Notes for review

1. American History
STAAR Review: Exploration to Constitution

2. Eras of US History Timeline
Put the following era of US history in order on the timeline above.
Age of JacksonExploration Reconstruction
ColonizationCivil War
Westward Expansion/
Reform/ Sectionalism
ConstitutionEarly Republic
Revolution/ Declaration
of Independence

3. Eras of US History Timeline
Age of JacksonExploration Reconstruction
ColonizationCivil War
Westward Expansion/
Reform/ Sectionalism
ConstitutionEarly Republic
Revolution/ Declaration
of Independence

4. Exploration
• Age of Exploration: Time period in which Europeans explored in
search for Gold, Glory, and God
• Northwest Passage: An West to East trade route to India
Reasons for
Exploration
Explanation
Gold European countries raced to
expand European trade to increase
wealth
Glory European countries were
competing for recognition and
power among European countries
God Desire for religious freedom and
missionary work in the New World

5. Colonization
• Age of Colonization: Mass amounts of people from a specific
country migrating to a new place to settle colonies with their own
economies and societies
• 4 basic reasons for colonization: Political, Economic, Religious,
Social
• Push: Create colonies to support mercantilism
• Pull: Desire own land, natural resources for profitEconomic
• Push: King made everyone practice same religion
• Pull: Escape religious persecution, freedom of religionReligious
• Push: Rid society of excessive population
• Pull: Start a new life, climb social ladderSocial
• Push: Extend King’s power and domain
• Pull: Self-government, more political freedomPolitical
Push and Pull Factors?
Push and Pull Factors?
Push and Pull Factors?
Push and Pull Factors?

6. 13 Colonies Map
• Label the 13 Colonies and color regions as followed
• New England – Red
• Middle – Green
• Southern - Orange
Colony Bank
Delaware
New York
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Connecticut
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Maryland
New Jersey
Rhode Island
Virginia
Maryland

7. 13 Colonies Map
• New England Colonies
• Connecticut
• New Hampshire
• Massachusetts
• Rhode Island
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut

8. 13 Colonies Map
• Middle Colonies
• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware

9. 13 Colonies Map
• Southern Colonies
• Virginia
• Maryland
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

10. New England Colonies
The geography of a colony effects the products it makes (economy)
Geography
• Rocky, thin soil
• Winters: long and
cold
• Lots of Forest
• On a Coastline
Economy
• Lumbering
• Fishing
• Shipbuilding
• Trade
• Subsistence Farming:
only farming enough
for your own family

11. Middle Colonies
The geography of a colony effects the products it makes (economy)
Geography
• Flat, open land, fertile soil
• Coastline
• Lots of iron ore
• Mild climate, allowed for
long growing season
Economy
• Made their living by
farming wheat, barley, oats,
rye
• “Breadbasket Colonies”
• Craftsmen &
Manufacturing
• Harbors for fishing and
trade
• New York & Philadelphia -
large trading centers

12. Southern Colonies
The geography of a colony effects the products it makes (economy)
Geography
• Lots of rich, fertile soil
• Areas of swampy
coastlines
• Climate: Mild with short
winters and long springs
and summers
Economy
• Swampy coasts allowed
for tobacco and rice to be
grown
• Plantations: large scale
farms that need vast
amount of labor and grew
cash crops for large profits
• Relied on slave trade to
get more slaves to work
on plantations

13. Jamestown and Plymouth
Colony Importance Who settled
and year
Government
Jamestown Frist
permanent
English colony
Virginia
Company, 1607
Virginia House
of Burgesses –
1st Rep. Gov. in
colonies
Plymouth First colony
founded for
religious
freedom
Pilgrims, 1620 Mayflower
Compact –
Social contract
creating self-
government

14. Impact of Slavery
Map Analysis Questions:
1. Which section of the
colonies had the most
slavery?
2. Why did this section of the
colonies feel that slavery
was so important?
Southern Colonies
Plantation systems
used free slave labor to
make more money off
growing cash crops

15. Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage
Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage
Map Analysis Questions:
1. Explain Triangular Trade
using the map.
2. Circle the Middle Passage
Process by which slaves,
goods, and natural
resources were traded
between W. Africa, W.
Indies, and 13 Colonies

16. French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was a war between ________and
____________. They both wanted control over the profitable
_________________fur trade. The ________ would win the
war, and the war would be ended by the _____________1763
France
Great Britain
Ohio River Valley British
Treaty of Paris
Effects of the French and Indian War
British
Problem
Giant War debt that needs
to be repaid
Problems with Native
Americans West of the
Appalachians
British
Solution
British impose high taxes
on colonists to help pay
debt
Proclamation of 1763:
forbade colonists from going
past the Appalachians
Colonists
Reaction
Colonists angry about
paying higher taxes and no
representation
Colonists angry they cannot
go into land they helped fight
for

17. Causes of the American Revolution
Fill out the timeline below using the descriptions of the events.
First tax
on sugar
and
molasses
1.
_______
Tax on
paper
goods
2.
_______
Tax on
tea
3.
_______
•Civil
disobedience
•Dumped tea
into harbor
4.
_______
Punishment for
Boston Tea Party
5.
_______
Creates colonial
militias
6.
_______
Word Bank
1st Continental Congress Stamp Act Intolerable Acts
Sugar Act Boston Tea Party Tea Act
Townshend Acts Quartering Act
Sugar Act Stamp Act Tea Act
Boston Tea
Party
Intolerable
Acts
1st Cont.
Congress

18. Causes of the American Revolution
Complete the cloze reading:
_________________is the theory that a nations wealth is dependent
on the amount of _____________in its treasury. Therefore, England
colonized North America to use it for its _______________________
to increase its exports to make a ________________.
Because ____________________ did not want the colonists trading
their natural resources with other countries, they created the
_____________. These laws ________colonists from trading with
any other nation expect the mother country, Great Britain.
Word Bank
Navigation Acts Mercantilism Great Britain
Gold Natural Resources Profit Forbid
Mercantilism
Gold
Natural Resources
Profit
Great Britain
Navigation Acts Forbid

19. Causes of the American Revolution
American colonists began to split into 2 differing views, patriots and
loyalists. Patriots wanted revolution with Great Britain and complete
separation; where as Loyalists wanted to stay loyal to the king.
Use the diagram below to answer the questions:
1. What is the image trying to tell its
viewers?
1. Would this image have been drawn
by a patriot or a loyalists? Why?
13 colonies must unite
together to stay alive
Patriot, because they wanted
to colonies to unite to fight for
independence from Britain

20. The American Revolution
Match and sequence the following events into the table on the right.
1775: Fought because British
were trying to take arms
colonists were storing
1777: Turning point, because
of this victory, French joined
colonists
Winter 1778-1779: Washington
and troops endure a grueling,
freezing winter here
1781: Cornwallis (British
commander) surrenders to
Washington
1783: Ended the Revolutionary
War, extended borders from
Atlantic to Mississippi River
Lexington/Co
ncord
Saratoga
Valley Forge
Yorktown
Treaty of
Paris, 1783

21. Declaration of Independence
Where and when was the Declaration of Independence written?
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
What are the three parts of the Declaration?
Philadelphia during the Second Continental Congress
July 4, 1776
Thomas Jefferson
• Explained government should
protect the rights of its citizens,
Great Britain had taken rights away.
• Listed grievances (complaints) the
colonists had with Great Britain.
• Declared the 13 colonies as an
independent country

22. Declaration of Independence
Explain in your own words what the quotes from the Declaration of
Independence mean.
“We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
“That to secure these rights, Governments
are instituted among Men, deriving their just
powers from the consent of the governed.”
“That whenever any Form of Government
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the
Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and
to institute new Government.”
“The history of the present King of Great
Britain is a history of repeated injuries and
usurpations, all having in direct object their
establishment of an absolute Tyranny over
these states.”
“We therefore…solemnly publish and
declare, That these United Colonies are, and
of Right ought to be Free and Independent
States.”

23. Declaration of Independence
Match the events from the bank to the grievance stated in the
Declaration of Independence
“For quartering of large
bodies of troops among
us”
“For cutting off trade
with all parts of the
world”
“He has … Government here…
declaring us out of his
Protection and waging War
against us”
“For imposing taxes on
us without our consent”
Event Bank
Quartering Act
Stamp Act
Lexington/Concord
Intolerable Acts
Sugar Act
Navigation Acts
Townshend Acts
Declaratory Act

24. Unalienable Rights
Unalienable
Rights
Rights, or freedoms, given to us at birth that cannot be taken
away by government.
Give examples of unalienable rights in the boxes below.

25. Articles of Confederation
The ________________________________met to revise the Articles of
Confederation. However, they ended up throwing out the Articles of
Confederation and totally re-writing a new plan of government, the
____________________.
Weaknesses of
the Articles of Confederation
Strengths of
the Articles of Confederation
National government could not…
• Collect taxes
• Have a federal court system
• Could barely handle Shay’s
Rebellion
1. Ordinance of 1785: allowed for
orderly expansion of the U.S.
through new added states
2. Northwest Ordinance: Created
the Northwest Territory
Constitutional Convention of 1787
Constitution

26. Constitutional Convention
The Virginia Plan
• Proportional Representation –
Representation in 2 houses would
be based on population
The New Jersey Plan
• Equal Representation - Each state
would have 1 representative in
the legislature
The Great Compromise
Bicameral Legislature – 2 House
• Senate - equal representation (2
Rep each )
• House of Representation –
Proportional Representation
Analysis Questions:
1. Which plan appealed to the small states?
2. Which plan appealed to the large states?
3. Which size state, small or large, got more of what they wanted with the Compromise?
New Jersey
Virginia
Large states

27. Constitutional Convention
Southern States
• Did want slavery to count in the
population total so they could
have more representatives
Northern States
• Did not want slavery to count in
the population total 3/5 Compromise
Each enslaved person would count
as 3/5 of a free person
Analysis Questions:
1. Why did the Northern and Southern states have differing ideas about how to count slaves in
the population total? Because representation in the House of Representatives was
based on total population.

28. Ratification
After the Constitutional Convention, the Constitution could not become
law until 9 out of 13 states ___________, or approved, it. So the
Constitution was sent to the states for approval. ____________were
people who supported the Constitution, and _______________ did not.
ratified
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Supporters of the Constitution
• Wanted a strong national
government
• Wanted to ratify the
Constitution
Anti-Federalists
Did not support the Constitution
• Wanted stronger state
governments (States’ rights)
• Would not ratify without a
Bill of Rights

29. Federalists vs. Anti Federalists
“IT HAS been already observed
that the federal government
ought to possess the power of
providing for the support of the
national forces; in which
proposition was intended to be
included the expense of raising
troops, of building and equipping
fleets, and all other expenses in
any wise connected with military
arrangements and operations.”
“The remaining power for peace
and trade might perhaps be
safely lodged with Congress
under some limitations. Three
restrictions appear to me to be
essentially necessary to preserve
that equality of rights to the
states, which it is the object of
the state governments to secure
to each citizen.”
Excerpt from Federalist Paper #30
Alexander Hamilton, published Friday,
December 28, 1787
Excerpt from Anti Federalist Paper #11
Alexander Hamilton, published 1787
Does the quote above represent
a Federalists or Anti-Federalists
View Point??
Does the quote above represent
a Federalists or Anti-Federalists
View Point??

30. Principles of Government
Popular Sovereignty
People hold the final authority in
government, and are the source
of governments power. People
do this by by voting
Republicanism - Representative
Government
People elect their political
representatives, and those
representatives serve at the will
of the people
FEDERALISM
Dividing and sharing powers
between the national, state, and
local governments
Limited Government
Constitution lists the power of
the government, tells
government what it can and
cannot do.

31. Principles of Government
SEPERATION OF POWERS
Government is divided up
between 3 equal branches,
Legislative, Executive, and
Judicial, and they all have their
own responsibilities
CHECKS AND BALANCES
Each branch of government
holds some control over the
other branches, to make sure
one branch does not become too
powerful
Individual Rights
Basic liberties and unalienable
rights listed in the Bill of Rights
(1st 10 Amendments)

32. Bill of Rights
1. Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, petition, and
press
2. Right to bear arms
3. No quartering (housing) of soldiers in private houses
4. No unreasonable searches and seizures
5. Due process of law
6. Right to a fair, speedy, and public trial
7. Right to a trial by jury for civil cases
8. No cruel and unusual punishment
9. Rights of the people are not limited to the Constitution
10
.
All powers not given to the National government are
reserved to the state

33. Bill of Rights
The First Amendment guarantees 5 different freedoms. One of
those being religious freedom.
1. How did life before the Constitution lead Americans to want
to add Religious freedom to the Bill of Rights?
1. How does religious freedom impact our way on life in
America today?
Many people migrated from Europe to the colonies to escape
religious persecution. Most American colonies practiced religious
tolerance because of their negative experience in Great Britain
America has influenced other nation’s around the world through
their practice of religious tolerance, and today we get to practice
our different religions without fear or persecution

34. Checks and Balances
Executive Branch Legislative Branch
Judicial Branch
President can veto legislation
May reject treaties
Judicial Review:
Right of the Supreme Court (Judicial Branch) to declare acts of the
president and laws the Congress makes unconstitutional.

35. Amending the Constitution
Amendments: _______________to the _________________Changes Constitution
Amendment
created/changed
in the
Constitution
2/3 of each
house must
approve
change
3/4 of states
must approve
the change
You must
have both!
Process for Amending the
Constitution

36. Origins of the Constitution
Magna Carta:
King was subject to laws like
everyone else
Limited Government
English Bill of Rights:
Took away power of the
monarch and gave rights to the
people
Individual Rights
Mayflower Compact:
First signed government
contract in U.S. creating a self-
government
Popular Sovereignty
Historical Document Principle of
Government

37. American History
STAAR Review – Part 2

38. George Washington’s Presidency
_______________: act or decision that sets an example for others to
follow, like a tradition
Precedent
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy
• Created the cabinet
• Hamilton and the
Department of
Treasury set up the
national bank to
stabilize the national
economy
• Crushed the Whiskey
Rebellion to establish
the authority of
national government
• Wanted to stay
neutral
• Jay’s Treaty with
England (removed
redcoats)
• Pickney’s Treaty with
Spain (allowed U.S. to
use MI River)
• Set many precedents:
Mr. President, cabinet,
2 terms, Farewell
Address
• Farewell address:
Warned against
permanent alliances
and political parties

39. America’s First Political Parties
• In Congress, and across the nation, differences in beliefs existed about
the ____________________________on several issues, many ________
• By the mid- 1790s, these differing beliefs took shape into 2 distinct
political parties, ____________ and ________________________
Federalists Democratic – Republicans
Leader: Alexander Hamilton
Favored:
• Rule by the wealthy
• Strong Federal Gov’t
• Emphasis on Manufacturing
• Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
• British alliance
• National Bank
• Protective Tariffs
Leader: Thomas Jefferson
Favored:
• Rule by the people
• Strong State Gov’t
• Emphasis on Agriculture
• Strict interpretation of the
Constitution
• French alliance
• State Banks
• Free trade
role of the national government economic
Federalists Democratic-Republicans

40. Federalists or Democratic Republican?
“State governments should be given more power. The
national government can already do too much!”
“Protective Tariffs will help American manufacturing
businesses”
“I believe the Constitution has implied powers, meaning
powers not written directly in the Constitution”

41. John Adam’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy
• Alien and Sedition Act:
limited the criticism of
the national
government
• Naturalization Act:
Made it harder to
become a citizen
• VA and KY
Resolutions: States’
Right to nullify these
laws in their state
• XYZ Affair: America’s
poor relationship with
France led to Adams
increasing the
national Army and
creating a navy
• Marbury vs. Madison
led to Judicial Review
• Used diplomacy to
avid war

42. Judicial Review
Adam’s
Midnight
Appointments
Supreme Court
Case Marbury
vs. Madison
Outcome of
case: Judicial
Review
________________: The right of the Supreme Court to determine if
a law is constitutional or not
Judicial Review
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Issue:
Dispute over who has the right to operate
steamboats between New York and New Jersey
Outcome:
Supreme Court ruled Federal law is above state
law and Congress has the power to regulate
commerce among several states
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Issue:
Maryland tried to put a tax on the National
Bank to kill it in its states
Outcome:
Supreme Court ruled the National Bank is
CONSTITUTIONAL because it is “necessary and
proper”
Gibbons vs. Ogden McCulloch vs. Maryland

43. Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy
• Louisiana Purchase
from France for $15
million in 1803
• Economic Policy
“Laissez Faire” which
means let alone
(government should
leave the economy
alone)
• Passed Embargo Act,
which failed, and later
Non-Intercourse Act
to deal with
impressment from
England and France
• 2 Terms
• Louisiana Purchase
Doubled the size of
the U.S.
• Lewis and Clark
Expedition gained
knowledge of the
Louisiana Purchase

44. Louisiana Purchase
Draw in the Louisiana Territory on to the map below:

45. Louisiana Purchase
Draw in the Louisiana Territory on to the map below:

46. James Madison’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy
• War Hawks in
Congress wanted war
with Great Britain to
gain territory in
Canada
• After war, built roads
and canals to help
transport goods in the
expanding nation
• War of 1812 against
Great Britain
• Treaty of Ghent
• War of 1812 is best
known as “Mr.
Madison’s War”

47. War of 1812
Causes
• Impressments
• Trade Embargos
• War Hawks
Major Events
• Burning of Washington D.C.
• Treaty of Ghent (no land exchanged)
• Battle of New Orleans (Jackson becomes famous)
Effects
• War increased manufacturing of
supplies which helped boost the
U.S. into the Industrial Revolution

48. James Monroe’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy
• Missouri Compromise:
Missouri admitted as
slave state and Maine
as free, 36’30 line
created and no more
slavery above that line
• Era of Good Feelings:
time of growth and
expansion
• Adams-Onis Treaty:
paid Spain $5 million
for Florida
• Monroe Doctrine:
warned Europe to stay
out of Western affairs
• Monroe Doctrine was
a policy of Neutrality

49. Washington vs. Monroe Venn Diagram
Washington’s
Farewell Address
Monroe’s
Monroe Doctrine
Directions: Fill in the Venn diagram above. In the differences area, explain the
presidents policy. In the similarity area, explain why these two domestic
policies are similar.
• Speech gave at
the end of 2nd
term
• Warned against
political parities
and permanent
alliances
• Set precedent of
neutrality and
giving a farewell
address
• Warned European
nations not to
interfere in the
Western
Hemisphere
• Policy
continued
throughout
U.S. History
Both were
policies of
Neutrality

50. Andrew Jackson
In the _______________, there was no winner because no one won the majority
of the electoral college votes. __________________made a deal with Speaker of
the House, ______________, saying that if the House of Representatives choose
Adams as President, J.Q. Adams would make Henry Clay the _________________.
The House of Representatives choose J.Q. Adams as president and Andrew Jackson
called this the “________________”. However, voting requirements changed
between 1824 and 1828, allowing Jackson to win by a landslide 1828!
Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams
Henry Clay
Secretary of State
Corrupt Bargain
Voting Requirements
Election of 1824 Election of 1828
• White
• Male
• 21 or older
• Own Property
• White
• Male
• 21 or older
How did the Election of 1828 expand suffrage?
Gave more people, who did not own property, the right to vote.

51. Andrew Jackson
The Democratic Party that we have today first started with Andrew Jackson. Complete the
diagram below to see the progression of political parties throughout American history.
Federalists: 1790s-1815
Democratic Republicans:
1790s
Republicans: 1820s
National Republican
(Whig)
Republicans - 1854
Jacksonian Democrat
Democrats – 1830s

52. Andrew Jackson and the Nullification Crisis
The Story:
Congress passed a Tariff of 1828 that increased tariffs on goods from Europe. This Protective Tariff
protected Northern Industries while making products more expense for Southern planters. Southerners
nicknamed this tariff the “Tariff of Abominations”, because they hated it so much. Vice President John
C. Calhoun believed in states’ rights, and believed states could limit the power the of National
government in their own state. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act which declared the tariff
illegal in their state. South Carolina threatened to secede, withdraw, if the tariff was not lifted. Henry
Clay created a compromise lowering the tariff but also giving the President more power to use force if a
state threatened to secede again.
Cause: Effects:
Nullification Crisis
• Tariff helped the North
at the expense of the
South
• South Carolina tries to
nullify the tariff and
threatens to secede
from the Union
• Henry Clay creates a
compromise that
lowers the tariff but
gives the president
more power to use
force if a state
threatens to secede

53. Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act
• Indian Removal Act: Gave the president power to move Native Americans west
of the Mississippi River
• Jackson began to remove many Native American tribes in the Southeast to
Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma
Cherokees refused to
move and took their case
to the Supreme Court
Supreme Court ruled in
favor of the Cherokees
and said they could stay
in Georgia
However…
• President Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s
ruling and made the Cherokees move anyways
• Trail of Tears: Forced removal of Native Americans to
Indian Territory where they lost their homeland and
many lost their lives on the way

54. Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny: The belief
in the God given right that
America should expand from
the Atlantic to the Pacific
What do you see in this
picture that relates to
Manifest Destiny?

55. Westward Expansion Map
Label:
1. Original 13
Colonies
2. Northwest
Territory
3. Florida
4. Louisiana
Purchase
5. Oregon Country
6. Texas Annexation
7. Mexican Cession
8. Gadsden
Purchase
Northwest
Territory
Florida
Louisiana
Purchase
Oregon
Territory
Texas
Annexation
Mexican
Cession
Gadsden
Purchase

56. Westward Expansion Map
Oregon
Country,
1846
Economic Social Political
Fur Trade Bring
Christianity
to Native
Americans
Split the
territory with
Great Britain
at the 49th
parallel

57. Westward Expansion Map
Texas
Annexation,
1845
Economic Social Political
Texas could
pay off war
debt with
money from
annexation
Many
Americans
lived in Texas
Polk won
election of
1844 by
supporting
annexation
of Texas

58. Westward Expansion Map
Mexican
Cession,
1848
Gadsden
Purchase,
1853
Economic Social Political
U.S. paid $15
million for
Cession and
$10 million
for Gadsden
after
Mexican War
Gain
California
and Utah,
which led to
Gold Rush
and Mormon
Migration
Ended the
disputes
between
Mexico and
the U.S.

59. Westward Expansion Map
Economic Social Political
Agriculture,
shipping, and
trade
expanded
Many
groups,49ers,
rushed to
California,
boomtowns
California
applied for
statehood as
a free state
California
Gold Rush,
1849

60. U.S.-Mexican War
Put the following era of US history in order on the timeline above.
Mexican American War
Texas gains independence
from Mexico
Manifest Destiny is
complete
Texas as Republic
U.S. Purchases Gadsden
Purchase
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
U.S. gain Mexican Cession
Mexico is angered by
Texas annexation
Border dispute leads to
fighting
Texas annexed to the U.S.

61. U.S.-Mexican War
Mexican-American War
Texas gains independence
from Mexico
Manifest Destiny is
complete
Texas as a Republic
U.S. buys Gadsden
Purchase
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
U.S. gains Mexican Cession
Mexico is angered by
Texas annexation
Border disputes leads to
fighting
Texas is annexed to the
U.S.

62. Industrial Revolution
• _______________built the first factory in the U.S. after he memorized
the plans and brought them from England
• Factory System: a system of bringing manufacturing steps together in
one place to increase efficiency
• _____________________opened the first textile mill in Massachusetts
using the factory system
Francis Cabot Lowell
Samuel Slater
North: Rocky, thin soil, rushing rivers, coal and iron supply, good coasts for ports
South: Fertile soil, swampy coasts, long growing season
• Soil was rocky and could not farm
• Many rushing rivers for power
• Close to coal and iron for supplies
• Close to many ports for trading
How was the geography different in the North and the South?
Most of the factories were in the North because….

63. Industrial Revolution
Invention Inventor What did it do? What was its
effect?
Cotton Gin Eli Whitney Machine that
removed the
seeds from the
cotton fibers
Increase the
need to slave
labor, slave
trade, and
increased cotton
growing in the
South

64. Industrial Revolution
Invention Inventor What did it do? What was its
effect?
Interchangeable
Part
Eli Whitney Parts that could
be put together
to create a
product
Mass production
of goods, use of
assembly lines,
lowered cost of
goods

65. Industrial Revolution
Transportation Inventor/
Builder
What did it do? What was its
effect?
Steamboats Robert Fulton,
Clermont was
the first
steamboat to
travel from New
York to Albany
Steam engines
used to power
boats up river
against a current
Improved the
transportation of
goods that was
cheaper and
faster

66. Population Growth in Urban Centers
What are reasons why population is growing in urban areas and
shrinking in rural areas?
Towns developed on
railroad lines and canal
People are moving west
Example: Boomtowns in
California
People move to cities in
search of new economic
opportunities
Women migrating to cities
to work in factories
www.elderweb.com

67. Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were
reforming?
Important
Individuals
Impact/Significanc
e?
Abolitionists
Movement
William Lloyd
Garrison, Frederick
Douglas, Harriet
Tubman
- 13th Amendment
freed slaves after
the Civil War
- Paved the way for
the Women’s Rights
Movement
End slavery in the
U.S.

68. Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were
reforming?
Important
Individuals
Impact/Significanc
e?
Women’s Rights
Movement
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Lucretia
Mott, Susan B.
Anthony
- Held first
women’s rights
convention in
Seneca Falls in
1848, wrote the
Declaration of
Sentiments
- Women
eventually gained
the right to vote in
1920
Suffrage (voting) for
women

69. Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were
reforming?
Important
Individual(s)
Impact/Significanc
e?
Temperance
Movement
Carrie Nation 18th Amendment
which banned the
production and sale
of alcohol (later
repealed by the
21st)
Campaign against
the sale and
drinking of alcohol
that was linked to
alcohol abuse and
breaking up families

70. Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were
reforming?
Important
Individual(s)
Impact/Significanc
e?
Prison Reform
and Care of the
Disabled
Dorthea Dix –went
to teach Sunday
school in prisons
Improvements in
prison life through
laws
Terrible treatment
of mentally ill and
prisoners in prison

71. Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were
reforming?
Important
Individual(s)
Impact/Significanc
e?
Public
Education
Horace Mann Free public
education
expanded
Education was seen
as a way to
decrease poverty
and crime

72. North vs. South Perspective on Slavery
Northern Perspective Southern Perspective
•Slavery was a moral issue
•Slavery was evil
•If slavery was not abolished, it
could bring God’s judgment
•Slavery was an economic
necessity
•Slavery was a way of life and
part of their society
•Wanted to move slavery west
The North and the South had differing view on slavery. This was a leading
cause of the Civil War.

73. Causes of the Civil War
Right of a state to limit the power of the Federal
government
John C. Calhoun and S. Carolina threaten to secede if
tariff of 1828 and 1832 is not lifted
South saw this as an economic necessity, however
North saw it as a moral issue
Book by H.B. Stowe about the evils of slavery,
abolitionists movement grows in the North
Kansas and Nebraska would use popular sovereignty
to determine slavery in their state
Settlers from both sections rushed to Kansas to vote,
violence broke out, mini-civil war
A slave lost Supreme Court Case for freedom after
the they said he was not a citizen and the Fed. Gov’t
has no authority to make laws limiting slavery
Abe Lincoln becomes the first Republican President
and S. Carolina is first to secede
States’ Rights
Dred Scott v.
Sandford
Nullification
Crisis
Slavery
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
Kansas-
Nebraska Act
Bleeding
Kansas
Bleeding
Kansas
Election of
1860

74. Compromises
Because the North and the South could agree on many issues, ________________
came up with several compromises to help keep the Union together for a short
time before the Civil War.
Henry Clay
Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850
1. Missouri would be a slave state
2. Maine would be a free state
3. Creation of 36’30’’ line – no
slavery above that line in the
Louisiana Territory only
1. California would be a free state
2. Harsher fugitive slave law
3. New Mexico and Utah will use
popular sovereignty to determine
slavery
1. In the Missouri Compromise, why did Missouri and Maine have to be admitted at the
same time?
2. What parts of each compromise would the South agree with, and which parts would the
North agree with?
So the number of slave and free states would stay equal in Congress
South: Missouri slave state and harsher fugitive slave law
North: Maine free state and California free state

75. The Civil War Battles
Battle Date What Happened Importance
Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 South refused to give up fort,
firing broke out but no one
was injured
First battle of the Civil
War
Antietam Sept 18, 1862 Confederate loss, bloodiest
battle of war
Lincoln used victory to
issue Emancipation
Proclamation
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Confederate loss meant they
would never invade Union
again
Lincoln gave Gettysburg
Address after this battle
Appomattox
Courthouse
April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee (confederate
commander) surrenders to
Ulysses S. Grant (Union
commander)
Civil War is over, Union
Victory
Assassination of
Lincoln
April 15, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shoots
Lincoln in Ford’s theatre
Reconstruction will look
very differently than
what Lincoln wanted
?
?
?
?
?

76. Reconstruction
13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment
Freed the slaves in the
U.S.
Gave citizenship to
former enslaved people
Allowed all male citizens
the right to vote
Remember the phrase:
“Free Citizens Vote”
Free: 13th
Citizens: 14th
Vote: 15th
1. How did these amendments impact the American
way of life?
1. What time period later on in history will be
effected by these amendments?
These 3 amendments expanded the
rights of all citizens in the U.S.
These amendments lay the foundation for the Civil Rights
Movement in the 1950s and 1960s

77. Dred Scott Decision
The Story: ___________moved with his owner from a ________state to a _______
state. When his owner died, Scott sued for his ____________
Dred Scott slave free
freedom
Supreme
Court’s
decided…
1. Slaves were not
citizens and could
not bring lawsuit to
court
2. Slaves were
property
3. Congress could
not ban slavery in
territories
4. Missouri
Compromise was
unconstitutional