Umayyads Research Paper

Umayyads Research Paper
The Umayyads, a short–lived and stylistically secular khalifate, were overthrown by mercenaries
from their province of Khorasan over disagreements about their governance. One Umayyad
survivor, Abd al–Rahman I, fled to Andalusian Spain and founded a new dynasty, and later khalifate,
of Umayyads there. The Umayyads first established their official government in Damascus, Syria,
and operated more as an empire than a religious community, The Umayyads first worked on the
unionization of an Arab world by standardizing currency and language of learning (Arabic.) Their
empire extended from Mecca to near Mid–Asia/Afghanistan, and included diversity of race and
religion, Unfortunately, the Umayyads failed to govern in such a way that the citizenry was
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Western Europe During The 16th Century
During the 16th century western Europe experienced a rise in even stronger nation–states with
intense religious beliefs and an increased desire to politically control populaces across the continent.
This was especially evident in the Low countries where people were separated between Catholics
and Protestants. Resentment between these two groups escalated with the Dutch Revolt and in 1579
the seven northern, mainly protestant, provinces declared their independence from King Phillip the
second of Spain and became the Dutch Republic. Conflict between Catholics and Protestants did not
only occur in the Low countries, France also fought numerous wars in their country over religion
mainly between the aristocratic House of Bourbon and House of Guise. ... Show more content on
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This left his ten year old son king with Catherine De Medici, his mother, as regent. Catherine was a
devout Catholic and wanted the Monarchy to stay under Catholic control. So she arranged the
wedding of Catholic, Marguerite de Valois, and Huguenot, Henry of Navarre. At the wedding they
brought numerous Huguenot nobles to Paris, so political and religious tensions elevated. Gaspard
De Coligny a Huguenot leader was shot by a hired assassin from the House of Guise. However, the
bullet merely tore off his finger and shattered his elbow. After the botched assassination, Catherine
De Medici and other Catholic nobles feared Huguenot retaliation. To eliminate future political
opposition she ordered her son to demand the execution of Huguenot leaders. These attacks would
become known as St. Batholomew's Day massacre. Catholics sided with the House of Guise and
protestants sided with the House of Bourbon. For weeks Catholic mobs attacked Huguenots in urban
centers and the the countryside ultimately leaving 5,000–30,000 dead. The massacre was a turning
point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political force was severely devastated by the
death of their aristocratic leaders. Yet these massacres ultimately settled nothing, it just created a
larger international

How Did Hannibal Dominate The Greek Army
The second Punic war was a long fought, especially bloody battle featuring some of the greatest
military minds according to Morey, W. (1901)
Leader of Carthage Army–Hannibal
It was said that Hannibal was one the greatest military minds of that time. Hannibal was ruthless,
brilliant and had a taste for Roman blood. In his youth he had vowed to remain hostile towards
Rome and wanted nothing more than to destroy Rome given the chance. At the head of the Carthage
army, Hannibal began his reign of terror invading Italy and at the Battle of Lake Trasumenus
managed to nearly decimate the Roman army through a brilliant strategic move.
Onslaught Continues
The Romans were crushed and Hannibal had shown his superiority. Extra troops were added during
the battle of Cannae to attempt to curtail Hannibal's conquests, but all was for naught, as Hannibal
managed to outmaneuver the roman troops, and slaughtered approximately 70,000 soldiers. Rome
was in mourning for the loss of so many lives and the crushing power of Hannibal was apparent. ...
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The Romans were resolved to reclaim their territories and show their dominance, and swiftly the
Romans sought justice. Good news came from Spain with the defeat of Hasdrubal by the Scipios.
Carthage Defeated and Terms of Peace
Eventually, Rome reasserted her dominance and defeated the Carthage Army, ending the Second
Punic war. The leader of the Roman army Scipio imposed the following terms of peace:
1. Carthage was to evacuate Spain completely and the islands of Africa and

Augustus Research Paper
Ty Gellinger 11/29/11
Achievements Augustus
The power of Rome for many centuries was held by the senate, which is a group of men of the
wealthiest families in Rome. They made all the political and military decisions for Rome. Under the
Senate the romans conquered many lands such as the entire Italian peninsula, southern france,
Spain, and northern Africa. After the conquering of many of these lands the armies became
independent and created civil wars in the land. Much of the Roman empire was corrupt and falling
apart. Three generals Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar formed an alliance, they kept the senate
but left it with little power and say. The senate was worried about Julius Caesar he was power
hungry and very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He preserved all of the traditional offices while slowly taking many of the offices for him self. He
was both consul and tribune. Commander and chief of the military and the senate also gave him
direct control of many provinces, these provinces supplied men for his armies and food for them
also, not to the senate. Augustus knew the importance of religion in roman society, he then named
himself pontifex maximus which means supreme priest. He encourages the construction of temples
dedicated to Rome and Augustus. None of these innovations in his ruling method altered the Roman
constitution. The laws he did change however were the laws of the provinces of Rome which made
them more romanized, so Augustus could be open about his actions so the senate would not bring
him down and be with him. The Romans had a strong sense of there traditions and were fascinated
by there history they loved when they could point out how the gods operated in there empire and
allowed them much conquest of the western world. Before Augustus it looked for the romans as if
the gods had left them, for they killed each other in revolutions and civil wars. Augustus's many
military victories and expansion of the empire through land and a political sense, show that the gods
where on his side. He glorified Rome by hiring painters, sculptures, architects, and painters to
design and build beautiful structures. He has paved the way for future Roman emperors to come.
Emperor

Augustus's Document, Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Augustus was the first emperor, and founder, of the Roman Empire. He was a generous leader, and
had a sense of caution in mind with every decision. His document, Res Gestae Divi Augusti, notes
all of his accomplishments during his reign. He established an especially impressive army during his
time. In the first paragraph, he introduces the beginning of his kingship, "In my nineteenth year... I
raised an army with which I set free the state, which was oppressed by the domination of a faction"
(Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 1). In the second to fourteenth paragraphs he touches on the politics of his
career and the events that transpired. In paragraphs fifteen through twenty–four, he notes his
donations of money, land, public works, ect. Paragraphs twenty–five through thirty–three take his
military and alliances into account. In the final two paragraphs, thirty–four and thirty–five, he
discusses Roman people's assessment of his reign. Augustus was a very powerful leader with his
well planned strategies, and made the people of Rome very proud. ... Show more content on
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"I restored peace to the sea from pirates. In that slave war I handed over tot heir masters for the
infliction of punishments about 30,000 captured, who had fled their masters and taken up arms
against the state" (Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 25). This resulted in his alliance with Italy, as well as
Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia. Italy demanded him the leader of the war, which he
eventually won in Actium. He fought with great men such as senators, men whom of which were
consuls before or after the war, and many

New Europe : The Expansion Of The New World
During the thirteenth century, Europe was a completely different scenario than what it is now, many
countries were looking into how to expand outside of their immediate territories. The new world
became a phenomena and a future reality for Europe because of the hard work of many different
people. It became possible to explore the new world because of people like Vasco de Gama, and
Prince Henry the Navigator who both worked on making it possible to get outside of Europe
(Torrecilla). As soon as there were navigational advances, the European provinces began to explore
in competition with one another, to see who could create the largest empire in the new world. Spain
was not the exception to this rule, as soon as Portugal began exploring, Spain did too, it did not want
to be left behind with the temptation of the unknown mystery gifts that the new world could
possibly bring. The expansion of the Spanish Empire is credited to Christopher Columbus who
reached America in 1492, after many failed attempts (Torrecilla). Two years later, the pope decided
to divide the world between Spain and Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas, demonstrating the large
amount of power the Catholic church had during this time period (Torrecilla). As the exploration
continued, many migrated into the new discovered lands seeking to test their luck elsewhere.The
Spanish largely expanded their empire during their colonial exploration, especially in the Americas.
This is where they created what they

Criticism Of The Electoral College
In the United States, an electoral college system is used to elect a president. It is vital in any
democratic country to allow a vote from the people to elect their representative leaders, especially in
an influential country like the United States. However, due to the process of the electoral college
system placed by the Framers, a candidate may win the popular vote but lose the electoral vote.
Such an event may upset certain members of our country as recently seen in our latest presidential
election of 2016 where candidate Hillary Clinton won the popular vote but lost the electoral vote to
candidate Donald Trump.
Using the 2016 presidential election as an example, we can see how the Electoral College can allow
a candidate to take the "winner–take–all" system towards the presidency. Another example of how a
candidate can win the election by winning the electoral vote and not the popular vote can be seen in
the presidential election of 2000, where candidate George W. Bush lost the popular vote to candidate
Al Gore but won the electoral vote, drawing criticism to the Electoral College, with some saying
that it has "outlived the purpose for which it was created" (Duquette, 2017). In this "winner–take–
all" system, more attention is focused towards electoral districts rather than a national platform. For
example, if a third party were to have a chance in winning an election in a district, "the voter must
take this fact into consideration" (Bowler, 1994). This makes it possible

Spanish Cuisine
Spanish Cuisine
The earliest settlers of Spain include the Iberians, the Celts, and the Basques groups. Then the
Phoenicians came, who were later followed by the Greeks, who ruled Spain until they were defeated
by the Romans. The last of the settlers to arrive were armies of Arabs and Berbers, whom were
called Moors. Fascinated with water, they developed irrigation systems and planted citrus and
almond trees in eastern and southern Spain.
The Phoenicians arrived from the Mediterranean and brought their sauces to Spain. The Greeks gave
the Spanish cuisine olives and olive oil though. Other cultures that have contributed to the Spanish
cuisine are the Jews and the Carthaginians. At one point in time, Christians, Jews and Moors lived ...
The Arabs introduced rice to Valencia. Short–grain rice, such as Arborio and paella rice, were mass
produced. The knowledge of irrigation developed by the Moors was the success to mass producing
rice.
Paella is one of Spain's most recognized dishes. The ingredients and methods of how paella is made
is a prime culinary example of Spain's history and its people. Paella takes its name from the utensil
in which it is cooked and from the Spanish region on the shores of the Mediterranean where the
union and heritage of two important cultures, the Roman which gave them the utensil and the Arab
who contributed rice and saffron.
Andalusia is located in southern Spain. This region is where tapas originated. Andalusia is also the
world's largest producer of olive oil, which has influenced the flavor of this region. Green olives are
picked and are used in dishes such as tapas and black olives are used for making oil. Another
important dish that originated from Andalusia is gazpacho. It was originally recognized as peasant
food, which consisted of bread, olive oil and crushed garlic. Throughout the years, the ingredients to
gazpacho evolved with the addition of tomatoes.
Spain is famous for its huge dried mountain hams, jamon serrano, eaten raw, made from the lean
meat of the wild Red Iberian pig. The consumption of ham is a contribution by the

The Netherlands Revolt
My paper will discuss several factors that led to the success of the Revolt of the Netherlands which
include; hatred of the Spain monarchy in the Netherlands, failure of King Philip II as a ruler, the
union of the provinces within the Netherlands, the support of foreign allies and Spanish enemies,
and Spain's lack of funds. This revolt was composed of people from all social classes and all of
these men were all driven and motivated by a deep hate of Spain. After Charles V, Philip II became
the king of the Spanish Netherlands. Unlike Charles V, Philip II was not part of the Habsburg
Empire, known as the Netherlands. The people of Netherland considered him a foreigner and he was
often portrayed as being extremely arrogant and uncaring towards ... Show more content on
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Philip II believed in complete sovereign power on his quest to create centralization in the region, so
he chose to exclude the involvement of the high nobility from any polices that the king made or
would make in the future (Zagorin, Pg.91). They would have no say in what the government would
do or what policies it would carry out. The accused him of violating the liberties of the province that
he ruled and even when various please were made to him change his policies, he refused to accept
the advice and consent of the nobility or estates.
With his insistence on denying the Dutch their religious freedom and then denying the nobility the
right to have a say in policy matters, he set in motion the start of the revolution. The Netherlands
was a region that had various different provinces; they were not a united front, politically speaking.
But one thing that they did have in common was that they looked upon the noblemen for guidance.
The noblemen were seen as leaders, sometimes even acting as provincial governors, and they
usually provided politically guidance to those in need, apart from dealing with any issues that town
people

Spain vs. Usa: Differences in Government and Political...
The United States of America vs. Spain
Differences in Government and Political Systems
Claire Hansen
Abstract There are a multitude of political systems around the world today. Regardless of
similarities, each has its own unique qualities. This paper will discuss the differences and
similarities of the political systems and government of both the United States of America and Spain.
First, a short analysis of each countries history will be provided. This will give some background to
the political, emotional and economical state of each country. This will lead to how the governments
and political systems are now. Finally, there will be an analysis on the similarities and differences
between both countries.
The United States of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Slavery was permanently outlawed. Also, the Constitution was amended, giving blacks the right to
vote and hold office. This resulted in a nation much more similar to what it is now.
The United State of America: Political System The political system that runs the United States of
America is a result of the Constitution, Amendments and the Civil War. As mentioned before, there
are 50 states that help govern the nation along with the national government, referred to as the
Federal Government. The Federal Government is comprised of three branches: Legislative Branch,
Executive Branch and Judicial Branch. These three branches were developed to satisfy the principle
known as 'separation of powers'. This is the idea that no one institution has too much power. This
also means that no individual member can be more than one institution. The principle of 'checks and
balance' also falls under this idea. Each branch has limited authority to act on its own. With that
being said, each branch regulates the other two and vies–a–versa to a certain extent. The House of
Representatives and the Senate make up the Legislative Branch. Together they make the laws of the
nation. There are two senates per state, meaning 100 senators in the Senate House, and today in the
11th Congress there are 435 members. All congress members are elected by their respective states
into either the Senate or House of Representatives.
The President, his/her Cabinet and the Federal

Abraham Lincoln's Experience At War With Spain
On the off chance that Abraham Lincoln were in America and lived preceding 1590 he would be
included in England being at war with Spain. Abraham would have created his thriving steamboat.
An inflatable howls framework intended to enhance the route of vessels in shallow waters. Lincoln
would have gone to war with Spain over abroad provinces. Abraham Lincoln would have driven his
military to demand England in the war against Spain. Lincoln would've been hands on picking each
top general in the union armed force to battle in the war. Show up in camps. He would have tried out
new bits of military innovation furnishing England with the most valuable outfitted weapons. Amid
the Colonial Period there were huge changes in political, social, and financial

Punic War Research Paper
There were several outcomes of the second Punic war, which was fought between 218 and 201
B.C.E (Cartwright, 2016). First, we have to establish how the first Punic War ended to appreciate the
outcomes of the second Punic War.
The first Punic War ended when Rome upgraded its sea vessels to march the highly sophisticated
vessels of the Carthaginians. With the superior army of Rome effectively trained and translated to
sailors, the Romans effectively defeated the naval power of the Carthaginians and become the new
naval power while acquiring the Island of Sicily as a province of Rome (Morey, 1901).
Now, the second Punic War introduced a rejuvenated and resurgent Carthaginian army led by a
brave and courageous soldier. His name was Hannibal. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, all the cities and regions Carthage had previously conquered and expanded to would
become out of its control. Furthermore, Masinissa was recognized as the king of Numidia and the
ally of Rome. We should retrospect that the kingship of Numidia was under contention by a rival,
name Syphax. Meanwhile, Masinissa, the embattled king of Numidia had rendered some assistance
to Scipio, when they two met in Africa. So it was not surprising to see the outcome of the second
Punic War consolidate the kingship on Masinissa.
Another outcome of the second Punic War was that Carthage was to pay an annual tribute of 200
talents for fifty years. Well, the consequence of losing a battle was either to become a province
under the victor or pay a painful fine. In the case of Carthage, the fine was a yearly tribute of 200
talents, which is the equivalent of $250,000 in today's revenue. Additionally, Carthage agreed not to
wage any war without the consent of Rome. This is quite a domination of the winner to the loser.
Even in the face of a massive threat, Carthage would have to seek the permission of Rome to defend

Patience Between Caesar And Pompey The Sole Consul
Patience between Caesar and Pompey continued to wear thin, beginning with the dissolution of the
Triumvirate; the three leaders, Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Tensions continued to strain when the
senate appointed Pompey the "Sole Consul." Appointing Pompey the Sole Consul was not meant to
offend or outrage Caesar, but soon it would become a matter of great importance. The city had been
distracted by frequent street fights between the armed bands of Clodius, a politician known for his
populist tactics; and the armed bands of T. Annius Milo, a political agitator who claimed that he was
defending the cause of the Senate. In one such fights, Clodius was killed; and his death enraged
many followers, resulting in angry mobs and riots. Followers burned his body in the Forum by a
wild mob, and the senate house destroyed during the anarchy. The senate felt obligated to confer
power upon Pompey, and so he was named "Sole Consul." Under this title, ... Show more content on
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48, Caesar transported his troops from Brundisium across the Adriatic to meet the army of Pompey,
with the few ships he had obtained. There were two battles between the armies of Caesar and
Pompey. In the first at Dyrrhachium (Pronounced: Dyratium), Caesar was defeated. Caesar then
retreated across the peninsula in the direction of Pharsalus, as to draw Pompey and his army away
from their seacoast supplies. In the second and final battle, the two armies led by their generals met
in Pharsalus. With about twenty thousand men, Caesar defeated the army of Pompey, whose army
consisted over forty thousand men. Fleeing to Egypt, Pompey was murdered. Caesar now
accomplished the first part of his plan to rule Rome by taking possession of Italy and defeating the
two armies of Pompey in Spain and Greece. He had established his title to supremacy, and honors
were paid to him in Rome. He was made a consul for five year, a tribune for life, and a dictator for
one year. But his ambition had only just

Spain Research Paper
Spain has a diverse culture with many exciting events and various customs. One event that is
common and popular in their culture are bullfights, it is considered an art that is called corrida. The
bullfights take place on a Sunday and six bulls are killed and for each bull there is different stage
and with there is a step by step process of weakening the bull and then finishing it off. Spain also
has a famous drink which is often drunk and it is called the sangria. Spain has many dances with
unique styles and one popular one is the flamenco and also there are many detailed artist. Spain has
over 32 million native speakers and is ranked 2 in the world for their first language. Spainards also
have little fiestas for local saints, people wear traditional costumes, and there are usually street
parades, fireworks, and dancing. Also in Pamplona, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rice, fish, seafood, olives, ham and sausages are the main parts of a Spanish meal also fresh
ingredients are important in Spanish meals. Spanish meal cookers visit mercados (market) daily for
bread, vegetables, fruits, and fish or meat and these ingredients are grown/ caught locally or raised.
Spaniards eat bread and coffee or chocolate blended for breakfast. Chocolate con churros are a
popular dessert. Lunch includes the bocadillo (sandwich filled with ham, cheese or a tortilla–an egg
and potato omelet). Dinner in Spain can start at 2 or 3'o clock dinner includes soup, salad and a main
dish a popular meal is paella , it includes a rice dish prepare with saffron, onions, meat and seafood.
Many eateries in Spain serve appetizers called tapas (bite sized portions of calamari) which have
sausages, hard boiled egg, and pickled vegetables. Spain is also known as the fourth largest wine
producer in Spain and some famous drinks is the Rioja and Sherry. Then there is the meal that I am
going to make and it's called

Topographical Features Of La Rioja
stage 1
The main aim of this assignment is to research Rioja, which is a province in Logrono. It will discuss
the location, capital city, some topographical features, main industries and some possible tourist
sites. Location
La Rioja is a province located in the Northern region of Logrono its Capital City, in Spain. La Rioja
is best known for its many vineyards, exquisite wines, beautiful scenery, religious history, and
pilgrimages that attract many tourists .La Rioja is located near many natural features such as rivers,
forests, vineyards and mountains. It is located on some of the most fertile land in Spain, which
contributes to the fine wines produced in that region. La Rioja is said to be the location of where the
first Spanish words ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(www.reslitour.com/Historiaeng.htm ) Logrono is a City in Spain that in 1521, was put under attack
by the French. It was left under attack for seventeen days untill the French were finally defeated on
June 11th.On this day each year the feast of St. Barnabas is held in Logrono City. This is a major
Feast each year which marks the end of the siege. It is an event that many people go to learn about
the history and enjoy some of the traditions in the City. During the time of the siege, the city was
under the rule of Captain Ere Rod. This seemed to be an advantage as to how the people of Logrono
survived the siege (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcqMKlOHjBg ).
Logrono is referred to as the Wine Capital of the world. People travel here to enjoy the wine
produced and learn about the history. Population
Logrono has a population of about 152107 people. This was last recorded in 2015. This is a
reasonably small number of people compared to the rest of Spain. With this amount of people living
here, it would leave more room for the tourism industry.
As Logrono is extremely popular for its production of wine it increases the visitors who come to this
Region. This ultimately would lead to the boost in the economy there.
The smaller population leaves more room for the people within the City to build their industries
without other people coming in taking over with building site for

Second Punic War Essay
The outcome of the second Punic War turned Rome into the single most powerful force in the
western Mediterranean. Indirectly, it also forced Rome to grow politically and militarily as it learned
to deal with acquisitions and powerful opponents beyond the Italian peninsula.
Direct Consequence of the Second Punic War (218–201)
(Morey, 1901a, Par. Battle of Zama and End of the War)
1. Carthage became a dependent state, loosing it's right to declare war without permission of Rome.
2. Carthage lost all lands in Spain, and was split up into the two Roman provinces of Hither and
Farther Spain which was then governed by a Roman praetor.
3. Carthage lost claim to all Mediterranean islands between Carthage and Italy.
4. Carthage was saddled with tribute of 200 talents payable for fifty fifty.
5. Masinissa was recognized as King of Numidia, and became a staunch ally of Rome.
6. Syracuse lost it's independence, and became a part of the Sicilian province.
Indirect Impacts of the War
Military Advances
Rome gained a brilliant General by the name of Publius Scipio Africanus, who who subdued Spain,
and changed the Roman Strategies by attacking Carthage directly, thus forcing Hannibal (an
offensive genius) to return to Africa and fight a defense war (Morey ... Show more content on
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In Masinissa, Scipio gained the Numidians as allies in defeating Carthage and became Romes
staunchest allies in Africa (Morey 1901a, par The War carried into Africa). Macedonian, however,
exposed herself as an enemy to be dealt with in future campaigns (Morey, 1901a, Par. Hannibal's
New Allies). A peripheral threat, not immediately identified, was the influx of slaves, which would
later spawn a revolt in Sicily (Morey, 1901a, Par. The Servile War in Sicily). Finally, a pattern of
punishing disloyal states such as Capua (Morey, 1901a, Par. Recovery of Capua), was established,
which would be utilized in future

How Is King Philip II Used To Tyrannize Dutch Protestants?
King Philip II used centralization in order to tyrannize the Dutch by making his support invaluable
and his authority present at all times through those he hired in government positions, but a much
more harmful tactic of oppression the Spanish used was the maltreatment of Dutch Protestants. To
further explain, the main way that Dutch Protestants were oppressed was through execution as, for
interpreting the Bible in their own way, Protestants were deemed as heretics and often burned to
death (Ward np). Furthermore, in 1556, after Heresy Edicts were pronounced invalid in the
Provinces, King Philip sent 10,000 soldiers to the Provinces where the Council of Troubles, led by
the Duke of Alva, arrested and executed thousands on the grounds that they were committing
treason for supporting Protestantism (Parker 3, Block 41–42). Even ... Show more content on
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Therefore, the reaction of many Protestants living in exile out of fear of the government is
completely justified considering the immense, oppressive hardship they had to endure. In addition,
Prince William who was a devout Catholic, making this statement shows that not all Catholics
treated Protestants as they did and that the mistreatment the Dutch Protestants endured from the king
was merely a result of him attempting to maintain jurisdiction. On multiple occasions, William
further proved his support of both Protestantism and Catholicism by stating, "do everything to win
the hearts of the Catholics as well as the reformers; above all, protect both religions" (William qtd
Putnam 10). Both of William's remarks show his liberal nature towards Protestantism, even though
he was a Catholic. William's beliefs represent those of many others who believed that both
Protestantism and Catholicism could exist, had it not been for the government's obsession with
repressing the

How Did The Provinces Affect The Roman Economy
How the provinces affected general Roman economy? The Roman economy under the empire
depended heavily on agriculture, trade, and mining. The provinces which produce those had a great
effect on the general Roman economy. This week's topic is to do list the effects that provinces had
on the general Roman economy. In the city, the top ranks enjoyed luxury life. They consumed
luxury goods. Romans who are citizens, women and children, freedmen, and slaves did trading corn,
olive oil, wine, precious metals even slaves. They used water through aqueducts. They built roads,
buildings, and bridges and repair aqueducts. They made coins and used. Romans did economic
activities, and the provinces supported those kinds of activities. In the provinces, farmers grew crops
such as wheat, olives, and grapes. The provinces such as Egypt, Sicily, and Tunisia were the
processing provinces of grain forward Rome via Ostia. Olive oil and wine were among the most
important product for making food for Romans as well as the ancient civilized world. Farmers in
provinces donated surplus crops to the Roman government instead of a tax burden. This could be a
free grain distribution– grain dole – to the poor. The need to secure grain provided by provinces was
important to the Roman government that would lead to expanding of the Roman Empire. However,
it hurt the yield of production because the provinces would pay more taxes if they produce more.
Produced agricultural products in the provinces traded and contributed to the Roman economy. ...
Stones were used for buildings, gold and silver provided for coins and jewelry, and metals created
for weapons in the Roman Empire. Those are transported from the

The Religious And Social Structure Of The Spanish Colonies
The Spanish domain established the main American provinces in the late fifteenth century. England
started setting up states right around a century later. Both domains looked for concentrate assets and
benefit from that point vanquished land while leading with Indians and creating complex
arrangement of exchange and cultivating. In spite of the likenesses, Britain and Spain ruled there
states in one of a kind ways. The political, religious and social structure of the two nations decided a
considerable lot of these distinctions.
Firstly, the indigenous Relations; English pilgrims frequently worked and lived close by helpful
local tribes. Arrangements between English homesteaders and local Americans arranged exchange,
area and peacetime conditions. Spanish pilgrims, be that as it may, were avid to overcome locals and
subjugate them for work in mines and on ranches. Spanish homesteaders likewise implemented their
way of life by devastating components of local religion, craftsmanship and dialect and obliging
discussion to Christianity. Both English and Spanish pilgrim coincidentally spread sicknesses, for
example, smallpox to locals, radically decreasing indigenous populaces. ... Show more content on
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This relative opportunity came about because of the craving of Christian minorities–Puritans,
Separatists and Catholics–to get away from the strength of the congregation of England. The
Spanish settlements, conversely, were under stricter religious control by the government.
Catholicism was set up as the official religion and was entirely implemented in the Spanish
provinces. Catholic evangelists, unmistakable among them individuals from the general public of
Jesus–Known as Jesuits–tried to implement the religious discussion and instruction of

Spain Essay
Spain
Spain, a country occupying the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula, and bounded on the north by
the Bay of Biscay, France, and Andorra, and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea. The Balearic
Islands in the Mediterranean and the
Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa are governed as provinces of Spain.
Also, Spain administers two small exclaves in Morocco–Ceuta and Melilla. The area of Spain,
including the African and insular territories, is 194,885 sq mi. Madrid is the capital and largest city.
Population
The Spanish people are essentially a mixture of the indigenous peoples of the
Iberian Peninsula with the successive peoples who conquered the peninsula and occupied it for ...
Culture
Any consideration of Spanish culture must stress the tremendous importance of religion in the
history of the country and in the life of the individual. An index of the influence of Roman
Catholicism is provided by the fervent mystical element in the art and literature of Spain, the
impressive list of its saints, and the large number of religious congregations and orders. The
Catholic marriage is the basis of the family, which in turn is the foundation of Spanish society.
Economy
Spain has traditionally been an agricultural country and is still one of the largest producers of farm
commodities in Western Europe, but since the mid–1950s industrial growth has been rapid. A series
of development plans, initiated in
1964, helped the economy to expand, but in the later 1970s an economic slowdown was brought on
by rising oil costs and increased imports. Subsequently, the government emphasized the
development of the steel, shipbuilding, textile, and mining industries. Spain derives much income
from tourism. The annual budget in the early 1990s included revenues of about $97.7 billion and
expenditures of about $128 billion. On January 1, 1986, Spain became a full member of the
European Community (now the European Union, or EU).
Agriculture

Agriculture is a mainstay of the Spanish economy, employing, with forestry and fishing, about 10
percent of the labor force.

How Did Rome Lead To The Creation Of Rome
During the later days of the Republic, the Romans expanded their interests far beyond their
homeland. Destruction of Carthage in 146 BC lead to the creation of provincia of Africa and in 125–
118 BC, conquest of southern Gaul created province of Gallia Transalpina. Julius Caesar defeated
the Gaul and in 51 BC rest of the Gaul maims was given the status of a Roman province. Roman
Empire frther expanded with the creation of three Spanish provinces: Hispania Baetica (smith–
central Spain), Lusitania and Hispania Tarraconensis (the rest of Spain), in 19 BC. At its peak,
following the Battle of Actium, Octavian had about 60 legions under his command.
Through its military power, large portion of land from Spain to Syria and Britain to North Africa

Francisco Pzarro Research Paper
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro was one of the many conquistadors who explored the then New World. It was also
known as the Americas. Pizarro mainly conquered the South America area where Peru now stands.
He is best known for overthrowing the Inca king Atahualpa and establishing the capital Lima in
Peru. Pizarro was born an illegitimate child of Gonzalo Pizarro, who was a spanish captain who did
several campaigns in Italy. When Pizarro was a boy he was intrigued of stories of the New World, he
gained a quick interest in exploring. So he joined Vasco Núñez De Balboa on an expedition to the
Americas. On this expedition they discovered the Pacific Ocean. Of course the Pacific Ocean was
already found by early settlers but this was probably the first time someone had actually
documented the findings of this huge mass of water. Francisco Pizarro also had threes brothers who
accompanied him on his road to conquering Peru for Spain. He also had a partnership with Diego de
Almagro, which went bitter after a few years of adventuring. ... Show more content on
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Francisco wanted to explore so on 1513 he followed his dreams and pursued it with Vasco Nunez de
Balboa, where they found the Pacific Ocean and Pizarro became mayor of Panama city. This
expedition was the kickstarter for Pizarro's future, he rose in power and was able to explore the New
World for Spain with Diego Almagro. 1524 marked the day the two conquistadors teamed up to
explore Peru. They went as far as the San Juan River. They also went down south past the equator
and brought back word of the the land to Spain. "In 1528, Pizarro went back to Spain to procure a
commission from Emperor Charles the fifth" (Biography.com). This allowed Pizarro to conquer the
southern territory he explored with Almagro to create a Spanish province. This province is now
known as

The Dutch Republic
Introduction The Dutch republic came to be when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish
rule in 1579 and gained international recognition in 1648. It was characterized by its high population
density (which is a continuity to this day), and its early, high level of urbanization. From the 16th to
18th centuries, the Dutch rose to power comparable to even Britain and France. This was also the
period of time when world trade flourished and linked continents, acquiring the name "global trade."
In fact, the Dutch republic experienced such growth and improvement that the 17th century was the
"Dutch golden age." During the golden age, trade, military, art, and science flourished. This all led
to a domination in trade, production of ships, etc.
Western Europe After the split of the Roman Empire, the western half fell as the east prospered.
Then in the medieval period, the catholic western European states emerged stronger than ever,
causing the distinction between roman catholic/protestant vs eastern orthodox in Europe. Western
Europe was made up of competitive states that came to play major roles. The Dutch republic
managed to become largely influential and powerful through trade. As previously mentioned,
competitiveness was and still is a characteristic of Western Europe. Since the Dutch focused on ship
building to support the trade they were beginning to be a part of.
Through this time period emerged the Columbian exchange and some European states also took an
interest

Carthaginia Analysis
After the sustained struggle of the Romans against her great rival Carthage in the seventeen–year
long series of battles both on the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa, Carthaginians, along with
their greatest general Hannibal, were finally humbled by the military genius of Roman general
Scipio Africanus. Thereafter the Roman republic achieved a dominant status in the western
Mediterranean which she never exercised before.
At the conclusion of the second war with the Phoenicians, its eventual outcomes heralded the age of
superior authority of Romans in at least the western Mediterranean region. The post–war realities
forced Carthage to let go with the whole of the Spanish territory and all the islands between Africa
and Italy.

Cuisine Influence On American Culture
Cuisine is a traditional and increasing aspect to cultures all around the world today. Cultural food is
increasing world travel, bringing explorers to trek new parts of the world to discover and enrich in
new culture. Cuisine can be influenced by several factors, such as land/soil, climate,
tools/technology, religion, etc. The native food of a country can define an area as well as inspire
others to preserve and take on the styles/methods of cooking, increasing a global loop of passing on
tradition and culture. One of the best ways to discover a country is by eating their native food.
Numerous visitors flock to the country of Spain to experience the food that is packed with extreme
flavor and character. The Spanish take pride in making their ... Show more content on
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The regions of Castile Leon and La Rioja represents how cuisine and culture is shared over borders,
but also how traditions are conserved on their own. It is prevalent to notice how a culture's
geographical area can affect the region's cuisine, such as Castile Leon and La Rioja's agricultural
based produce. La Rioja's mountainous region gives plenty of room for rolling vineyards, making
wine an abundant item to the cuisine. To fulfill the understanding of a region, it is vital to indulge in
the native land's

The European Voyages : The Age Of Exploration
The time of Exploration was a day and age that amalgamated two words. European adventurers
could find the Incipient World for various reasons. Their activities caused incredible changes for the
two macrocosms. European disclosures, triumph, and settlement all through the world from 1400 to
1700 C.E. elucidate why the time is kenned as the Age of Exploration. A considerable lot of the
people who culminated these deeds of experience and investigation, including Columbus, Magellan,
and Cortes, have names that are as unmistakable as any ever. Mainlands, nations, and urban
communities are designated after a considerable lot of these men whose activities transmuted the
world for all time. While their endeavors, achievement, and disappointments are still contended by
modern society, the general effect of those voyages, contact, and clashes have made a dissevered
perspective of gregarious and verifiable heritage.
The age of exploration began in the 1400's. Europeans were frantic to get flavors from Asia. Flavors
were utilized to safeguard nourishments and shield them from ruining. Flavors, in any case, were
costly and hazardous to get. Brokers needed to travel parts of the risky Silk Road (a land course
from Europe to Asia) to get them. Since the Silk Road was regularly shut because of different wars,
European rulers started to pay for investigations to discover an ocean course to Asia so they could
get flavors all the more effectively and for less expensive. Portugal was the

Review Of Zebulon M. Pike's A Map Of New Spain
Published in 1810 in "An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi, and Through the
Western Parts of Louisiana, to the Sources of the Arkansaw, Kans, La Platte, and Pierre Jaun,
Rivers," Zebulon M. Pike's titled "A Map of The Internal Provinces of New Spain," depicts
territories extending from the Baja California Peninsula to Nacogdoches in east Texas, provincial
boundaries and capitals of provinces, Indian and Spanish villages, and route taken by American
Troops. Pike's map corrected and improved on Alexander von Humboldt's manuscript map of New
Spain, which was not published until 1811, but was available to Pike in Washington. Pike was able
to use firsthand knowledge gained from is exploration of the Southwest and the West

Basque Society, Language and Culture
There are many groups of people throughout the world, who have either managed to keep their
system of values and traditions relevant or have been forced to conform to the modern ways of the
region they inhabit. The Basque people are a group of indigenous that claim the foothills of the
Pyrenees Mountains around the Bay of Biscay in northern Spain and southern France for thousands
of years. Indigenous people are originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. By
analyzing and interpreting their language, communication, religion, transition to modernity,
differences between french and spanish borders, and their history we will be able to better
understand them. Throughout the years, advances in international thinking and action has been
significant on indigenous rights and issues including the adoption to the UN declaration on rights of
indigenous people in 2007.
There are several Basque provinces along the french and spanish border. Northern provinces include
Labourd, Basse–Navarre, and Soule are in france, while the southern provinces are Navarra, Alava,
Vizcaya, and Guipuzcoa which lie in spain (Ott 5). During the later half of the nineteenth century
the Basque population was well over 1,000 people but currently consists of 376 people. Most people
of this indigenous group like their forefathers are pastoralist and cultivate small farmlands scattered
across the valley. . Although much of this tribes history is unverified it is said that they are

Essay on Spanish Social and Political Structure
Spanish Social and Political Structure
Hispanic Literature
The Spain that was intact during the explorations to the New World (specifically that of Christopher
Columbus in 1492) was a Spain vastly different from what it had been a mere couple of decades
pre–exploration. This "new" Spain is actualized by the union of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of
Aragon in 1469.
Before the marriage of the two major kingdoms of Spain (Aragon and Castile), Spain was in near
anarchy. Weak kings and small local communities of feudal rule (medieval systems of local
government, a feudal lord ruled over the small population of his lands) and city laws made for a
divided and powerless country. The common person was in constant fear of his/her ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Portuguese war of 1476).
There were still a lot of royal families and feudal lords with power over much of the (ever–growing)
population of Spain. In order to maintain unity in rule Isabella and Ferdinand placed corregidores,
royal agents (loyal to the crown), in all towns and cities in 1480. Basically Isabella and Ferdinand
were gathering up the country into the arms of the crown and ensuring real unity for the future of
Spain.
Under the King and Queen there was a Royal Counsel which Isabella and Ferdinand sat with six
days a week for discussion and it had an extensive jurisdiction. Its duties were judicial, all matters of
the state, and matters of alliances, embassies and foreign relations. The most power they held,
however was as that of a sort of supreme court. The cases it judged were binding to all regardless of
birth and could not be appealed or annulled.
There was also a Council of State, Council of Finance, and with Isabella and Ferdinand, four new
ones: Hermandad (as I mentioned before), the Inquisition, military orders, and of the Indies (trying
to establish a new route and compete with Portugal and a sea power and claims made in new lands).
High positions of government were given to church officials and both Isabella and Ferdinand were
dedicated to the reforming of the church. Thus they were coined "The Catholic Sovereigns". This

religious fervor did not, although, interfere with the crown's rights and privileges (as is
demonstrated will

Description Of Basques
The Basques are considered to the be oldest ethnic group located in Europe. It is believed that the
Basques had inhabited the southwestern corner of Europe before the Indo–Europeans settled in the
same area. The Basques have survived invasions by the Romans, Visigoths, Arabs, French, and
Spanish. During the Middle Ages, several parts of the Basque territory were seized by Spaniards,
Gascons, and Catalans. All of the Basque territories was divided between France and Spain by the
year 1876. Today, some Basques still seek independence from Spain and France. The name Basque
Country was given to describe the Basque autonomous community. The Basques are found
predominantly in the northwestern part of Spain and the southwestern part of France. More

Compare And Contrast The Motives Of The French And Spanish...
The motives of the French,Dutch and Spanish empires had a lot of similarities when they where
coming over to the New World. They all revolved around the same concepts power money, and
spreading their dominant faith. They did vary quite a bit when it came time to set up colonies in the
New World. Spain was convinced that Catholicism was far superior to any other religion. Because
of this the pope require Spain to spread Catholicism around the Americas. The Spanish say that their
main goal of colonization was to rescue the Indians from their barbaric ways, and to prevent them
from becoming Protestants. They did not want to eliminate the Indians, instead they wanted to help
change them into obedient Christians. Along with Spain's goal of ... Show more content on
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Their primary motivation behind the French empire was trying to find the Northwest Passage which
would connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Their religious views towards the Indians were very
different compared to the Spanish. A French explorer Samuel de Champlain said that there needed to
be religious tolerance and said that native Americans were not inferior to Europeans. Unlike the
Spanish explorers the French allowed Christian Indians to a little more independence and did not
want to take away all religious ideas. The French wanted to become a world power by gaining
wealth by training with the Indians. The Dutch empires views on things were far different compared
to those of the French and Spanish. They took a lot of honor in the fact they were very tolerant in
religious matters. They came to the New World with more of a effort to trade than conquer. The
government of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands gave the Dutch East India Company
the mission to look for a passage to the indies, and to claim any unclaimed areas for the United
Provinces. This led to several significant expeditions and to the creation of the province of New

Essay On Political Power In The 17th Century
Despite their growth of political power during the 16th century, Spain's political situation in the 17th
century is often seen as a time of "decline". Decentralized political power and ineffective taxation
were of the many reasons for the struggles faced by the Spanish Monarchy as well as the
progression of weak kings followed by power struggles. Before Spain started turning downward,
they were not only a European, but global power. This "began with the marriage (1469) of queen
Isabel of Castile (1474–1504) and king Ferdinand of Aragon (1479–1516), whose realm included
Aragon proper, Valencia and Catalonia" . Spain became united and brought together separate
territories and they were able to extended their authority to North Africa and Italy. "The Spanish
crown ruled an empire that included modern Portugal (to 1640) and Belgium, much of the Italian
peninsula, Mexico, and large portions of South America and the Caribbean" . Spain was the leader
and power during the late 16th century, but even the most powerful and successful leaders have their
downfall. During the 17th century, Spain was faced with many economic issues which aided in their
decline. Spain faced incessant piracy against their shipping in the Atlantic and doubled with the
interruptions of their very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The events that followed led to the fall of an empire. Through their struggles emerged great art, but
also a great lesson to those empires that followed. There's a general consensus amongst historians
that Spain did in fact suffer both political and economic decay during the 17th century, however, this
view has been greatly challenged by many. What is clear however is that a once global ruler was
diminished down to near nothing as a result of their economic destruction and poor

Colonialism And Imperialism
The country's history begins when the Maya Empire first colonized the area and flourished until
about AD 800. (culturegrams.com) One of their greatest accomplishments in Honduras was the city
of Copan, a city that was abandoned by the Maya people, and eventually became a colonist magnet
for the area when imperialism in Spain took off. Honduras was first inhabited by Spaniards after
Christopher Columbus landed on the Northern Coast of Honduras under the control of the Spanish
King and Queen in 1592. Explorers such as Henry Cortez and Cristóbal de Olid explored the
country and formed colonies. (nationsonline.com) Around this time imperialism already began to
affect the native people already there. The formation of colonies caused conflicts as the nationalistic
and racist ideas the Europeans had were harmful and inconsiderate of the native peoples ways. An
example of this was the battle at Comayagua between the Lenca Indians and the Spanish settlers.
This battle was fought by the Lenca Indians in an attempt to stop further expansion of the Spanish
ways and exploitation of their native culture. The arrival of the Spaniards and their colonization set
the scene for a slippery slope of imperialism's negative effects that were to come. Fast forward to
1821, when Central America gained their independence from Spain. When they were granted
independence Spain was in shambles to due to France successfully taking over in 1813.
(history.com) Since Spain was taken over and controlled by another country and one that had turned
on them after being an ally they were not too concerned with their colonies overseas due to the
Napoleonic Wars. The colonies didn't benefit France and their battles in Europe so they were granted
their independence without a fight. The brush–off of these potentially new countries, did not set
them up for a successful future. It left them without much guidance and caused power struggles
throughout the area, all due to the cut–off of the previous imperialistic ways. With no larger country
to help them with their creation of a new country, Honduras went through a couple more name
changes and political power discrepancies.
Just after these Central American countries were granted independence, what is

The Pros And Cons Of Costal De Spain
Spain is one of the most famous resort destination for holiday golfing in the world thanks for its
typical destination as well as wonderful climate. Costal del Sol (also called Costal de Golf) is the
place which grows the most density of golf installations in the Continental Europe. Costal de Sol is
located in the south of Spain and the region is the world's famous tourist destination. With
wonderful location and excellent climate, there are over 70 golf courses developed in this area,
specially the province of Málaga where golf lovers can visit all year round. In 2017, the number of
visitors to Málaga province raised 2.6 percent compared to the figures in 2016 which is 1.6 million
travelers between hotels and resorts. The rapid development ... Show more content on
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The traffic jam is now a huge problem for travelers as well as local people in Málaga. According to
a local newspaper, the traffic frequently heavies at lunchtime as tourists go to shoreline to eat as
local people go home for lunch. Golf courses irrigation brought major impacts on the environment
especially the amount of water used. In Málaga 2005, the total water consumption was around 11.8
million m3 and the amount could be much higher during the high season. Málaga city sources its
water from the Guadalhorce. Half portion of the water is utilized for irrigating golf courses and the
rest for the local neighborhood. The city water organization has grumbled that old or harmed field
water system trench are squandering water that the public could use. (Peláez, 2016) Not only the
vast used of water can affect the environment but also the process of refurbishing golf courses.
Many chemical products and biocides were adopted to maintain the greenness, control insects...
which corrupt both air and water. Additional speaking, more local people are forced to speak
English because of the enormous number of foreign tourists coming which could diminish the
culture of the city... As golf courses are built in luxury and exclusive resorts, the expenses from the
tourists are demanded in a more higher level. The result was the prices

The Second Punic War Essay
he Second Punic War (218–201 B.C.) was born out the growing rivalry between the empires of
Rome and Carthage (Morey, 1901, p. 64). When the Carthaginian territory in Spain began to extend
northward, Rome became concerned that an attack was imminent. This concern prompted Rome to
seek a treaty with Carthage establishing a border along the Iberus river in norther Spain. Carthage
respected the treaty until the death of Hasdrubal. Afterward the son of Hamilcar Barca, named
Hannibal immediately broke the treaty by capturing the city of Saguntum. A Roman envoy was sent
to Carthage to demand the surrender of Hannibal. Carthage refused and the Second Punic War began
(Morey, 1901, p. 64).
Over the next seventeen years Rome fought off the invasion of Hannibal's army in Italy. Hannibal
had gained many allies in the Italian peninsula including the Apulians, the Samnites, the ... Show
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Carthage would withdraw from Spain entirely, as well as the islands between Italy and Africa. These
islands included Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia. Masinissa, was recognized as the king of Numidia.
Masinissa had assisted Scipio when the Roman forces landed in Africa. His title had been disputed
by a Carthaginian ally named Syphax (Morey, 1901, p.70). The restoration of his royal title was
repayment for his allegiance to Rome. Carthage was not absorbed into the empire, nor reduced to a
province, rather it was considered a dependent state and was required to pay a tribute of 200 talents
for fifty years. Lastly, Carthage would require permission from Rome in order to wage war (Morey,
1901, p. 71).
In addition to the peace agreement there were other outcomes of the Second Punic War. Syracuse
was added to the province of Sicily and the Spanish territory was divided into two new provinces,
Hither and Farther. Finally, the conflict had opened the door to hostility with Philip V of Macedonia
(Morey, 1901, p.

Spanish Civil War Dbq
The Spanish Civil War, lasting from July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939, was comprised of several events
such as frequent rebel uprisings and territory gain by the Nationalists. The Nationalists made several
progressions early on in the war due to their advantages in military supplies and a bigger army
compared to the Republicans. According to "Document Page: Spanish Civil War", "The insurgents
[Nationalists] seized control of the agrarian provinces of western Spain but failed in the more urban
industrial regions of Catalonia, Aragon, the Basque provinces, Valencia, and Madrid. By the end of
July 1936, Spain was split in two. From the north, the army of Gen. Emilio Mola pushed toward
Madrid and Franco's forces did likewise from Andalusia; and the

The Explorations Of Francisco Pizarro: Spanish Conqueror
The Explorations of Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro, a man who went from a poor child to a Spanish Conqueror. He explored for more
than 10 years! Pizarro was born in 1471 in Trujillo Spain. He did not attend school, but he did work
on a pig farm. His father was a colonel in the Spanish Army, and was most likely raised by his side.
Francisco grew tired of how poor his life was. He had a desire to have adventures and collect
wealth, so he joined the Spanish Army. As a soldier, he had a lot of skills and was very effective in
combat. He was still not not satisfied.
After joining the Spanish Army, he didn't think that his actions were getting rewarded properly.
Francisco Pizarro left for Hispaniola so that he could get noticed for his military skills. "He came to
America in 1510 and took part in a number of exploratory expeditions. Including that of Vasco de
Balboa, which resulted in Spain's claim to the Pacific Ocean in 1513." (EbscoHost) During the time,
Francisco Pizarro was Vasco de Balboa's chief lieutenant. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They both went down the west side of the South American coast with Pizarro leading the group. The
group discovered the Incan Empire between 1527 and 1528. Pizarro and Almagro agreed to conquer
the empire. To gather an army, Francisco Pizarro went to the king of spain and got the rights to
command and conquer the Empire in Peru. After the king gave him the rights, he appointed him the
governor of Peru. Pizarro and Almagro started their conquest in

England And France: War Of The Grand Alliance
This war between England and France is also known as the War of the Grand Alliance. William of
Orange, who was the ruler of the United Provinces became King William III of England in 1688.
His wife, a daughter of James II, ruled jointly as Queen Mary. One reason why William accepted the
throne was to make England an active ally in his struggle against Louis XIV of France.
Louis' foreign policy was aimed at the Hapsburgs. This dynasty monopolized the office of Holy
Roman Emperor, who controlled Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and parts of Italy, and ruled Spain and
its overseas possessions. These included the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium and part of northern
France), and much of America. By 1688 Louis wanted not just to weaken the Hapsburgs: he

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