Reply to at least 2 of your peers’ submissions. In your participation responses to your peers, comments must demonstrate thorough analysis of postings and extend meaningful discussion by building on previous postings. Peer 1 Kolcalba’s Theory of Comfort             Katherine Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort recognizes that an important concept that needs to be addressed in a patient’s care is comfort. Comfort is defined by Kolcaba as not only physical, such as pain, but spiritually, socially, and environmentally. According to Peterson and Bredow (2017), nurses traditionally cared for the comfort of the patient, and in the past was one of the sole focuses of the nurse before advancements in medicine. Currently comfort is majorly addressed in both nursing home settings and hospice.  What is the phenomenon of Concern?             The main phenomenon of concern when it comes to this theory is comfort. Ensuring that the patient is not only physically comfortable but comfortable in other ways. There are three other areas of comfort that this theory addresses, psychospiritual, social comfort, which later became sociocultural, and environmental comfort (Peterson & Bredow, 2017). Psychospiritual, addresses the patient’s awareness of self, their spirituality, and even sexuality. Sociocultural, addresses the need to address cultural issue that may interfere with care of the patient, and even their relationship with family. Finally, Environmental addresses things such as the amount of noise, light, temperature of where the patient is being given care. In a study by Barreto et al. (2020), they state that hospitalization is “an unpleasant experience for older people and can increase frailty, making them more susceptible to suffering and discomfort and potentially impairing their recovery.” Addressing these needs would allow for an increase in positive outcomes.  What are the assumptions underpinning this theory?             There are three distinct assumptions made in this theory that are as follows: Human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli. Comfort is an immediate and desirable holistic state of human beings that is germane to the discipline of nursing. Human beings strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs. It is an active endeavor (Peterson & Bredow, 2017). As a community nurses generally base care on physical needs, and not necessarily needs in any of the other areas of comfort. In the study done by Berreto et al. (2020), they found that out of the 26 nursing diagnoses that they looked at, only four of those nursing diagnoses address a need outside of the physical dimension.  References Barreto Cardoso, R., Alfradique de Souza, P., Pereira Caldas, C., & Ribeiro Bitencourt, G. (2020). Nursing diagnoses in hospitalized elderly patients based on Kolcaba’s            Comfort Theory.  Revista de Enfermagem Referência ,  4 , 1–9. https://doi- org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.12707/RV20066 Peterson, S., & Bredow, T. (2017). .

1. Reply to at least 2 of your peers’ submissions. In your
participation responses to your peers, comments must
demonstrate thorough analysis of postings and extend
meaningful discussion by building on previous postings.
Peer 1
Kolcalba’s Theory of Comfort
Katherine Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort recognizes that
an important concept that needs to be addressed in a patient’s
care is comfort. Comfort is defined by Kolcaba as not only
physical, such as pain, but spiritually, socially, and
environmentally. According to Peterson and Bredow (2017),
nurses traditionally cared for the comfort of the patient, and in
the past was one of the sole focuses of the nurse before
advancements in medicine. Currently comfort is majorly
addressed in both nursing home settings and hospice.
What is the phenomenon of Concern?
The main phenomenon of concern when it comes to this
theory is comfort. Ensuring that the patient is not only
physically comfortable but comfortable in other ways. There are
three other areas of comfort that this theory addresses,
psychospiritual, social comfort, which later became
sociocultural, and environmental comfort (Peterson & Bredow,
2017). Psychospiritual, addresses the patient’s awareness of
self, their spirituality, and even sexuality. Sociocultural,
addresses the need to address cultural issue that may interfere
with care of the patient, and even their relationship with family.
Finally, Environmental addresses things such as the amount of
noise, light, temperature of where the patient is being given
care. In a study by Barreto et al. (2020), they state that

2. hospitalization is “an unpleasant experience for older people
and can increase frailty, making them more susceptible to
suffering and discomfort and potentially impairing their
recovery.” Addressing these needs would allow for an increase
in positive outcomes.
What are the assumptions underpinning this theory?
There are three distinct assumptions made in this theory
that are as follows:
Human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli.
Comfort is an immediate and desirable holistic state of human
beings that is germane to the discipline of nursing.
Human beings strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort
needs. It is an active endeavor (Peterson & Bredow, 2017).
As a community nurses generally base care on physical needs,
and not necessarily needs in any of the other areas of comfort.
In the study done by Berreto et al. (2020), they found that out
of the 26 nursing diagnoses that they looked at, only four of
those nursing diagnoses address a need outside of the physical
dimension.
References
Barreto Cardoso, R., Alfradique de Souza, P., Pereira Caldas,
C., & Ribeiro Bitencourt, G. (2020). Nursing diagnoses in
hospitalized elderly patients based on Kolcaba’s
Comfort Theory.
Revista de Enfermagem Referência

3. ,
4
, 1–9.
https://doi-
org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.12707/RV20066
Peterson, S., & Bredow, T. (2017). Middle range theories:
Application to Nursing Research and
Practice (4th ed.). LWW.
Peer 2
Discussion 3- Pender's Health Promotion Model
In the text author Butts (2017 p.425) describes Nola Pender’s
Health Promotion Model as one of four theories “that may be
categorized as focusing on goals and functions”. This
classification of Pender’s theory allows it to be qualified and
quantified, which has therefore led to a broad spectrum of
research. Butts goes on to describe Pender’s theory as a
“multidimensionality of persons interacting with their
interpersonal and physical environments as they pursue
health…” (2017 p. 445) The understanding of this theory is that
it addresses the metaparadigms by acknowledging the patient or
client, seeking health which can be determined by an illness,
injury, or prevention, being guided, and educated by an
advanced practice nurse, in the environment of choice. The
promotion of health is vital to the campaign for better health or
fight against chronic disease. No matter which outcome you
seek, this model can provide measurable ways to track
efficacy.
In one article written by authors Da Silva Santos et al.,

4. (2018), the research is described how they utilize “the Pender
Health Promotion Model, which provides a simple and clear
structure, allows for the planning, intervention and evaluation
of actions of Nursing.” (Da Silva Santos et al 2018, p. 583)
This article measured how effectively advanced nursing
interventions were in relation to HPV vaccinations and
education in schools. The Health Promotion Model was used to
quantify research and understand if the education was
productive in lowering incidences of HPV. (Da Silva Santos et
al 2018, p. 583) This article along with many others uses a
myriad of different health conditions to follow trends and
efficacy to better provide health promotion.
There are assumptions to this model. To assure the
accuracy of the data collected in researching this model, it is
typically assumed that participants intend to follow the
education and direction of the advanced practitioner, that there
is no veering from the plan, and that all other things equal, the
data inferred is correct. These can sometimes be large
assumptions, however for the greater good of the population,
such assumptions must be made.
References:
Butts, J. B. (2017).
Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice
. [South
University].
Retrievedfrom https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/bo
oks/9781284143010/
Da Silva Santos, A., Amaral Viana, M. C., Camelo Chaves, E.
M., De Morais Bezerra, A.,
Gonçalves Júnior, J., & Ribeiro Tamboril, A. C. (2018).

5. Educational Technology Based on Nola Pender: Promoting
Adolescent Health.
Journal of Nursing UFPE / Revista de Enfermagem UFPE
,
12
(2), 582–588. https://doi-org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.5205/1981-
8963-v12i2a22609p582-588-2018
Pender, N. J., Murdaugh, C. L., & Parsons, M. A. (2011).
Health promotion in nursing
practice
(6th ed.). Pearson.