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Recent advances in fungal pathogens as biopesticides
1. Recent Advances in Fungal Pathogens as
Biopesticides
M. M. Mawtham
Ph.D. Scholar
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
2. Entomopathogenic Fungi
EPF - over 750 species cause fungal infection in insect
populations
About 90 genera have been documented to be pathogenic
EPF requires high humidity
Optimum temperature for hyphomycetes - 20–30°C
Wind & sunlight also influence infection process
Spore dispersal - assisted by wind
Sunlight & UV - reduce the infection process
4. Beauveria
Important species (white muscardine disease)
Beauveria bassiana, B. Brongniartii , B. amorpha & B.
Caledonica.
The genus Beauveria - 49 species - approximately 22
effective pathogen.
Originally known as Tritirachium shiotae
Renamed - Agostino Bassi - muscardine disease in
domestic silkworms (Zimmermann, 2007)
5. Causes epizootic - used worldwide as a biopesticide to
control a number of pests (termites, whitefly, and malaria-
transmitting mosquitoes).
Non-selective pesticide
Synnemata
6. Metarhizium
Metarhizium anisopliae, M. album, & M. flavoviride
M. anisopliae by Sorokin in 1883.
Conidiophores aggregated with less verticillate branching
with Phialides in dense, parallel arrangement.
The phialide is a flask-shaped
projection from the vesicle
7. Lecanicillium
Lecanicillium lecanii and L. Chlamydosporium
L. lecanii - widely distributed - cause large epizootic in
tropical, subtropical, warm and humid environments.
Control whitefly & several aphid species
8. New species
Ophiocordyceps globiceps
Ophiocordyceps sporangifera
Dipteran and parasitoid wasp
(Xiao et al., 2019)
14. Mycoinsecticides
No. of biopesticides Registered in India – 970
No. of B. bessiana product – 103
No. of M. anisopliae Product– 30
No. of L. lecanii Product– 82
(CIB & RC)
15. Mycoinsecticides use for the control of arthropod pests of agricultural crops
(Ramanujam et al., 2014)
20. GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
Mycoinsecticides currently have a small market share
due to low virulence and inconsistencies in their
performance.
Genetic engineering has made it possible to
significantly improve the virulence of fungi and their
tolerance to adverse conditions.
Genetic
improvement
Artificial
selection Hybridization Genetic
transformation Mutagenesis
21.
22. Genes and metabolic pathways that have been used to improve
fungal virulence and tolerance to abiotic stresses
24. Genetic engineering to improve virulence has focused on
reducing both the time to kill and the required lethal
conidial dosage.
Reducing the amount of fungus required for a fatal
infection allows cost-effective control with increased
effective persistence in the field.
Virulence
(Lovett and Loger, 2015)
25. Identification of novel genes associated
with conidiation in Beauveria bassiana
(Wu et al., 2008)
26. Thermotolerant isolates of Beauveria bassiana
as potential control agent of insect pest
(Alaii et al., 2019)
34. Benefits of using entomopathogenic fungi
Their residues have no known adverse effects on the
environment.
Entomopathogenic fungi are little or non-toxic to non-
target organisms.
They have narrow area of toxic action, mostly specific to a
single group or few species.
They can be used in combination with synthetic chemical
insecticides.
35. They are self-perpetuating under ideal environmental
conditions.
Reduce chemical insecticide use.
Protects biodiversity in managed ecosystem.
Potential development of pest resistance to mycoinsecticde
is less common or may develop more slowly due to unique
mode of action.
36. Limitations of entomopathogenic fungi
They need specific environmental conditions to germinate
and cause infection.
Can be very costly to produce for commercial use.
They have short shelf life
The pest must be present before the pathogen can be
usefully applied thus making preventive treatment
difficult.
37. Lack of persistence and low rate of infection under
challenging environmental conditions.
Often slow acting and require high application rate and
thorough spray coverage.