation's government fails to put a halt to
genocide, ethnic cleansing, and mass violation or has been proven inadequate, the UN Security
Council has the right to collectively take action. (c) Human rights, Democracy, and Rule of Law
Decisive act must be taken to strengthen the UN human right machinery and to increase related
funding. The 2005 World Summit also heavily favours for the idea of the foundation of Human
Rights Council over the coming years. In addition to emphasizing the essentiality of a human right
institution, the World Summit also reaffirmed democracy as a universal value. THE
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT – CORE PRINCIPLES (1) Basic Principles A. State sovereignty
implies responsibility, and the primary responsibility for the protection of its people lies with the
state itself. B. Where a population is

Epa's Responsibility To Protect The Environment
The Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, is an extremely vital function to our society. The
EPA makes laws and regulations for businesses and citizens to follow to make our world safer and to
protect it for the future generations. Most educated people can agree that we do have a responsibility
to do something about climate change and the difference we can make is through the EPA. Because
of our free market companies will do anything they can to provide cheap goods and this usually
comes at a price to the environment. The
EPA can help make regulation that forces companies to abide by business practices that do not harm
the environment. If the EPA were to relax their regulations our world wouldn't be the same for future
generations. With

Personal Responsibility toward the Natural World
Personal Responsibility toward the Natural World: The natural world is our only habitat that is a
biotic system which experiences much stress to an extent that it threatens to fail in irreversible and
significant ways. Currently, most of the huge environmental challenges that confront people such
loss of biodiversity, climate change, pollution, and resource depletion have similar emerging
patterns. Therefore, numerous changes are required to restore and stabilize the natural world into its
functional integrity. In order to address the challenges effectively, there is need to examine the
wellsprings of human motivation, caring, and social identity. This factor plays a critical role in
understanding our personal responsibilities towards the natural world.
Personal Responsibilities in Influencing Natural Resources: Some of the major problems that affect
or influence our natural world and resources emanate from the increasing population across the
globe that has is currently more than 8 billion people. The world's population is estimated to be
growing at a rate of 1.15 percent that accounts for 77 million people annually, which is less than the
growth rate at the peak of the 1960s. While the growth rate has been decreasing significantly, there
is a significant impact of the current population on the environment. This is largely because the huge
population across the globe results in huge strains on the environment and natural resources.
Consequently, sustaining the

International Community Is Culpable For The Rwandan Genocide
From April to June 1994, in a mere 100 days, approximately 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were
murdered during the Rwandan genocide (Destexhe, 1994). The international community failed to
prevent or stop this slaughter. Considering the horrific nature of this genocide and the vast number
of victims, there is a question whether the international community is culpable for the Rwandan
genocide; specifically, the role of its key players, the US, the UN, France and Belgium. I will argue
that the international community is culpable and focus on three reasons for this inaction.
A subsequent question is; what responsibilities do global actors have in preventing such atrocities? I
feel that every country is responsible for protecting its citizens from genocide. Should a nation fail
to safeguard its citizens from genocide, I feel that international community has an obligation to
protect those citizens at risk. I will highlight the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine which was
ratified by the UN some years following the Rwandan genocide, as the UN's attempt to prevent the
mistakes of Rwanda and other genocides.
Background – Three Reasons for the International Community's inaction in the Rwandan Genocide
I feel that the international community is culpable for the Rwandan genocide and will focus on the
three reasons for this inaction. First, inaction was due to national interests. As an example, the US
decided not to take action in Rwanda as there was no perceived

1993 Rwanda Genocide
Imagine spending 91 days hiding in a 3– by 4–foot bathroom with six other people while outside,
thousands of your tribe members are being slaughtered. That's what happened to Immaculee
Illibagiza during the 1993 Rwanda genocide, and the world must make sure it never happens again.
The world's nations have a "responsibility to protect" people from the worst human rights abuses.
Also, inaction can lead to genocide and other atrocities. Finally, international security is threatened
when helpless citizens are in crisis. This proves that the international community should send
military forces to stop the massacre in Swurundi. The world's nations have a "responsibility to
protect" people from the worst human rights abuses. For instance, the United

Humanitarian Intervention Is Certainly Among The Most Debated
Humanitarian intervention is certainly among the most debated topics of recent years in stately,
organizational, and academic forums. The focal point of the controversy is the conflict between
traditional ethics and practices of state sovereignty and newly accepted norms on the use of force for
humanitarian resolutions. Despite the political and social disagreements between a given set of
nation states, humanitarian intervention is now an adopted, international practice that demands
intervention anytime a high percentage of the population (of any state) is at risk or under threat from
their own authorities or those of another state.
In the year 2001, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) –
supported ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The discussion on humanitarian intervention emerged in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War and
severe ethnical violence taking place. However, the legal roots of humanitarian intervention are
found on Chapter VII of UN Charter and UN Convention on Prevention and Punishment of
Genocide (Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of International Court of Justice, 1945;
Convention on Genocide, 1948). With the "second wave of democratization" occurring from the late
1940s to 1960s it was strongly embraced the concept of sovereignty by the newly liberated states
(Huntington, 1991). The Same concept is used currently as a counter–argument to humanitarian
intervention (J. Bajorja & R. McMahon, 2013). However, the co–founders of ICISS argue "...that
sovereign states are defined not by the inviolability of their borders –– the assumption of the post–
colonial era – but by their obligation to protect their citizens" (Homans, 2011).
Humanitarian intervention represents a revolution in the international law, as it challenges the old
Treaty of Westphalia (Treaty of Westphalia, 1648), which certified the domestic sovereignty of state
actors. This principle was also endorsed by the UN Charter in 1945 in the article 2(7), where it was
stated that "nothing

Anne Orford Lawful Authority
When a country encounters a catastrophic situation where human rights are being violated, it is the
state's responsibility to protect its nation. Frequently state's shift from humanitarian intervention to
responsibility to protect as a solution to human rights violations. Humanitarian intervention has been
defined as a states's use of "military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim
of that military action is ending human–rights violations being perpetrated by the state against which
it is directed."1 In order for a state to successfully protect, according to Anne Orford in the article
Lawful Authority and the Responsibility to Protect, they must "prevent genocide, ethnic cleansing,
war crimes, and crimes against humanity." (pg 248, Orford) A state is responsible for protecting its
population, if they fail to do so the responsibility and authority to do so shifts to the international
community. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since this concept was instituted it has accumulated support of states, international organizations,
and civil society and has invoked processed of institutional transformation at and around the UN.
Orford divided her text into three parts in order for her to thoroughly express everything there is to
know about lawful authority and responsibility to protect, starting with part 1: key changes in theory
and practice involved in the emergence and institutional adoption of the responsibility to protect
concept. Part 2: seeks to analyze the nature of the legitimacy and legality that is explained by two
political an legal theorists–Thomas Hobbes and Carl Schmitt–who see protection as the basic
responsibility and role of the state. Part 3: concludes by suggesting that the shift from
humanitarianism to protection as a justification for intervention raises new questions about the
legality and legitimacy of international

Essay On Texas Rights
Rights and Responsibilities of citizens in Texas Personal responsibility is very crucial in ensuring
tranquility in a society. In Texas, the legislature has passed several laws which are aimed at ensuring
personal responsibility. Such policies force people to adhere to activities that do not put other
citizens at risks. One policy that has been enacted by the Texas legislature is safe driving. According
to House Bill 62 of the 85th legislative session, citizens are not allowed to text and drive anywhere
within the State of Texas (Pruner, Dagney). Texting and driving at the same time is a dangerous act
because it could result in accidents and puts the driver and other potential drivers at risk. Many
people have lost their lives due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This law protects individuals who are only trying to help and save someone's life. This law is mainly
used for CPR, as some individuals might feel pain due to the pressure applied to the chest area of an
individual. This law protects people from getting sued for any pain endured during the rescue. The
policy also protects people who break into cars with the intention of saving lives (Mapel III, Frank
& Charles). Sometimes children and the elderly die inside cars due to suffocation and extreme
temperatures. Therefore, the policy allows the public to intervene in emergency cases without
getting penalized. The second policy on social responsibility is the law on drones. The legislature in
Texas passed a law prohibiting the use of unmanned aircrafts over large spotting occasions and
correctional facilities (Texas Law Gets Tough on Public, Private Drone Use). Therefore, organizers
of large sporting events in Texas are not allowed to use drones because of the various risks that are
associated with their use. Some of the drones have caused accidents in the past. Consequently, the
legislature in Texas passed the law to regulate the use of drones, especially in public places. The
third policy that regulates social responsibility is the sexual assault law. The law provides amnesty
to students who witness sexual assault cases while they were engaging in unlawful acts such
drinking sprees. Sexual assault against women has been very

How Social Responsibility Helps Protect A Company 's...
1. Beatty, JF & Samuelson, SS (2009) 'Introduction to Business Law ', Los Angeles: Cengage
Learning [Accessed 23 July 2015]
2. De George, RT (2011) 'Corporate Social Responsibility ', Business Ethics, vol. 1(no.1), pp. 17–29.
[Accessed 21 July 2015]
3. Eisingerich, AB & Bhardwai G, (2011) 'Corporate Social Responsibility: Does Social
Responsibility Help Protect a Company's Reputation? MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 52(no.
1), pp. 18–28. [Accessed 23 July 2015]
4. European Commission (2011) 'A Renewed EU Strategy 2011–14 for Corporate Social
Responsibility ', EU Communications, Retrieved from http://eur–lex.europa.eu/legal–
content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52011DC0681 [Accessed 23 July 2015]
5. Giesler, M, & Versiu, E (2014) 'Creating the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
32(no. 1), pp. 117–127. [Accessed 27 July 2015]
12. Mohr, LA, Webb DJ & Harris, KE (2010) 'Do Consumers Expect Companies to be Socially
Responsible'? The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Buying Behavior, Journal of
Consumer Affairs, vol. 1(no. 35), pp. 125–137. [Accessed 27 July 2015]
13. Oppewal, H, Alexander, A, & Sullivan, P (2006) 'Consumer Perceptions of Corporate Social
Responsibility in Town Shopping Centers and Their Influence on Shopping Evaluations ', Journal of
Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 13(no. 4), pp. 263–270. [Accessed 28 July 2015]
14. Rupp, D, Wright, P, Arye, S & Luo, Y (2015) 'Organizational Justice, Behavior Ethics, and
Corporate Social Responsibility: Finally the Three Shall Merge ', Management and Organization
Review, vol. 11(no. 1), pp. 15–24. [Accessed 26 July 2015]
15. Servaes, H & Tamayo, A (2012) 'The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value:
The Role of Customer Awareness ', London Business School, Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc [Accessed 28 July 2015]
16. Shamir, R (2011) 'Socially Responsible Private Regulation: World Culture or World Capitalism?
', Law & Society Review, vol. 45(no 2), pp. 313–329. [Accessed 28 July 2015]
17. Stehr, C & Jakob, BE (2014) ''Corporate Social Responsibility Through Voluntary Commitment
in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises,' European Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 3(no.
4), pp. 135–150. [Accessed 30 July

Corporate Responsibility to protect the environment Essay
FastFit Case Study, Part 2

7. a) Assuming that Fastfit goes ahead with its plans to have an e–commerce site, identify two
physical locations, from where customers can enter their orders to the ecommerce site and b) For
each of the locations that you mentioned, identify the technologies (cover the areas of software,
hardware and networks) that a customer would need (at the location) to accomplish this activity?
(use a table)
Technologies for Home Location
Category
Software
Components

Single user operating system software, for example, Intel CPU or
Mac Power CPU. This is the software that enables software applications to have control over
processes running on a computer and use hardware resources. As the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Web server sends the information back to the Web browser which displays the results on the
computer or other Internetenabled device that supports a browser. The portable device would need to
be equipped with a browser to enable the customer to access the internet quickly and conveniently.
Hardware

Handheld/Portable device – e.g.
Smart phone or Tablet of sorts.
This device would have to have primary storage capabilities to allow the customer to surf the web
and make purchases online.


Input Hardware – It would also need to have input and output hardware. Input hardware such as a
keyboard (touch screen would suffice) so that the customer could communicate his/her needs
through the computer.
Network

The device would need to have a
3G/4G/LTE network and be equipped to connect with the internet wirelessly
FastFit Case Study, Part 2

WAN – portable devices must be connected wirelessly to a Wide
Area Network because being connected to a LAN is physically impossible due to the fact that they
do not stay in one physical region or location. WANs as computer networking technologies are used
to transmit data over long distances, and between different
LANs and other localised computer networking architectures. This distinction stems from the fact
that common LAN technologies operating at Layer 1/2 (such as the forms of Ethernet or Wifi) are
often geared towards

The Victorian Charter of Human Rights and...
The Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities: Does it Protect and Uphold Human
Rights?
Upholding human rights is essential for ensuring a fair and equitable society. In 1966, Australia and
a majority of the world's nations signed on to the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR). After the atrocities committed in World War II this seemed like a positive step for
ensuring acknowledgement and respect for the rights and freedoms of all people. However, the
means of enforcing human rights is not a straightforward process. In response to ratifying the
ICCPR, Australia set up the Australian Human Rights Commission. However, after a number of
failed attempts, it has not followed through with implementing a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I will address each of these mechanisms in turn.
The charter binds Public Authorities to act in a way that is compatible with human rights. However,
crucial to interpreting the effectiveness of this obligation affecting legislation, is the definition of
what a Public Authority is. Since the charter is constructed to affect legislation, it is tempting to
misinterpret "Public Authority" to mean actors with Legislative or Jurisdictive power. However, the
provided definition specifically excludes:
"(i) Parliament or a person exercising functions in connection with proceedings in Parliament; or
(j) a court or tribunal except when it is action in an administrative capacity"
(Victorian Government 2006)
This exclusion leaves the obligations of Public Authorities on the shoulders of; Public Officials,
working in an administrative capacity; any entity with public function; The Victorian police; local
government; ministers; and members of a parliamentary committee when working in an
administrative capacity. This means that when members are authoring legislation, or when the
judiciary is scrutinising legislation, the actors involved are not obliged to act in a compatible way
with the charter. This makes enforcing legislation to be compatible with human rights nearly
impossible, as there is no responsibility for the authors of that legislation to abide by the charter.
An analysis of the detail of how the charter is applied, and what

Humanitarian Intervention Essay
When discussing why states intervene in some humanitarian crises and not others, which is best
answered as states intervene in the occurrences that are seen as the greatest violations in human
rights, while having the main powers decide if intervention will best benefit them. Humanitarian
intervention is best defined as "the means to prevent or stop a gross violation of human rights in a
state, where such state is either incapable or unwilling to protect its own people, or is actively
persecuting them" (Rashid, 2012). Liberalism is the best theory to support my answer because
liberalism promotes peace and stability globally. Based off of these goals, the United Nations was
founded after World War II. During the 1990's, also known as the decade ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once the genocide in Rwanda occurred, there is no reflecting on what could have been done to save
the people, but creating improvement globally to prevent states from going through such tough
battles. After the genocide in Rwanda, in 2000, the Canadian government and several other actors
announced the establishment of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
(McMahon, 2013). When the world was not able to prevent the genocides in Rwanda and save
human life, they made sure to take action and find international responses to crimes against
humanity. After the ICISS was founded, in 2001, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) report was
created, with a message of, "if the international community is to respond to this challenge, the whole
debate must be turned on its head. The issue must be reframed not as an argument about the 'right to
intervene' but about the 'responsibility to protect'" (McMahon, 2013). As the UN outcome document
states at the end, "if a state fails to protect its citizens, then it is the responsibility of the international
community." There should not be a question about being able to intervene in a country that is going
through traumatic

Military Intervention in Syria
The UK should intervene militarily to halt the Syria regime's slaughter of innocent civilians. Please
discuss critically using at least one case study of military intervention. Nowadays, we can scarcely
turn on our televisions or pick up a newspaper without being confronted with yet another depressing
news item about the Syrian civil war. As the crisis in Syria rages the question of whether western
countries especially UK should intervene militarily in order to halt the Syria regime's slaughter of
innocent civilians is raised. Should the western countries turn a blind eye to the atrocities that take
place in Syria or should they use force and intervene to the state affairs of another state in order to
quell the violence? This essay is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of a military intervention the main purpose must be to halt the suffering that human
beings experience. A problem here is that many international observers might argue that the
intervention in Syria ultimately aims to change the regime and eliminating Iran's last major regional
ally. This would increase the influence the Western countries have in the Arab World. A military
action is appropriate only if it is the last resort. The UN and regional states have condemned Syria's
actions. Many efforts have been made from the United Nations in order to put an end to the
atrocities and the violations of Human Right that take place in Syria but none of them have brought
the desired outcome. In April 2012, Kofi Annan, as a special envoy, reported that the Assad
government had agreed to a six–point peace plan, which laid out a framework for a ceasefire that
does not result in the departure of Assad from power. Syria failed to achieve almost every aspect of
this peace plan and the United Nations send 300 ceasefire observers to the country. In June the
United Nations terminated its observer operation because of the accelerating violence. In February
2012, the United Nations General Assembly voted a resolution condemning the Presidents Assad's
reaction to the uprising, but China and Russia, prevented all energies for stronger Security Council
action. There are numerous alternatives that could be

Genocide In Srebrenia Essay
Genocide in Srebrenica and the Birth of R2P In 1995, three years of systematic ethnic cleansing by
the Bosnian Serb forces culminated in the town of Srebrenica with the androcide of over 8,000
Bosnian Muslims. The Dutch peacekeepers from the United Nations Protection Force
(UNPROFOR), charged with protecting the safe area, were ill–equipped to deal with the Serb
takeover and watched as women were raped, children were murdered, and men and boys were
gunned down. In one of the worst acts of genocide since the holocaust, the international
community's response mirrored that of the peacekeepers on the ground in Srebrenica–watch and
wait. By the time NATO forces intervened to force peace talks, nearly 100,000 people were dead
from the civil war, 65% of whom were Bosniaks. While conventions have been in place since WWII
to define war crimes and genocide and allow prosecution of those who commit these acts, the
United Nations response to these atrocities has been sporadic and disorganized. The massacre in
Srebrenica shined a spotlight on the failures of the international community to prevent mass
atrocities. We needed an international guideline to systematically and effectively respond to civil
war and intrastate conflict. Out of this was born the idea of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P).
Humanitarian intervention was by no means a new topic–its rhetoric has been around since the mid
1800s. However, in trying to codify the "right to intervene" there was a controversial

The International Community And Responsibility To...
The International Community and Responsibility to Protect 3318 Words 14 Pages
The International Community has a Right to Intervene in Sovereign States in order to end Serious
Human Rights Abuses? Discuss.
Humanitarian intervention is definitely one of the most controversial subjects of the recent decades–
among states, international organizations, non–governmental organizations (NGOs) and academia.
The centre of the debate is the clash of traditional principles of state sovereignty and new adopted
norms on use of force for humanitarian purposes. Despite the political controversies between the
countries, humanitarian intervention is now an international norm which calls for action anytime
there are serious mass life threatening ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The discussion on humanitarian intervention emerged in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War and
severe ethnical violence taking place. However, the legal roots of humanitarian intervention are
found on Chapter VII of UN Charter and UN Convention on Prevention and Punishment of
Genocide (Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of International Court of Justice, 1945;
Convention on Genocide, 1948). With the "second wave of democratization" occurring from the late
1940s to 1960s it was strongly embraced the concept of sovereignty by the new liberated states
(Huntington, 1991). Same concept is used currently as a counter–argument to humanitarian
intervention (J. Bajorja & R. McMahon, 2013). However, the co–founders of ICISS argue "...that
sovereign states are defined not by the inviolability of their borders –– the assumption of the post–
colonial era – but by their obligation to protect their citizens" (Homans, 2011).
Humanitarian intervention represents a revolution in the international law, as it challenges the old
Treaty of Westphalia (Treaty of Westphalia, 1648), which certified the domestic sovereignty of state
actors. This principle was also endorsed by the UN Charter in 1945 in the article 2(7), where it was
stated that "nothing should authorize intervention in matters essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of any state" (Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of International Court of
Justice, 1945, p.3). However, Chapter VII grants

The History of Humanitarian Intervention
The history of Humanitarian intervention is a controversial one. In March 1999 the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation (NATO) justified the use of force against Yugoslavia, a country that at this time
was having a number of atrocities being committed within it. This act welcomed by those that
thought that the veto of the permanent five in the United Nations Security Council sometimes block
necessary cases of intervention. According to Sarooshi (2001) they believe morality should trump
legality where governments commit mass atrocities. Some claim NATO's action is legal because it
represents the "crystallization in state practice of a new customary law of humanitarian
intervention." (Sarooshi, 2001:12) According to a number of authors namely Bellamy, Chandler as
this essay shall soon explore, was the downfall of any form of containing 'humanitarian
intervention'. The principle of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was endorsed by the United Nations
General Assembly in 2005 and in 2006 the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reaffirmed the
R2P principle.
Lyon (2009) questions the validity of the R2P discourse. He describes it as a normative
advancement of the idea of humanitarian intervention. Whilst Bellamy (2008) argues that R2P can
be seen as a 'working language' in the international community where cases of mass atrocities are
being committed.
A question that continues to arise is that of sovereignty. What gives a sovereign state the right to
intervene in another

The Humanitarian Intervention Of The Early Cold War
Overview
The humanitarian intervention idea came to light in the early post–cold war period and it has
changed a lot with the demise of communism and unification of Germany .Since then International
Intervention has dominated the international law and shaped the world how it views about this
notion. Debate regarding this subject is generally divided into two groups of observers. The realists
believe that when it comes to defend their self–interest and it should not hesitate to use force against
another state in self–defense. On the other hand, Intervention is a verified form of a more generous
attempt to bring peace and save innocent people. Intervention has hardly been accepted by global
community and advocates of those interventions are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
USA declared it strongly that it will not interfere in a sovereign country If the USA sees no greater
benefit or motive for their nation "(4)". Thus it is a contradiction by USA as a member of global
community which exhibits little concern for human rights or moral case, they only care about state's
profit and that motivates the USA to interfere in a state by the means of military force, economic
sanctions, politically isolating or ostracizing a sovereign state. Such intention leaves an impression
that the humanitarian intervention could be used as concealment for a particular state's self–interest.
In this essay, my arguments are not entirely against the use of military force rather how the force
actually is applied. Based on numbers of issues where international community has failed to address
genuine humanitarian crisis and how some states have manipulated the norm and used other tools to
promote and justify their interest related interventions defying the law and limiting UN as just an
institution without any significant power.
We are aware of UNSC's sanction on Libyan intervention, allowing NATO to act legally, but UNSC
resolution of

The Role Of The Genocide In Rwanda
Even though the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 is an excellent illustration of the failure of the State of
Rwanda to observe and apply its state responsibility toward its population, especially the Tutsi
minority, Nation states have inter alia several responsibilities towards the population under their
jurisdiction, which include protection against egregious atrocities, genocide, mass murder,
assassinations, and ethnic cleansing... International law emphasizes Nation states responsibilities
and assures that no one State or a group of Nation states has the right to interfere directly or
indirectly for any reason whatsoever in the internal or external affairs of any other State. However,
what are the consequences of a State failure, inability, or unwillingness to protect its own
population? And most importantly, would another State stand still while communities are being
slaughtered just because it has no right to intervene in the domestic jurisdiction of another State, just
like it happened in Rwanda and Bosnia in the 1990s? Additionally, are there other reasons that can
allow a State or a group of Nation states to intervene, legally under the ... Show more content on
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I will shed the light on the Security Council which is the keystone of the United Nations system of
collective security, and its role in maintaining international peace and security by settling disputes
pacifically under chapter VI of the UN Charter and by taking action regarding threats, breaches, and
acts of aggression under chapter VII. I will then discuss the several options that Nation states had
resorted to in the past to intervene in order to protect civilians. And I will finally highlight the notion
of the responsibility to protect which emerged in 2001 and its implication on populations under

Intervention Based On Humanitarian Ideals
The notion of intervention based on humanitarian ideals is not a novel concept in the realm of
international relations. Even Hitler maintained that his 1938 invasion of Czechoslovakia was
conducted to protect the lives of those Czechoslovaks endangered by their government (Bellamy,
2009). However, the doctrine of the 'Responsibility to Protect' (R2P) has attracted significant
mention in political discourse and academia since the end of the cold war – not least with the
surfacing of state–sponsored violence during the 'Arab Spring'. This essay, with the help of relevant
examples – such as Kosovo, Darfur, Libya and Syria – will aim to debate the notion that R2P will
only be utilised when it is in the interests of major powers.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) – which ended the Thirty Years' War by instituting a political era
made up of sovereign states having absolute jurisdiction over all physical and political matters in the
confines of their territory – established state sovereignty as a central tenet of international relations
(Krasner, 1995–1996). The sovereignty of the State was a sacrosanct principle in the Westphalian
system – a value enshrined in Chapter 2.7 of the UN Charter, which asserts: "Nothing contained in
the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially
within the domestic jurisdiction of any state" (The United Nations, 1945).
With an aim to put to bed the debate surrounding the 1999 military intervention

Essay On Ethical Issues In Health Care
As a Healthcare Professional, there are many ethical responsibilities that we have to follow every
day. Working as an Administrative Co–coordinator for the surgical department, I practice these
ethical laws on a daily basis. Laws such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act of 1996) is in United States legislation that provides privacy and security provisions for
safeguarding the medical information of our patients. I hold myself accountable to maintain the
safety and satisfaction of my patients. Every tiny bit of communication between patient and me have
to be charted on his/her medical records. Every time we come across patients who have religious
obligation such as Jehovah's witness we have to respect their religious ... Show more content on
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I feel that our sympathy and understanding towards the issues an individual patient makes a huge
difference in their personal life. I can not judge a patient for their obesity or if they are a pick eater.
My profession teaches me to deal with every patient differently what is best for their needs to get a
positive result. Following are the two article of practices that I found interesting: Responsibilities to
the Public 5. The dietetics practitioner pro– vides professional services with objectivity and with
respect for the unique needs and values of individuals. Every culture and religion have different
food practices. If, I was to come across a patient who is Jehovah's witness who has low iron count. I
will urge them to include seafood, beans, dark green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, peas, dried
fruit, raisins, apricots, iron–fortified cereals, breads, pastas. I will avoid asking them including meat
in their diet as they abstain themselves from eating meat that has blood or any blood products. It is
my ethical and professional responsibility to avoid and enforce them to go against there beliefs.
Respecting their religious beliefs is a way of practicing integrity; within our profession and to
provide excellent healthcare services. Responsibilities to

The Role of Responsibility to Protect in Syria
The end of the twentieth century brought with it a close to the era of mass human atrocities and a
new understanding of how conflict worked. With the end of World War II and the solidification of
state lines, no longer was conflict confined to border disputes. Increasingly so, conflicts occurred
internally within the state's own borders taking a greater toll on civilians and often escalating into
violent wars. From Cambodia to Rwanda and Argentina to Bosnia, the second half of the twentieth
century was riddled with genocide and the motto of "never again" continued to happen again. The
twenty first century ushered in a new ideology to prevent and stop mass atrocities. With the
realization that the doctrine of humanitarian intervention ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood lead an insurgency for many years but were put down in their
stronghold city of Hama using heavy weaponry in 1982 leaving in its wake a massacre of thousands
dead and wounded. This deliberate show of force kept down any further opposition until the
beginning of the Arab Spring in 2011. Launching attacks on Lebanon and Israel throughout its
history caused Syria to become further isolated from the west until1990 when in a rare show, it
aligned with the west and other Arab states in order to stop Saddam Hussein in Iraq. After three
decades of rule, Hafiz al–Asad died and was succeeded by his son, Bashar, who was also elected
president through referendum. It seemed as though democratic rule would finally take hold in Syria.
After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks, President Bashar al–Asad apprehensively
cooperated with the United States in order to combat al–Qaeda. This short lived collaboration
terminated when President al–Asad opposed the United State's war in Iraq. Further tensions
mounted between the two countries when Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri was assassinated in
2005 and the U.S. withdrew its ambassador to Syria opening the door for Syrian alignment with Iran
and other militant groups, especially Hezbollah in Lebanon. Syria's continued subversive
involvement in Lebanon and Israel have left it in a very tumultuous position within the

Humanitarian Intervention : The Violation Of Human Rights...
" If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we
respond to gross and systematic violation of human rights that offend every precept of our common
humanity?" said the former Secretary–General of United Nations, Kofi Annan. (source)
This statement reflects the challenge that's been facing the international community for several
decades. Indeed, the international community (represented by the United Nations) has legitimized
the coercive action against a state and the intervention in another state's affairs when the state is
violating human rights [therefore on behalf of other people/to help people suffering severe harm/to
help people whose fundamental rights have been neglected] and when it's framed by a supranational
authority, typically the UN Security Council.
But this "humanitarian intervention" defies the UN Charter's principle of self–determination that
says that people have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status
with no interference and without having to justify themselves.
Then, in 2000 was created the principle of "Responsibility to Protect" that stipulates that a state
must protect its own population and all other population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic
cleansing and crimes against humanity with the help of the international community. And it also
stated that when a state fails to protect its people the responsibility shifts to the broader international
community. (source)

How Significant Is R2P In Relation To Human Rights...
R2P has been celebrated as a new international norm. How significant is R2P in relation to human
rights protection?
R2P, identified as the responsibility to protect was firstly established in 2001 and initially presented
in the report of the 'International Commission on the Intervention and State Sovereignty'' (ICISS) A
group of retired politicians, diplomats and humanitarians chaired by former Australian foreign
minister Garth Evans, and highly respected former Algerian diplomat Mohammed Sahnoun'
(Glanville and IVONNE, 2014). This was set up and represented by the Canadian government in
December 2001 which made tensions between state sovereignty and humanitarian necessity obvious
by NATO'S 1999 intervention in Kosovo, which had an impact on ... Show more content on
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There were many difficulties which arose as there were many questions which occurred such as
'who has the right to authority?' to authorize military intervention for humanitarian purposes?
(Heywood, 2011) This is usually referred to the UN security council, this emphasises on the power
in which the security council holds and how much responsibility they have, to protect and maintain
peace and security. Secondly, Kofi Annan tried to reconcile the tension between sovereignty and
human rights, by arguing that, in a context of globalization and international cooperation's, the state
should be viewed as 'the servant of people and vice versa' (Annan,1999) . Changing attitudes
towards the norm are reflected in the growth in the influence of such doctrines of intervention as the
responsibility to protect is that there is an onus on the international community to intervene in
situations, where the lives of a country's civilian population are threatened by the actions of
government (Guelke, 2012) However, this can be seen as a disadvantages towards 'responsibility to
protect' as stated above people's lives and safety are in the hands of governments which in some
occasions cannot be good, as not all civilians agree with government verdicts. Finally, Russia is
regarded as a weak rival of the west in geo–strategic terms, its capacity to project power remains
very limited (Guelke, 2012). Another example includes; Iraq, they do not follow the human right
law, which shows that they are in need for protection to prevent waste of supreme court time and
funding. Iraq has one of the most corrupt governments in the world, due to lack of human rights,
which is defining the lives of civilians within their country. It is evident that there is a significant
need for the right to protect in countries such as

The Burden Of Responsibility: The Lord Of The Rings
"The Burden of Responsibility"
The concept of responsibility is widely demonstrated in the movie The Lord of the Rings: The
Fellowship of the Rings (LOTR) directed by Peter Jackson. Jackson has proven that when
shouldered with a burden of responsibility, people can have positive results. The mechanism of
responsibility is a major theme in the LOTR. The protagonists portrayed in the movie, Gandalf,
Frodo, and Aragorn, represents the idea of how responsibility can transpire into a positive effect.
When shouldered with a burden of responsibility, people can obtain positive results. The
responsibility is burdened on Gandalf when he is encountered with the Balrog in the Mines of
Moria. As a result of this burden, he is confronted with death. "Fly, you fools!" (LOTR) Gandalf's
sudden disappearance in Moria is the best thing that could have happened to the ring quest. His
demise leaves Frodo free to figure out his own path without Gandalf's heavy influence. This further
supports the argument because Gandalf's sacrifice has saved the Fellowship, which includes Frodo's
combatants to protect him and friends to support him. Furthermore, it benefitted the member's
development throughout the journey, therefore, becoming the self–sufficient leaders that they ...
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An example of this would be when Frodo Baggins accepts the burden and resolves to take the Ring
to the safety of Mordor by himself, leaving the Fellowship behind. "Mordor... I hope the others find
a safer road." (LOTR) Frodo demonstrates the concept of leadership and is taking responsibility to
eradicate the Ring. This gesture is despairing for Frodo, but it protects the members of the
Fellowship from any harm. This results in not only saving the Fellowship, but further enhancing the
bond and connection between the members.This is a great example of how positive conclusions are
contributed to a burden of

Similarities And Differences Between United States And Usa
In the United States of America as a citizen of the Nation we have rights and privilege, which
protect us from the government. For that reason, American citizens have the responsibilities of
respect and exercise our civil rights. Our Nation and the WA State both have laws that protect our
rights further our state constitution supports freedom and rights. On account of, I will talk over the
specific similarities and differences between rights and responsibilities as a citizen of WA State and
the United States of America. For instance, the specific rights and responsibilities I would like to
discuss are: Freedom of Speech, Voting Rights, and Life, Liberty and Property.
To begin with, the Freedom of Speech in Section 5 Article 1, of the state

The Pros And Cons Of Preventing Genocide
Preventing Genocide: Is the UN Doing Enough? Responsibility to Protect, or R2P, is the global
commitment or duty to provide help for countries where genocide, ethnic cleansings, or war crimes
are happening and they aren't able to help themselves. With shown evidence is it possible that the
United Nations isn't doing enough to prevent genocide? The United Nations is an intergovernmental
organization to place international order, established after WW2 to insure that another holocaust
would never happen again. The reasons shown in this essay will determine whether or not the
United Nations is doing enough to prevent genocide. Some would say that the UN is doing enough
to stop genocide based on the amount of money and resources used in multiple ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's very important, especially for an organization like the United Nations, to step up and make every
move possible to ensure the safety of the international community. It all comes down to R2P,
Responsibility To Protect is based around the morality that no matter what the issue, as an
international community we should look into the matter detail by detail and then make the decision
to act after that. If there's even a little suspicion, like in the Rwanda case, immediate investigation
should always go underway. The UN fails to identify the problem in a timely manner while being
shy of the issues. "We badly need clear guidelines on how to identify such extreme causes and how
to react to them", UN Secretary–General Kofi Annan says during a press conference in 2004 (Action
Plan 53). Also, in a speech given by JFK, he admits that in the event of Rwanda the UN acted shy
and that they didn't react fast enough while deciding to ignore the signs of genocide they knew
months prior (CBS News 15, 10). In the event of genocide the UN has a faulty way to identify the
issue and chooses to ignore the obvious signs. Out of the entire situation, JFK did make sure that
awareness was spread around the world so that any individual can lend a helping hand in efforts to
eliminate genocide (CBS News

The Influence Of Terrorism In American Culture
Terrorist attacks and the threat of terrorism appear to be very much at the forefront of American
culture today. It's rare to take in any kind of news today without seeing or hearing at least a small
excerpt about terrorism. It is difficult to judge a population without applying blatant generalizations,
but it does appear that Americans seem more concerned with terrorist hazards than natural hazards,
or at the very least, seem more frightened by them. There may be several reasons why the threat of
terrorism is of greater concern than that of a natural hazard, the first of which being its
unpredictability (Haddow, Bullock, & Coppola, 2014). Part of terrorism's greatest demoralizing
factor is that it may strike anywhere at anytime, and this

The Responsibility Of Protecting Â´
The ´Responsibility to Protect´ (R2P) concept first came about in a 2001 report from the
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), which was set up after,
then Secretary General, Kofi Annan, said there needed to be some a change in the United Nations
charter regarding military forces in humanitarian interventions. This came following the criticism of
the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999. The report further evolved into the concept that was
approved in the UN's General Assembly in 2005 (Evans 2014; Zyberi and Mason n.d. 2013: 7, 513).
In 2009 the UN confirmed a continued endorsement of R2P under the formula of 'three pillars and
four crimes' (Zyberi and Mason n.d. 2013: 10). The main issue with R2P has ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The review will then conclude with an article from Evans, who goes over the use of R2P through the
years, where it stands today and compares the situations in Libya and Syria.
Even though R2P has been accepted in the UN General Assembly and is widely used in the literature
of humanitarian issues, Zyberi and Mason point out that R2P is not a binding norm of international
law although it does have a clear legal dimension to it. R2P is rather seen an international social,
political and moral norm and even though it doesn't prohibit unilateral humanitarian intervention it
does not grant States a legal right to intervene (2013: 13–14). According to Zyberi and Mason's
analyses of the 'State responsibility' in the context of R2P, they find it to have several different
meanings and vary according to which perspective it's looked at from as the State and policies are
influenced differently and the scope of obligations is different for a State's individual and collective
responsibility (2013: 32–33). The political framework of R2P is therefore based on fundamental
principles of international law and epitomises the humanitarian character of those laws that have
been put in place to protect people in the world and their right to peace. The institutional efforts,
however, to operationalise R2P differ considerably from one organisation to another (2013: 511–
512). Zyberi and Mason say that along with the problem of different understanding

Military Humanitarian Intervention Essay
Introduction
After the cold war humanitarian interventions has increased and since then they are more important
when conducting peace operations. (Baylis, 2016, 266) Today there's an ongoing debate on when to
use military force and for what purpose. After the humanitarian intervention in Kosovo 1999 that
was conducted without a mandate from the UN security council, Kofi Annan former Un security
general subsidised to the debate on when to use military force. Humanitarian interventions
challenges states sovereignty, when protecting civilians from harm conducted by their own state.
According to a humanitarian perspective states have a responsibility to protect civilians in order to
maintain justice. (Seybolt, 2007, 1) This paper will therefore examine how the use of military force
can be successful or unsuccessful, by presenting a qualitative comparative case study of the
humanitarian military interventions in Kosovo and Libya. Leading ... Show more content on
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When UN gives a mandate to intervene it's the UN security council that decides the aim of the
intervention. In contrast, when lacking authorisation from the UN security council, it's the
conducting national governments that decide the aim of the intervention. Because of the complexity
of humanitarian interventions, mandate from the UN may also sometimes be unclear. Today
interventions also include long–term aims that are not military, like implementing peace and
stability in the region post–war. A task that will have an effect on the long–term effectiveness of the
military humanitarian intervention. (Collins, 2016, 275)
The effectiveness and susses of an intervention can be measured in two ways:
1. Amount of saved lives, this is the short–term goal.
2. Peace and stability in the region after the intervention, this is the long–term goal. (Seybolt, 2007)
Theoretical

The Responsibility to Protect Doctrine and the United Nations
Did the R2P Doctrine Create an Opportunity for Western Powers to act Inaptly. ? Chandler argues
that the invasion and occupation of Iraq highlighted the dynamic behind the concept of R2P. He
states that the R2P that emerged in the period after the Iraq invasion reflected more intensely the
crisis that that emerged within the ICISS report giving Western governments some form of authority
and confidence. He argues that the ICISS report aimed to restore confidence to the UN however it
just made R2P appear not as a 'non–bureaucratic ' and a non–legalistic' justification for intervention.
There is currently a focus on 'good governance' as a form of prevention and also on institutional
reform to take the emphasis away vast transformations of the potential vision of social, economic
and political change. Thus it is seen that, Western powers appear to be weak to influence events.
Moreover, any form of responsibility is killed once there is an understanding that these 'mass
atrocities' are created under the structure of institutional frameworks. "The blame for recurring
crises is located narrowly at the level of post–colonial state societies and political elites, rather than
in any policy interventions (intended or unintended) by external actors." (Chandler: 2009, 30) There
is now a form of institutionalising R2P through the international courts however this does not reflect
on western leaders. The international Criminal Courts have only looked into cases from the Global
South.

The Responsibility And The Sovereignty Of The State
The responsibility to protect and the sovereignty of the state
Does the principle of the 'responsibility to protect' as defined by the UN justify the international
community violating national sovereignty and intervening in a country to protect citizens from their
own state? Are there dangers in recognizing this principle in international law?
Izabela Daguila
Student ID: 16939150
Poli L2D
TA: Corey Snelgrove
After the world witnessed atrocities and deaths without opposing to it, like the Rwandan Genocide,
a belief for helping emerged in those who could have conditions to stop or help such violent actions.
According to Alex J. Bellamy (2008) The principle of the Responsibility to protect "was endorsed
by the United Nations General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Thomas G. Weiss and Don Hubert (2001) this supremacy "includes the choice of
political, economic, social, and cultural systems and the formulation of foreign policy". No other
nation has the right to get involved on its dilemmas. The state therefore is Supreme.
However, the concept of sovereignty has changed. Nowadays sovereignty itself has restrictions.
Human rights are unquestionable entitlements that every individual on Earth has it. Reus–Smit
(2001) says that Humans Rights "place limits on how states can treat their peoples, compromising
sovereignty in the name of universal standards of legitimate state conduct." Human rights are
therefore the only condition in which the sovereignty of a state can be violated. If the national
government fails to pursue and protect those rights the international community has the duty to
intervene and ensure them.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the document that confirms that every
member of a society should have those rights protected. Article 7 in the UDHR argues that "All are
entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against
any incitement to such discrimination." The concept of the Responsibility to Protect is therefore
more than justifiable when the State is incapable or indisposed to guarantee those rights.
Even though The Responsibility to Protect is a great concept to

Humanitarian Intervention At The 2005 World Summit
The principle of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect is rooted in the belief
that ought to fulfill certain standards of protection for its own citizens. When that standard is not met
or the government itself poses a threat to its own people, foreign nations have a right and obligation
to protect those citizens from crimes against humanity. This idea arose in the 1990s (which would
later be known as the decade of humanitarian intervention) when the US was leading several
humanitarian interventions around the globe, many of which were successful. This principle was
solidified into a commitment by all UN member states at the 2005 World Summit. Though there
have been many successful interventions rooted in the belief of a responsibility to protect, the
overall idea of RtoP itself is not without flaws. Several problems surrounding the basis of
humanitarian intervention and RtoP were highlighted with the US and NATO led intervention in
Libya. The first major issue with humanitarian intervention is determining if it's justified on the
basis that the government is actually guilty of the crimes it's alleged of committing. The premise that
Gaddafi initiated the violence and attacked peaceful protesters analogous to those in Tunisia and
Egypt was false. Furthermore, it was indeed the armed rebels that initiated the conflict and turned
the uprisings to violence. It was then falsely reported that the Libyan government responded with
lethal force, when in fact

Essay on NVQ level 2
level 2 err worksheet ERR Unit Question 1 – List the aspects of employment covered by law (1.1.1)
The law in the UK covers the following aspects of employment – National minimum wage Hours
worked Discrimination Health and safety (work conditions) Holiday entitlements Redundancy and
dismissal Training Disciplinary procedures Question 2– List the main features of current
employment legislation (1.1.2) The main features of current employment legislation are:
Employment rights Equalities Discrimination law Health and safety legislation Question 3– Outline
why legislation relating to employment exists (1.1.3) Legislation relating to employment exists to
protect the rights of the employer and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question 4– Identify sources and types of information and advice available in relation to
employment responsibilities and rights. (1.1.4) The main sources for information are: Employees
contract Staff handbook Policies Job description level 2 err worksheet ERR Unit Question 1 – List
the aspects of employment covered by law (1.1.1) The law in the UK covers the following aspects of
employment – National minimum wage Hours worked Discrimination Health and safety (work
conditions) Holiday entitlements Redundancy and dismissal Training Disciplinary procedures
Question 2– List the main features of current employment legislation (1.1.2) The main features of
current employment legislation are: Employment rights Equalities Discrimination law Health and
safety legislation Question 3– Outline why legislation relating to employment exists (1.1.3)
Legislation relating to employment exists to protect the rights of the employer and the employee. It
also ensures that regulations, policies and procedures are being complied with. Question 4– Identify
sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and
rights. (1.1.4) The main sources for information are: Employees contract Staff handbook Policies
Job description level 2 err worksheet ERR Unit Question 1 – List the aspects of employment
covered by law (1.1.1) The law in the UK

The Guest Analysis
Individuals oftentimes strive to possess an independent nature throughout their lives. They will
attempt to ensure independence through abandoning their desire to rely on others. When faced with
new responsibilities these individuals will attempt to remain resilient through the struggle of relying
on themselves. Nonetheless, during times of adversity, that arise from these new responsibilities,
they find a conflict between their morals and their loyalty, causing them to succumb to the support
offered by others and, in turn, are unable to achieve the independence that they desire. There is a
blatant understanding that individuals who rely on others during times of adversity are unable to
maintain independence. However, in "the Guest" Camus suggests ... Show more content on
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In their attempt to satisfy their responsibility they will abandon their desires for independence and
will involve themselves towards satisfying other's needs for their own well–being. Daru attempts to
satisfy the desires of others through abandoning his own desire for independence through his own
perception of his reputation. He believes that "in contrast with [this] poverty. [Daru] who lived like a
monk.... had felt like a lord". Therefore, his perception causes him to "distribute rations to the
children". His actions are completed in an attempt to avoid the guilt that he will have due to his own
reputation, thus, elucidating how individuals will make concessions for their desires of
independence for the well–being of others due to the guilt that arises from their own perception of
themselves. Additionally, when Balducci claims that "after [this], all will be over, [He] can return to
his... comfortable life". His reputation amongst others causes him to feel guilty and thus he donates
his time towards helping the impoverished because he feels that he has a social responsibility. His
actions of donating time to the less fortunate reveals how individuals will feel guilty due to other's
perception of who they are and will abandon their desires for independence in an attempt to help
other's and further their well–being. Individuals will adopt a

Humanitarian Intervention

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