Today, it is clear that evidence-based practice continues to result

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Today, it is clear that evidence-based practice continues to result in tremendous patient outcomes. Melynk and Fineout-Overholt (2015) discuss that as with any scope of the healthcare field, evidenced-based practices heighten ethical concerns. Some of the ambitions hidden in the advancement of evidence-based practice are, at the core, ethical (p. 515). However, it is critical to consistently ensure the protection of personal rights in those subjects involved in research studies. Methods In order to protect the personal rights of human subjects involved in research studies, it is vital for providers to be aware of the federal regulations and policies that are in place. Bierer, Barnes, and Lynch (2017) explain that the research with human subjects is funded by federal agencies and is controlled by a set of regulations and methods that were created in order to protect study participants while facilitating the advancement of research (p. 784). These federal regulations assist in protecting basic human rights, such as beneficence, and help in defending vulnerable populations from experiencing harm. Furthermore, the Institutional Review Board must grant approval for the research study to commence. Bierer, Barnes, and Lynch (2017) explain that the Institutional Review Board must meticulously review the ethics and appropriateness of a proposed research project and the participation of the enlisted human subjects (p. 786). It is also essential to identify vulnerable human subjects that are involved in a research project. Clark and Preto (2018) discuss that vulnerability has emerged and is identified in research as one’s inability to defend one’s own best interests, awareness to harm, and various determinants to one’s determinants of health (p. 308). Providing patients with a thorough education and pertinent handouts regarding the details of the study is key. Bierer, Barnes, and Lynch (2017) explain that individuals that are registered in a research study must be given a comprehensive understanding of the risks, benefits, and other pertinent information (p. 784). Conclusion It is critical to consistently ensure the protection of personal rights of those individuals enlisted in a research project. Davis (2018) emphasizes that in order to protect human participants in research, organizations must follow policies for the protection of human research subjects. Regardless of whether research takes place in medical or private facilities, human subject protection can only be guaranteed if the Institutional Review Board closely oversees the research it has approved (p. 92). References Bierer, B. E., Barnes, M., & Lynch, H. F. (2017). Revised 'common rule' shapes protection for research participants. Health Affairs , 36 (5), 784-788. Clark, B., & Preto, N. (2018). Exploring the concept of vulnerability in healthcare. Canadian Medical Association Journal , 190 (11), 308-309. Davis, S. (2018). Monitoring of ...

Education

pertinent handouts regarding the details of the study is key.
Bierer, Barnes, and Lynch (2017) explain that individuals that
are registered in a research study must be given a
comprehensive understanding of the risks, benefits, and other
pertinent information (p. 784).
Conclusion
It is critical to consistently ensure the protection of personal
rights of those individuals enlisted in a research project. Davis
(2018) emphasizes that in order to protect human participants in
research, organizations must follow policies for the protection
of human research subjects. Regardless of whether research
takes place in medical or private facilities, human subject
protection can only be guaranteed if the Institutional Review
Board closely oversees the research it has approved (p. 92).
References
Bierer, B. E., Barnes, M., & Lynch, H. F. (2017). Revised
'common rule' shapes protection for
research participants.
Health Affairs
,
36
(5), 784-788.
Clark, B., & Preto, N. (2018). Exploring the concept of
vulnerability in healthcare.
Canadian
Medical Association Journal
,
190
(11), 308-309.

Davis, S. (2018). Monitoring of approved studies: A difficult
tightrope walk by ethics
committees.
Perspectives in Clinical Research
,
9
(2), 91-94.
Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2015). Evidence-based
practice in nursing and healthcare:
A guide to best practice (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters
Kluwer Health.

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Target Article Disclosing Individual Genetic Results to Research Participants Vardit Ravitsky, National Institutes of Health1 and University of Pennsylvania Benjamin S. Wilfond, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda and Department of Clinical Bioethics, The Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health1 and University of Washington Investigators and institutional review boards should integrate plans about the appropriate disclosure of individual genetic results when designing research studies. The ethical principles of beneficence, respect, reciprocity, and justice provide justification for routinely offering certain results to research participants. We propose a result-evaluation approach that assesses the expected information and the context of the study in order to decide whether results should be offered. According to this approach, the analytic validity and the clinical utility of a specific result determine whether it should be offered routinely. Different results may therefore require different decisions even within the same study. We argue that the threshold of clinical utility for disclosing a result in a research study should be lower than the threshold used for clinical use of the same result. The personal meaning of a result provides additional criteria for evaluation. Finally, the context of the study allows for a more nuanced analysis by addressing the investigators’ capabilities for appropriate disclosure, participants’ alternative access to the result, and their relationship with the investigators. This analysis shows that the same result may require different decisions in different contexts. Keywords Clinical Utility Clinical Validity Disclosure Research Results Genetic Research Open Peer Commentaries Lynn G. Dressler and Eric T. Juengst, 18 Mark A. Rothstein, 20 Lisa S. Parker, 22 Pilar N. Ossorio, 24 Christopher H. Wade and Andrea L. Kalfoglou, 26 Leslie A. Meltzer, 28 Kelly E. Ormond, 30 Teri A. Manolio, 32 Robert Klitzman, 34 Kelly Fryer-Edwards and Stephanie M. Fullerton, 36 Laura M. Beskow, 38 Flavia M. Facio, 40 Richard R. Sharp and Morris W. Foster, 42 Conrad V. Fernandez and Charles Weijer, 44 Robert R. Lavieri and Samuel A. Garner, 46 Disclosure of individual results to participants in clinical and epidemiologic research has emerged as a complex and contentious issue. The approaches and practices of investigators, institutional review boards (IRBs) (Hull et al. 2004), and funding agencies (Bookman et al. 2006) are quite diverse. Some argue that disclosure should be the routine practice in research, based on the principle of respect for participants (Partridge and Winer 2002; Fernandez, Kodish, and Weijer 2003; Shalowitz and Miller 2005), while others emphasize the balance of benefits and harms and argue that disclosure should be limited to certain situations (Fuller et al. 1999; National Bioethic ...

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V o l u m e 3 9 N u m b e r 2 J u n e 2 0 1 4 71 Introduction Educational research involving children is highly regulated to protect its vulnerable, at-risk participants. However, can the same be said about the publication of this research? As readers of academic journals, it is assumed that informed consent is received from all research participants prior to the commencement of data collection and that institutional ethics approval has been obtained. These and other exemplary standards are deeply imbedded in the modern research process. But what evidence actually exists to confirm to the reader that correct ethical standards were followed? The purpose of this paper is to present a meta-analysis of current ethical reporting practices in 10 international early childhood education research journals. Nothing has been published about the reporting of ethics in early childhood education research. As Flewitt (2005, p. 553) points out, ‘ethical issues arise in all aspects of research, and are particularly salient when studying vulnerable members of society’. Although the ethical complexities associated with research involving young children is becoming more prominent (Alderson & Morrow, 2011; Christensen & James, 2008; Farrell, 2007; Harcourt, Perry & Waller, 2011; Mortari & Harcourt, 2012), reporting standards are not yet part of the conversation and have not been explicitly defined. No education-based regulations currently exist to determine which aspects (if any) of the ethics process should be included in published manuscripts. This is potentially problematic, as the entire structure of a research project should be transparent and subject to ethical scrutiny. Given the vulnerability of young child participants, it is particularly crucial that research agendas and methods are explicitly visible. Literature review Informed consent and assent ‘Informed consent’ describes the interaction between potential participant and researcher, where the research is discussed, understanding results and a desire to participate is freely expressed (Harcourt & Conroy, 2005; Helseth & Slettebø, 2004). ‘Informed assent’ is a relatively recent term that was first used in an education research context in 2005. It has taken on special significance in research where children are active participants. It describes consent from minors who agree to participate in research, but are not yet old enough to enter into a legal contract (Harcourt & Conroy, 2005; Ungar, Joffe & Kodish, 2006). When used, informed assent is obtained in addition to formally documented consent to participate from the child’s parent or guardian (World Medical Association, 2008). Reporting of ethics in early childhood journals: A meta-analysis of 10 journals from 2009 to 2012 Fiona Mayne Christine Howitt University of Western Australia THIS PAPER PRESENTS A comprehensive review of reporting practices of research ethics in 10 scholarly inte ...

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PEER RESPONSES FOR Patient Outcomes and Sustainable Change QUESTION: Reflecting on the "IHI Module PS 101: Introduction to Patient Safety," summarize why it is essential to improve patient safety. Use one of the articles from this week's topic Resources and describe the framework or theory that was used to improve the patient outcome. What outcome measures were identified and how did they align with the improvement project? Explain how the authors learned from the error or unintended events to ensure patient safety. Provide supporting evidence. Dr. Mary Sizemore Thank you for your response. You provided some good information regarding the quality of care and patient safety. In my practice, many facilities work to improve patient outcomes through the use of electronic health records to reduce errors with medication prescribing. Consider ordering a new medication for a patient. What are some measures you can take as a provider to reduce possible errors with the process? Kristen Williams Dec 2, 2022, 12:11 PM The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Module PS 101: Introduction to Patient Safety provides the structural foundation of the vital role patient safety has in a healthcare institution. High reliability was a central theme of the module. A culture of safety is when the employees share a central belief that a healthcare organization supports root cause analysis in patient care (Leape, 2021). It is a significant theme that humans have a predisposition to error, and it is vital to create systems and a safety culture to have a safe environment for patients. It is crucial to develop systems to track and analyze errors as they occur to improve future outcomes by creating safer systems. When people interact with a healthcare system, they are often at their most valuable state. The number of people dying from medical errors in 2018 was equivalent to a daily jumbo crash (Leape, 2021). Our society would not stand for one plane crash a day, yet often a place whose purpose is to heal hurts. Although humans are prone to error, it is essential to create policies, procedures, and phycological safety to increase safety when people seek healthcare. A facility that commits to embedding safety into policy and procedures and a culture of phycological safety are often referred to as a high-reliability organization (HRO). Education and empowerment of staff are essential components of building physical safety. Haley & Fritz (2019) used a framework of education and empowerment to improve the rate of urinary tract infections (UTI) in a long-term care (LTC) facility. Haley & Fritz (2019) assessed that evidenced-based signs and symptoms were not consistently utilized in obtaining urine samples to diagnose UTIs. A culture of safety examination showed improvement that could be made. Education and empowerment were done to improve the signs and symptoms used to initiate obtaining a urine sample (Haley & Fritz, 2019). Phycological safety is a vital found.

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Reply to at least 2 of your peers’ submissions. In your participation responses to your peers, comments must demonstrate thorough analysis of postings and extend meaningful discussion by building on previous postings. Peer 1 Kolcalba’s Theory of Comfort Katherine Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort recognizes that an important concept that needs to be addressed in a patient’s care is comfort. Comfort is defined by Kolcaba as not only physical, such as pain, but spiritually, socially, and environmentally. According to Peterson and Bredow (2017), nurses traditionally cared for the comfort of the patient, and in the past was one of the sole focuses of the nurse before advancements in medicine. Currently comfort is majorly addressed in both nursing home settings and hospice. What is the phenomenon of Concern? The main phenomenon of concern when it comes to this theory is comfort. Ensuring that the patient is not only physically comfortable but comfortable in other ways. There are three other areas of comfort that this theory addresses, psychospiritual, social comfort, which later became sociocultural, and environmental comfort (Peterson & Bredow, 2017). Psychospiritual, addresses the patient’s awareness of self, their spirituality, and even sexuality. Sociocultural, addresses the need to address cultural issue that may interfere with care of the patient, and even their relationship with family. Finally, Environmental addresses things such as the amount of noise, light, temperature of where the patient is being given care. In a study by Barreto et al. (2020), they state that hospitalization is “an unpleasant experience for older people and can increase frailty, making them more susceptible to suffering and discomfort and potentially impairing their recovery.” Addressing these needs would allow for an increase in positive outcomes. What are the assumptions underpinning this theory? There are three distinct assumptions made in this theory that are as follows: Human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli. Comfort is an immediate and desirable holistic state of human beings that is germane to the discipline of nursing. Human beings strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs. It is an active endeavor (Peterson & Bredow, 2017). As a community nurses generally base care on physical needs, and not necessarily needs in any of the other areas of comfort. In the study done by Berreto et al. (2020), they found that out of the 26 nursing diagnoses that they looked at, only four of those nursing diagnoses address a need outside of the physical dimension. References Barreto Cardoso, R., Alfradique de Souza, P., Pereira Caldas, C., & Ribeiro Bitencourt, G. (2020). Nursing diagnoses in hospitalized elderly patients based on Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory. Revista de Enfermagem Referência , 4 , 1–9. https://doi- org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.12707/RV20066 Peterson, S., & Bredow, T. (2017). .

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human subject protection • summer 2019 213 The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 47 (2019): 213-231. © 2019 The Author(s) DOI: 10.1177/1073110519857277 Implementing Regulatory Broad Consent Under the Revised Common Rule: Clarifying Key Points and the Need for Evidence Holly Fernandez Lynch, Leslie E. Wolf, and Mark Barnes F or decades, researchers have relied on biospeci- mens and data leftover after collection for other purposes to make important scientific and medical advances1 — and the law has afforded a number of mechanisms to facilitate such “secondary” research, often without consent from the human sources from whom the specimens or data were derived. At the start of the twenty-first century, however, the previously arcane issue of aconsensual secondary research began to gain public prominence. For example, in 2004, members of the Havasupai Tribe brought a lawsuit against Arizona State University alleging that blood samples originally provided for research on diabetes had been used without their knowledge or consent for other types of genetic studies, including those expos- ing tribe members to stigma regarding mental illness and challenging their deeply held beliefs regarding tribal ancestry.2 In 2009, parents in Texas filed suit claiming research use of leftover blood spots from their newborns’ mandatory public health screenings was a violation of liberty and privacy rights, as well as the right against unreasonable search and seizure;3 parents in other states have done the same.4 In both the Havsupai and blood spot litigation, resulting settlements entailed the removal of remaining specimens from research use, either through destruction5 or return.6 The debate about newborn blood spots also resulted in responsive legislation at both state and federal levels.7 These examples received national news coverage, but the greatest public awakening regarding biospeci- men research is probably traceable to the bestselling book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, published in 2010.8 The book tells the story of a young African American woman, Henrietta Lacks, who received treatment for cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins in the 1950s, and died shortly thereafter. Cells collected from a biopsy of Lacks’s tumor were cultured without her knowledge or permission, and additional cells may have been collected specifically for research purposes. The cells were cultivated into a self-perpetuating cell line, dubbed “HeLa,” which became the most valuable Holly Fernandez Lynch, J.D., M.Be., is the John Russell Dickson, MD Presidential Assistant Professor of Medical Eth- ics and Assistant Faculty Director of Online Education in the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Perel- man School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Leslie E. Wolf, J.D., M.P.H., is Professor of Law and Distinguished University Professor at Georgia State University. She has ap- pointments in the School ...

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h 23 (2010) 30–35 www.elsevier.com/locate/apnr Applied Nursing Researc Utilizing conjoint analysis to explicate health care decision making by emergency department nurses: a feasibility study Kathleen Fisher, PhD, CRNPa,⁎, Fredrick Orkin, MD, MBA, Mscb, Christine Frazer, MSN, CNSb aCollege of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA bPenn State University, Hersey Medical Center, Hersey, PA 17033, USA Received 13 August 2007; revised 10 March 2008; accepted 22 March 2008 Abstract This descriptive study tests the feasibility of using clinical simulation to understand proxy decision ⁎ Corresponding E-mail address: k 0897-1897/$ – see fro doi:10.1016/j.apnr.200 making by emergency department nurses for individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Results from a conjoint analysis used to identify decision-making patterns indicated that nurses relied on future health status, functional status, and family input while making important health care decisions for their clients. This information enhances our understanding of the complex array of services and supports that nurses are expected to provide. As individuals with ID age and experience increased morbidity, the role of the nurse and caregivers as critical health care decision makers is increasing. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Recently, intellectual disability (ID) has emerged as the preferred term to describe individuals who have significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, the disability historically referred to as mental retardation (Schalock, Luckasson, & Shogren, 2007). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, three criteria must be met to establish this diagnosis, including impaired intellectual functioning level (IQ) 70 or less; onset before the age of 18; and significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas, including communication, self-care, home living, social and interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self- direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Adaptive skills are needed to actively engage in community living, and persons with ID by definition have difficulty interacting with their environment. They are a vulnerable population that places additional demands on the health care system by virtue of their specific needs (Fisher, Frazer, Hasson, & Orkin, 2007). author. Tel.: +1 2157621208; fax: +1 2157621259. [email protected] (K. Fisher). nt matter © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8.03.004 2. Background After the deinstitutionalization movement of the 1970s, many persons with ID moved into community residential agencies, such as group homes, where others routinely make health care decisions for them for access to health care and assistance with daily living. In a previous study of community agency directors, proxy decision making was found to ...

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THE BELMONT REPORT Office of the Secretary Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research April 18, 1979 AGENCY: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. ACTION: Notice of Report for Public Comment. SUMMARY: On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles. In carrying out the above, the Commission was directed to consider: (i) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine, (ii) the role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, (iii) appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and (iv) the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings. The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the Commission in the course of its deliberations. It is the outgrowth of an intensive four-day period of discussions that were held in February 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution's Belmont Conference Center supplemented by the monthly deliberations of the Commission that were held over a period of nearly four years. It is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects. By publishing the Report in the Federal Register, and providing reprints upon request, the Secretary intends that it may be made readily available to scientists, members of Institutional Review Boards, and Federal employees. The two-volume Appendix, containing the lengthy reports of experts and specialists who assisted the Commission in fulfilling this part of its charge, is available as DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78-0013 and No. (OS) 78-0014, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Unlike most other reports of the Commission, the Belmont Report does not make specific recommendations for administrative action by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Rather, the Commission recommended that the Belmont Report be adopted in its entirety, as a statement of the Department's policy. The Department requests public comment on this recommendation. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Resea.

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21 hours ago Tami Frazier Initial Discussion Post COLLAPSE Top of Form NURS 6052 – Essentials of Evidence-Based Protocols Week 7 Initial Discussion Post Qualitative Design Evidence-based research provides quality information that is tested and proven to be credible and reliable. For this post, I will discuss the qualitative design used in a study by Vandyk, Young, MacPhee & Gillis (2018) on Exploring the Experiences of Persons Who Frequently Visit the Emergency Department for Mental Health-Related Reasons. The qualitative study I chose uses interpretive design as the methodology to decipher information that was clinically significant (Vandyk, Young, MacPhee, & Gillis, 2018). The interpretive design focuses on themes and patterns from participants to make informed decisions regarding the patient experience (Vandyk et al., 2018). This type of design assumes that numerous theories can be interpreted to provide vital information that can encourage change in clinical practices. This study was initiated to explore and gain insight into the experiences of mental health patients who visit the emergency department (ED) repeatedly. It is estimated that psych patients present to the ED five times more than other patients (Vandyk et al., 2018). These patients are often met by unfriendly ED staff who are annoyed because of their frequent visits. The purpose of this study was to openly interview ten participants who had visited the ED 12 or more times within a year and discuss their experiences (Vandyk et al., 2018). The ethical considerations included obtaining informed consent from the participants, the interviewers could not have a prior relationship with the participants, and data was anonymized in team meanings in order to discuss findings (Vandyk et al., 2018). The researchers used these considerations to control bias and protect patient’s rights. The use of a qualitative interpretive design uncovered themes from the interview findings. Based on Williamson (2009), qualitative research seeks to define the participants experience through insight and reality. These insights produced themes consisting of the participant’s experience, the provider's response to them, and protective factors used to motivate patients outside of the hospital setting (Vandyk et al., 2018). Conversely, a quantitative design is better used to gather evidence that is precise and easily decodable (Polit & Beck, 2017). If a quantitative design were used in this study, it would skew the results because the number of participants was minimal and the evidence was not easily deciphered. Also, when assessing a patient’s thoughts, emotions, and personal observations, there is no precise measurement available. Therefore, it is essential to use the correct research design in order to provide information that is correct, valid, and reliable. References Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assess.

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DQ 2 Responses 1. With the advances science and technology, it is important to keep up with the current trends and clinical data being used today. The research process also continues to change as more practices and techniques are being developed for implementation. Usually the goal in research is to apply these practices for the benefits of patients, curing disease, providing treatments, diagnosing, etc. Some research requires testing on human subjects or patients. Clinical guidelines are placed to protect research, especially subjects and human rights. Thus the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and approves all research these research, (American Public University System, 2016). In 1974, the National Research Act of the United States regions was put into action to respect the right of research participants by explaining to them the purposes of the study and the procedures and foreseeable risks or discomfort. (Kennedy, 2015). The importance of the IRB to the research process is to review all research contents are morally and ethically sound in the protection of patient rights. References: American Public University System. (2016). Institutional Review Board. Retrieved from http://www.apus.edu/academic-community/research/institutional-review-board/index Kennedy, S. (2015). The National Research Act of 1974. Retrieved from http://www.imarcresearch.com/blog/the-national-research-act-1974 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017). Institutional Review Board. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm126420.htm#IRBOrg 2. Institutional Review Boards (IRB) are a board of researchers and non-researchers where they review research procedures at a proposal or preliminary stage, making certain that ethical principles are upheld (Neuman, 2017). The IRB is located at any facility that holds human research studies. The IRB reviews all research studies with human participants to make sure that they are ethically being treated and that no harm is being done to them. Review of the IRB prevents any liability issues when researchers run human studies. The research study has to meet the criteria for the IRB to approve which includes the risks to human research subjects are minimized by using procedures that do not unnecessarily expose the research participants to risk, the risks to human research subjects are reasonable in relation to the anticipated benefits to the individual, the selection of human subjects for research participation is equitable, human research subjects are adequately informed of the risk and benefits of research participation, informed consent of human research subjects is obtained in advance of research participation, the research plan makes adequate provisions for monitoring the data collected to ensure the safety of human research subjects, there are adequate provisions to protect the privacy of human research subjects, appropriate additional safeguards have been included for vulnerable human subjects (Human Re.

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Case reports and studies may be defined as the non-experimental description of an individual or a few of cases in terms of new or unusual presentation of the diseases, an unexpected disease course or pathophysiology, and new effects (either beneficial or detrimental) of existing medications or procedures. Although they suffer from the non-experimental nature and other potential bias and errors, case reports and studies have played and will continue to play an important part in the advancement of medicine. They often serve as "primers" leading to discoveries of new diseases/disease pathophysiology as well as development of new preventive and therapeutic measures. Case reports and case studies are also employed as a platform for the training of medical students and/or resident doctors in scientific writing and critical thinking. Although the significance of case reports and studies in medicine has being recognized since the early stage of development of clinical medicine, their value needs to be appreciated in the context of modern clinical research design and the hierarchy of strength of evidence for guiding patient care. This paper discusses case reports and studies within the big picture of clinical research, research design, and evidence-based practice.

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2 Nih/Irb Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Date Think back on your National Institutes of Health (NIH) training and share what you learned. How will this apply to having an IRB form completed and why? The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the premier biomedical research agency in the world. NIH trainees receive unparalleled training in the basic and clinical sciences, which prepare them to become the next generation of biomedical leaders. One of the critical components of NIH training is learning to navigate the regulatory landscape of biomedical research. This includes understanding the process for obtaining approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to conduct research involving human subjects. My NIH training taught me a great deal about the process of conducting research and the importance of ethical considerations. In particular, I learned about the need to obtain informed consent from research participants and the importance of ensuring that research is conducted to protect participants' rights and welfare. The IRB process is essential to ensuring research participants' safety and safeguarding their rights. NIH trainees must understand how to complete an IRB form and the required information (Mozersky et al., 2020). The IRB form requires trainees to provide detailed information about their proposed research project, including the risks and benefits of participating. The IRB uses this information to determine whether the research is ethical and meets the standards set forth by the federal government. NIH trainees learn how to complete an IRB form as part of their training to conduct research ethically and responsibly. This knowledge is essential for protecting the rights of research participants and ensuring the safety of all involved. The lessons learned prepare trainees to become the next generation of biomedical leaders. The information I learned during my NIH training will help me complete the IRB form and ensure that my research study is conducted ethically (Mozersky et al., 2020). In particular, the form requires that I provide detailed information about my study, obtain informed consent from all participants, and ensure that my research poses no risks to participants. By completing the form and following these guidelines, I will be able to conduct my research ethically and responsibly. References Mozersky, J., Walsh, H., Parsons, M., McIntosh, T., Baldwin, K., & DuBois, J. M. (2020). Are we ready to share qualitative research data? Knowledge and preparedness among qualitative researchers, IRB Members, and data repository curators. IASSIST quarterly, 43(4). ...

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You are a special prosecutor for a Federal Task Force targeting organized crime. The target suspects for the task force are slippery long-time organized crime figures. They have routinely escaped successful prosecution through their nefarious defense attorneys. To prepare new investigators assigned to the task force, you must caution them about mistakes that were made by previous task force members who were tripped up by the organized crime mouthpieces. Your task is to present legal issues that the defendants have used as loopholes in prior cases. Acting as a special prosecutor for an organized crime task force, the student will present a 3–5 page white paper on new members coming on board as investigators in the task force. The issues related in the bullets below will be incorporated into the paper presented. There are a number of evidence-related resources that are not found in academic journals that may be utilized as references in this assignment. It is critical that when you make a statement of fact in your presentation, that you cite the reference you obtained the information from in the text of the paper and that the reference is included in your reference page. As always, your paper will be submitted in the APA format current edition. No abstract is required because this is a short position paper, but a title page, reference page, and appropriate running header with page numbers are necessary. Describe at least two grounds for impeachment of a witness in a criminal trial and the ramifications of the impeachment for the case. Articulate the meaning of hearsay. Explain how the Best Evidence Rule impacts hearsay prohibitions. Explain at least two types of exceptions to the hearsay rule and why the court recognized their admissibility and truthfulness. Detail at least two cautions about using privileged communications as evidence and the problems associated with doing so. Compare and contrast the burdens of proof differences between a criminal and civil proceeding. .

You are a special prosecutor for a Federal Task Force targeting orga.docx

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You are a newspaper reporter. Please interview the leader of one of the great civilizations, any civilization or culture you choose. Ask that leader some questions -- for example, what is unique about this civilization? What are the challenges? What are the people's hopes for the future? What do you (or the leader) think will happen in the end with this civilization? Then, write up your interview, with the leader's answers to your questions interspersed with your questions. Please include a description of the civilization or culture. The interview should be written in newspaper style, about three pages long. .

You are a newspaper reporter.Please interview the leader of one .docx

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You are a police officer assigned to a task force that is investigating major drug trafficking operations in your jurisdiction. As part of the investigative process, a judge has issued a wiretap order for a suspect’s phone. You are assigned the responsibility of monitoring phone conversations, and you overhear the suspect as well as other individuals who may or may not be involved in the drug ring. Before obtaining enough evidence to arrest and prosecute the suspect, you hear evidence related to other types of criminal activity. Assignment Guidelines Address the following in 900–1,200 words: What constitutional issues are involved in the scenario that dictates what you can and cannot do related to the evidence of other criminal activity outside the scope of the original wiretap order? Explain. If you arrest the other individuals for the crimes not associated with the reasons for the wiretap, what happens to any future evidence that might be obtained from the wiretap? Why? If you fail to arrest the other individuals, are there any potential risks involved? Explain you answer. Be sure to reference all sources using APA style. .

You are a police officer assigned to a task force that is investigat.docx

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You are a teaching assistant for an undergraduate history class and need to prepare a test. You want evidence to show that students know the material well. What kind of test would you prepare? What kind of test do you think requires the most in-depth knowledge? Why? As Dan took his history test, he could not recollect many of the dates he had studied. Dan had memorized some important dates just before the test. While he was doing this, he was also talking on the phone. Which of Dan's memory stores—sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), or long-term memory (LTM)—do you think were most affected by his phone conversation? Why? Could Dan have done something differently to prevent forgetting the dates? Explain. Identify two different kinds of mnemonic devices that could help Dan remember dates for his history test. Explain how they could be used. Melissa is disappointed that she received yet another “D” on a test. She studied for several hours by reading and rereading her textbook and class notes. Based on the levels-of-processing memory theory, explain why Melissa’s method of studying was not very effective? What could she have done differently? Using Baddeley’s working memory model, give an example of two tasks that could successfully be performed simultaneously (For example, can you listen to music while studying at the same time?). Discuss two other tasks that probably would interfere with each other. Make sure to discuss your answers in terms of the visuospatial scratchpad, the phonological loop, and the central executive. Write your initial response in 4–5 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. .

You are a teaching assistant for an undergraduate history class and .docx

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You are a manager and leader in a diverse organization that includes locations in many other countries. You are asked to create a presentation to share your experiences regarding leadership Create an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation including detailed speaker notes. The presentation should include the following: The role gender plays in leadership including the effect it has on in global organizations The role of leadership style on leadership effectiveness The influence of the culture on leading an organization The potential challenges in leading an organization that is global .

You are a manager and leader in a diverse organization that includes.docx

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You are a fourth-grade teacher who has a very diverse class. In your class, there are two students with ADHD, one English language learner, and three students who are below grade level in the content area of your lesson plan. Your class is a mix of auditory, visual, and kinesthetic learners. You may use a lesson plan from the Internet, but cite all sources appropriately. Revise the lesson plan to include differentiated instruction. Include the following in your lesson plan: Content area Grade level Content standard Learning objective Strategies and best practices for each student who needs differentiated instruction Strategies to meet the needs of all learning styles Cite all sources according to APA guidelines. .

You are a fourth-grade teacher who has a very diverse class. In your.docx

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You are a geriatric case manager and you are working with Chuck an 82 year old man who currently lives in a two bedroom single family home. Chuck’s wife died five years ago. They never had any children. On your first visit to the house you find the exterior in disrepair and a lawn that is several weeks overdue for a mowing. Chuck tells you he usually mows the lawn himself but the last 4 weeks he has been experiencing too much pain in his left ankle which is swollen. His clothes are stained and disheveled but it does appear he is bathing regularly. Inside the house you find boxes and boxes of “stuff” in every room. The hallway is piled with boxes on one side restricting the width of the hallway all the way down to his bedroom. There is a small path between the boxes and his bed that allows him access to the bed. The second bedroom is filled with boxes and miscellaneous items strewn about. You can’t see the floor. The bathroom doesn’t look as if it has been cleaned for months. The kitchen counters are cluttered with dirty dishes and old empty fast food bags, containers, pizza boxes and a roach here and there. The refrigerator is almost empty and the floor is filthy. You look outside the back door and see that he does manage to take the garbage out of the house from time to time but the patio is filled with large bags of garbage that were never put out for pick up. Although the living room doesn’t have any boxes in it the furniture except for one chair is piled high with clutter. You make arrangements to revisit Chuck the following week and at that time provide him with an plan to engage some services to help him get the house in order as well as get him in to see a doctor. Chuck insists he doesn’t need help with anything and that he is perfectly fine living like he is. He states he isn’t hurting anyone and asks that you please leave him alone. Discuss whether you believe Chuck to be mentally competent, whether or not this is a case of self-neglect and how you would proceed. Support your statements with evidence from the Required Studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style. .

You are a geriatric case manager and you are working with Chuck an.docx

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You are a county supervisor of elections and have been tasked to dev.docx

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You are a corporate compliance officer for a hospital. You are also a feature writer for The Medical Reporter , an online health magazine. The editor asks you to write an 8-10 page feature story about the steps you should take when fraud and abuse cases are reported to a facility. This is very timely as you recently received a call on your “hotline” regarding a potential fraud and abuse issue. The caller indicated that Dr. Greedy was billing for services that had not been provided. You are in danger of losing reimbursement for Medicare and Medicaid programs if this behavior is not stopped. Your feature should address the ethical and moral components that healthcare providers and healthcare facilities face with fraud and abuse issues. Your research should include the following aspects: How to conduct an investigation. It should include the following elements: Reviewing the initial complaint: What are the items you should look for in a compliant to determine validity? Notifying the appropriate upper management of the complaint unless they are implicated in the complaint: What are the steps to take to determine who is involved? Obtaining additional information as necessary and developing a plan for the investigation: What other items are important to the investigation? Conducting interviews with staff, residents and/or management: Delineate the types of questions to ask in the interview. Determining if the allegations are substantiated or unsubstantiated: Identify criteria to determine if substantiated or unsubstantiated. How to develop a correction action plan. The plan may suggest: A recommendation for a subsequent audit or follow-up to the complaint and determination of when this is necessary. A recommendation to refund any overpayments to federal government, insurance company or individual payer and when that may be the best course of action. Assignment 1 Grading Criteria Discussed the process for reviewing the initial healthcare fraud and abuse complaint and the items to look for to determine validity. Explained the steps to take to determine who is involved in the complaint. Discussed how to obtain additional information to develop a plan for the investigation and the items, which would be important to the investigation. Explained how to conduct interviews with staff, residents and/or management and the types of questions to ask in the interview. Identified the criteria to determine if the allegations are substantiated or unsubstantiated. Explained how to determine when a recommendation for a subsequent audit or follow-up to the complaint is necessary. Discussed the best course of action when a recommendation to refund any overpayments to federal government, insurance company or individual payer is warranted. Written Components: Style: Tone, audience, and word choice Organization: Introduction, transitions, and conclusion Usage and Mechanics: Grammar, spelling, and sentence structure APA Elements: I.

You are a corporate compliance officer for a hospital. You are al.docx

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You are a new administrator for Contoso, Ltd., working on a test deployment of the application server technologies included with Windows Server 2008. In this lab, you explore some of the high-availability features included with Windows Server 2008. LAB CHALLENGE 12.1: CREATING A TERMINAL SERVICES SERVER FARM Contoso, Ltd. plans to deploy many new workstations using terminal servers to host applications for them. Because multiple terminal servers are needed, your department is exploring the construction of a Windows Server 2008 terminal server farm, consisting of multiple computers balancing the client load between them. To complete this challenge, you must install and configure Terminal Services on your server and your partner server to create a terminal server farm called FARM##, where ## is the number assigned to the server running the TS Session Broker role service. Use DNS round robin to balance the incoming traffic load between the two servers. Connect to the server farm using the Remote Desktop Connection client, and use the Terminal Services Manager console to monitor the activity on the server farm. Document your procedures by listing all of the tasks you completed during installation and configuration. Take screen shots of the Terminal Services Configuration, Terminal Services Manager, and DNS Manager consoles illustrating all of the completed tasks. When you are finished, remove all of the roles and features you installed on both computers before you proceed to the next exercise. LAB CHALLENGE 12.2: CREATING A FAILOVER CLUSTER After suffering a serious server outage, Contoso, Ltd. decided to implement its business-critical applications using failover clusters. You must create a test deployment of a two-node failover cluster on your lab network. To complete this challenge, install the Failover Clustering feature, and use it to validate, create, and configure a failover cluster using your server and your partner server. Give the failover cluster the name Cluster##, where ## is the number assigned to the server on which you created the cluster. After you complete the configuration process, demonstrate the cluster’s functionality by monitoring the cluster on your server as you move the cluster##other application from one server to the other. Document your procedures by listing all of the completed installation and configuration tasks. Save the Failover Cluster Validation Report to your Documents folder. Take screen shots of the Failover Cluster Management console illustrating the completed tasks and the cluster’s functionality. .

You are a new administrator for Contoso, Ltd., working on a test dep.docx

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Yo no ___________a la universidad los viernes porque no ________.docx

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xercise 4-15 The following are the major balance sheet classifications. Current assets Current liabilities Long-term investments Long-term liabilities Property, plant, and equipment Stockholders’ equity Intangible assets Classify each of the following accounts taken from Geraldo Company’s balance sheet. Balance Sheet Classification Accounts Accounts payable Accounts receivable Cash Common Stock Patents Salaries and wages payable Inventory Investments Accumulated depreciation Buildings Land Long-term debt Supplies Equipment Prepaid expenses .

xercise 4-15The following are the major balance sheet classificati.docx

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xamine the economic impact of border protection.1) What actions p.docx

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Written Portion of the Case Summary Two pages in length total maximum (APA format - 12 font, double spaced). Page 1 – mandatory section headings · Introduction/Summary of Case · Issue(s)/Motivation · Fundamental Technology(s) Involved · Various Alternatives or Implementations or Comparison of the Technology(s) · Critique/Evaluation of the Alternatives or Implementations of the Technology(s) Involved · Future of the Technology(s) Page 2 –- List and answer only the “CASE STUDY QUESTIONS” posed by authors 1. What types of companies are most likely to adopt cloud-based CRM software services? Why? What companies might not be well-suited for this type of software? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cloud-based enterprise application? 3. What people, organization, and technology issues should be addressed in deciding whether to use a conventional CRM system versus a cloud-based version? Text: Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm; Thirteenth Edition; Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon; Pearson Education, Upper Saddle river, NJ, 07458; 2014; ISBN 13:978-0-13-305069-1 .

Written Portion of the Case SummaryTwo pages in length total maxim.docx

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You are a community health educator and you have been tasked with developing a presentation to be given in a setting to educate an audience on one specific kind of diabetes. Identify your audience. Examples include the following: Senior center Middle school A Workplace Create a resource (350 to 700 words) as a way to share this information. Examples include the following: A social media page An information pamphlet A presentation Consider the best method so it is crafted in an appropriate and understandable way for your identified audience. Choose from the two following options, which kind of diabetes you'll be reporting on: Option A: Type I How society views diabetes (what society thinks it is versus what it actually is, common beliefs and practices) Signs and symptoms Compliance with treatment regimens Impact on health care resources Option B: Type II How society views diabetes (what society thinks it is versus what it actually is) Preventive measures Making the right decisions to live a healthy life Compliance with common beliefs Impact on health care resources Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. .

You are a community health educator and you have been tasked with de.docx

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You are a citizen of a developing country. The year is 2025 and your country is facing massive population growth. In the last decade alone, it has seen a population growth of nearly 200 million people, and demographics forecast continued rapid growth well into the next generation. The nation has also seen a rapid rise in industrial and commercial development, both of which are wreaking havoc on the environment. Climatologists have noted a marked increase in the levels of air and water pollution. In addition, the nation's reliance on mono-crops has made it food-dependent on its trading partners; it can no longer feed its growing population on its own. This has resulted in some food shortages. The most promising option the state has at present is to try to stem the tide of population growth internally. Demographers have noted that, primarily due to a tradition of raising large families and other cultural and religious mandates, most of the state's population growth is occurring among poorer, rural sectors. Many families are comprised of up to ten children each. In some instances, birth control is available, but simply not used. In other instances, no birth control or formal family planning education is provided. The affordability of contraception is also a concern. Culturally, however, it has been found to be taboo to discuss family concerns publicly. Yet the state knows that it is facing an impending food, environmental, political and even international crisis if something is not done immediately. .

You are a citizen of a developing country. The year is 2025 and your.docx

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Written Communication Skills Due Dec 07, 11:59 PM Not Submitted POINTS 4 Paper Objectives: View more » Expand view Instructions Assignment Files Grading Create, from your example of poor customer service in your class discussion in Week 1, a 700- to 1050- word letter of complaint. Address , in the letter: the original problem. the customer service representative's behavior regarding the situation. the resolution you hope to achieve. .

Written Communication SkillsDueDec 07, 1159 PMNot Submi.docx

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XML provides a method for data to be transferred between systems. Specify at least three components of an XML document. Analyze how each component ensures data reliability and validation. Identify at least two e-Commerce systems that provide XML data integration. For each system, describe how XML extensions could enable e-Commerce integration among system stakeholders such as vendors, resellers, suppliers, and customers. .

XML provides a method for data to be transferred between systems. Sp.docx

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Written cases shall have the following sections Title, Introductio.docx

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www.amankas.comDistribution strategyDiscuss the company activi.docx

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