here are several definitions available for the term vulnerable popu
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here are several definitions available for the term “vulnerable population”, the words simply imply the disadvantaged sub-segment of the community requiring utmost care, specific ancillary considerations and augmented protections in research (Shivayogi, 2013). The risk of a vulnerable population is the decreased freewill to inability to make informed choices. The vulnerable populations refers to but not limited to “children, minors, pregnant women, fetuses, human in vitro fertilization, prisoners, employees, military persons and students in hierarchical organizations, terminally ill, comatose, physically and intellectually challenged individuals, institutionalized, elderly individuals, visual or hearing impaired, ethnic minorities, refugees, international research, economically and educationally disabled and healthy volunteers” (Griffith, 2015). Ethical dilemmas are widely prevalent in research involving these populations with regard to communications, data privacy and therapeutic deliberations (Shivayogi, 2013). In this discussion board, I will focus on the avoidance of paternalism in healthcare. Misuse of Power The word paternalism also alludes to patriarchal power structures. Paternalism reduces the patient to a passive recipient of care and forces the patient to depend on the integrity and self-regulation of the providers (Cody, 2003). Certain persons are far more likely than others to be treated in a paternalistic manner. In regards to research, with respect to research involving children, incompetent adults, and other arguably vulnerable populations such as prisoners, there can be a misuse of power. The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects or the “Common Rule” was published in 1991 to protect women, fetuses, children, and prisoners (Miller & Wertheimer, 2007). Common Rule outlines the basic requirements for IRBs, informed consent, and Assurances of Compliance. Last year, the Common Rule was revised for the first time since its publication in 1991 in order to strengthen protections for study participants. High on the list of priorities is helping people make better decisions about whether to participate in a clinical trial. One key goal: ensuring the risks and benefits of participation are clear. The need for the revision was because participant consents have become documents that protect the agency performing the procedure more than outlining the risks and benefits to the potential participant. Conclusion Nurse advocacy plays an important role in helping patients understand their rights and exercise their autonomy; protecting those who are vulnerable and advocating conscientious clinical and ethical research systems. A lack of informed consent (IC), with coercive, guileful, forceful influences and methods to secure potential participants results in deficient evidence-based health care (Griffith, 2015). NP’s are held to professional standards for professional practice and behavior in all areas of medicine. ...
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© 2016. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
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Running head: WHISTLE BLOWING 1
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Medical Release of Information
A patient's right to privacy with deference to independently identifiable fitness information, counting genetic in order, should be recognized statutorily. Individuals be supposed to retain the right to settle on to whom, and under what conditions, their independently identifiable health information will be divulged (Healey, pg5) Confidentiality securities should widen not only to wellbeing records, but be to all other independently particular health information, including hereditary information, clinical investigation records, and cerebral strength treatment notes.
· Use and revelation of independently identifiable health information should be incomplete.
· Patients should take delivery of written, easily unspoken announcement of how their strength records are used and when their independently identifiable fitness information is disclosed to third party.
· The use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information absent an individual's informed consent should be prohibited.
· Appropriate defend ends should be urbanized and necessary for the employ, revelation and storage space of individual health information.
· Legislative or regulatory protections on individually identifiable health information should not unnecessarily impede public health efforts or clinical, medical, nursing, or quality of care research.
· Strong and enforceable remedies for violation of solitude protection should be established, and health care experts who report breaches should be private from reprisal.
· Federal legislation should make available a floor for the defense of person privacy and secrecy rights, not an upper limit.
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Chapter 15Health Professional LeadershipNormal is getting narr
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15.1 DISINTERESTEDNESS
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Primary health care aims to address local health problems through community education and disease treatment and prevention, while promoting individual and public health participation. It involves services like nutrition promotion, sanitation, family planning, immunization, and disease control. Nurses play an important role in primary health care through community education, surveillance, screening, and notification of health issues.
h 23 (2010) 30–35www.elsevier.comlocateapnrApplied Nur.docx
h 23 (2010) 30–35
www.elsevier.com/locate/apnr
Applied Nursing Researc
Utilizing conjoint analysis to explicate health care decision making by
emergency department nurses: a feasibility study
Kathleen Fisher, PhD, CRNPa,⁎, Fredrick Orkin, MD, MBA, Mscb,
Christine Frazer, MSN, CNSb
aCollege of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
bPenn State University, Hersey Medical Center, Hersey, PA 17033, USA
Received 13 August 2007; revised 10 March 2008; accepted 22 March 2008
Abstract This descriptive study tests the feasibility of using clinical simulation to understand proxy decision
⁎ Corresponding
E-mail address: k
0897-1897/$ – see fro
doi:10.1016/j.apnr.200
making by emergency department nurses for individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Results from
a conjoint analysis used to identify decision-making patterns indicated that nurses relied on future
health status, functional status, and family input while making important health care decisions for their
clients. This information enhances our understanding of the complex array of services and supports that
nurses are expected to provide. As individuals with ID age and experience increased morbidity, the role
of the nurse and caregivers as critical health care decision makers is increasing.
© 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Recently, intellectual disability (ID) has emerged as the
preferred term to describe individuals who have significant
limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive beha-
vior, the disability historically referred to as mental
retardation (Schalock, Luckasson, & Shogren, 2007).
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, three criteria must be met to establish
this diagnosis, including impaired intellectual functioning
level (IQ) 70 or less; onset before the age of 18; and
significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas,
including communication, self-care, home living, social
and interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-
direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health,
and safety (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Adaptive skills are needed to actively engage in commu-
nity living, and persons with ID by definition have
difficulty interacting with their environment. They are a
vulnerable population that places additional demands on
the health care system by virtue of their specific needs
(Fisher, Frazer, Hasson, & Orkin, 2007).
author. Tel.: +1 2157621208; fax: +1 2157621259.
[email protected] (K. Fisher).
nt matter © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
8.03.004
2. Background
After the deinstitutionalization movement of the 1970s,
many persons with ID moved into community residential
agencies, such as group homes, where others routinely make
health care decisions for them for access to health care and
assistance with daily living. In a previous study of community
agency directors, proxy decision making was found to ...
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. No.docx
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. Now, break out each case into a list of ethical and legal considerations that might help to analyze each case—summarize the considerations in two paragraphs for each case.
For each case, also ask one legal and one ethical question that might present. Consider the principles of ethics from Week 1 and the laws addressed this week. You should also use outside references to dig deeper into each case for your list.
3 topics identified in paper below from last week
· The Principal of Justice
· Autonomy
· Non-maleficence
Health Care Ethics
Health care ethics is a set of beliefs, moral principles and values that guide health care centers and related institutions to make choices with regard to medical care. Some health ethics include: respect for autonomy, justice and non-maleficence (Percival, 1849).
The principle of justice in health care ensures that there is respect for people’s rights, fair distribution of health resources and respect for laws that are morally acceptable. There are mainly two elements in this principle; equity and equality. Equity ensure that are all cases have equal access to treatment regardless of the patients’ status in ethnic background, age, sexuality, legal capacity, disability, insurance cover or any other discriminating factors.
It is important to study this ethical issue of justice since there have been an increasing report of doctors and medical staff failing to administer certain treatment services to certain kind of patients. Consequently, there have been debates in countries such as the UK over the refusal to give expensive treatment to patients who are likely to benefit from the treatment but cannot afford it. One ethical in the principle of justice is as to whether the health care center is creating an environment for sensible and fair use of health care resources and no particular type of patients are shun away or stigmatized. The legal question is whether the health care center is breaking the law against inequality and discrimination particularly racism, tribalism, gender insensitivity and other discrimination noted and prohibited in the country’s constitution.
The second area of health care ethics is respect for autonomy. Autonomy means self-determination or self-rule. Hence, this principle stipulates that one should be allowed to direct their health life according to their personal rationale. The patients have a right to determine their own destiny freely and independently as well as having their decision respected (Pollard, 1993).
This principle is important for study because not many people would not want to be treated as those with dementia; a disease involving loss of mental power. Many people are afraid of the prospect of not being able to decide their own fate and exercise self-determination. An ethical question in this principle of respect for autonomy is whether the health care center ensures that the patient is provided with ...
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from: M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Experience Registered Trademark CEC 2013. All Rights Reserved.
The Basis for Health Care Ethics
What is Ethics?Ethics is what you believe is right or wrong. It is a moral philosophy that seeks to help the individual distinguish between good and bad as defined by one's culture. Ethics guides individuals and groups in their decisions about health care and other matters. Ethics helps the individual and group set boundaries.
Health care ethics is based on the law, professional codes of ethics, standards of care, and institutional policies and practices (corporate law).
Codes of EthicsCodes of ethics or codes of conduct are lists of standards or guides that provide an ethical framework for practice within a profession. Physicians are bound by the Hippocratic oath, but nursing has its own code of ethics. All health professions have a code of ethics.
It is axiomatic that the practice of health care presents moral and ethical dilemmas, because it deals with human beings and life-altering circumstances.
Health care financing presents broader moral dilemmas in the allocation of scarce resources. The conflict exists between the inherent values, duties, and obligations in caring for patients and the availability of resources to treat them.
The depth or content of a code of ethics is dependent on the type of contact that the health care professional has with a patient.
Ethical Theories
A number of ethical frameworks or theories are used to make decisions in health care and, in general, to set boundaries for expected behavior. The theories are used to determine what is fair or unfair. The following are several ethical frameworks:
Normative ethics: The ethical theory that describes how things ought to be.
Teleological theory: Also known as consequentialist theory, which believes that the best action in any situation is the one that promotes the greatest happiness for the largest number of people. In health care financing, this would fall under the rubric of cost containment by calculating the net benefits verses the consequences.
Utilitarianism: This is Mill’s definition of morality, which is the practical ethics of judgment: What is the greatest good that will benefit the greatest number of people? Medicare falls under this rubric.
Deontological theory: What one should or must do based on the obligations and duties of one’s life. This theory focuses on means, whereas teleological theory focuses on ends.
Virtue ethics: This is the ethics of care as a part of virtue ethics; virtue ethics is a form of normative ethics, which emphasizes the character of the interaction between the health care provider and the patient. This is the opposite of the emphasis on rules or consequences in other moral theories. Health care virtues include compassion, conscientiousness, cooperativeness, discernment, honesty, trustworthiness, truth telling, integrity, kindness, respect, and commitment.
Situational ...
Submission ide 41d14985 d484-4305-976f-c8858ad6647630 si
This reflective journal discusses knowledge and skills gained during a Professional Capstone and Practicum course. It covers topics like new nursing practice approaches using evidence-based practice, interprofessional collaboration, healthcare delivery systems, ethical considerations, culturally sensitive care, ensuring human dignity, population health concerns, the role of technology in healthcare, health policy, leadership models, health disparities, and conclusion. The course helped students acquire practical skills and knowledge applicable to nursing practice.
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Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner Student Nam.docx
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
1
Introduction
The primary role of a psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families.
One of the problems that has been experienced in psychiatry is stigma, discrimination and prejudice.
This issue has presented certain effects like delay in seeking help, burnout among health care providers and poor services.
One of the theories that is relevant to the specialty is the modelling and role modelling theory.
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners usually play a key role in promoting health care. Their primary role is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families. However, patients and health care providers are facing various issues particularly stigma, discrimination and prejudice which has negatively affected the provision of health care services. The modelling and role modelling theory is one of the theories that is relevant and can greatly help to deal with the problem and may be used as a framework to guide evidence-based practice.
2
Modelling and Role Modelling Theory
It was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983.
This theory helps health care providers to care for and nurture every patient based on their needs.
Commonalities in the theory include attachment and loss, basic needs, holism and cognitive stages.
Differences in the theory include self-care, stress, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
The modelling and role modelling theory was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983. This is a crucial theory in nursing because it helps health care providers to care and nurture patients while upholding the awareness and respect of every patient’s uniqueness (Smith, 2019). Due to that, this theory is considered to support clinical practices that concentrate on the needs of patients. The theory looks at certain elements like attachment and loss, holism, basic needs and cognitive stages. It focuses on certain differences amongst people including stress, self-care, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
3
Relevance of the Theory
Modelling involves health care providers seeking to know and understand patients’ personal model of their world.
Health care providers learn to appreciate the value of patients’ personal model of the world and its importance.
This theory acknowledges that all human beings have unique perspectives about their world.
Health care providers are able to develop an image and understanding of patients’ perspective and personal model of the world.
The modelling and role modelling theory is relevant to my nurse practitioner specialty since it entails crucial aspects that promote the well-being of patients. During the modelling process, nurses are able to find out and comprehend the personal model of patients and learn how t.
Deciding to place a loved one into a long-term care facility can be .docx
Deciding to place a loved one into a long-term care facility can be extremely difficult. Even more difficult is the thought of your loved one’s rights being violated while in long-term care. Patient healthcare rights are not as clearly defined as one would expect, and there are long-term care and other healthcare facilities that create their own sets of patient rights. However, there are also certain indisputable rights afforded to patients across the board.
2-3 pages with introduction paragraph
Describe the legal and ethical dilemma discussed in the following case study.
Analyze the key ways in which a patient’s right to die relates to this specific case.
2-3 pages
Use at least three (3) quality academic resources
.
citations and references must follow APA
Im
agine that you are a part of the ethics committee investigating this case. Determine the main facts pertaining to the issue that the committee should consider.
Suggest one (1) step that the facility should take next in order to resolve the dilemma. Provide a rationale for your response.
Background
Mary Evelyn Greene, who has memory impairment, lives in a private room at Shady Brook Skilled Nursing Facility located in a beautiful suburb of a major metropolitan city. She has resided at Shady Brook for the past 18 months. Before moving into Shady Brook, Mrs. Greene lived independently in her own home with assistance from a private-duty nursing assistant and a housekeeper. She and her husband had resided together in this home for more than 50 years. Mrs. Greene is 89 years old and suffers from several health problems associated with aging.
Mrs. Greene has one son, David Greene. David has the power of attorney to handle his mother’s health care and other personal affairs. David works as a trial attorney in one of the city’s largest and most prestigious law firms. He owns a large home in an upscale neighborhood and works hard to put two of his children through college and another one through medical school. His home is about an hour’s drive from his workplace and about 20 minutes from Shady Brook. David’s wife Barbara has never been close to her mother-in-law and has not shown much interest in her care. Hence, caring for his mother has become a major responsibility for David, and he is having a difficult time dealing with her declining health and the onset of mild dementia. It is becoming increasingly more difficult for David to leave his law practice or the court room to deal with issues related to his mother.
Mrs. Greene’s husband was a very successful land developer who left her with a substantial estate, which meets all of her financial needs. After her husband passed away, Mrs. Greene decided to remain in her home. She was able to maintain her independence until she was 87 years old, when she began to show signs of dementia. Shortly thereafter, David moved her to Shady Brook. David also hired a part-time “sitter” to keep her mother company because she was too weak to go out of her ro.
Dec 1, 2016ThursdayDec 2, 2016FridayDec 3, 2016SaturdayD.docx
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NRS-430V | Essentials of Baccalaureate Education
Topic 1 DQ 1
Discussion Question
Starts: Dec 12, 2016
Ends: Dec 14, 2016
Topic 1 DQ 1
Due
Week 2
Dec 15, 2016
Thursday
Dec 16, 2016
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Dec 17, 2016
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Dec 18, 2016
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Dec 19, 2016
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Dec 20, 2016
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NRS-430V | Happy Holidays!
Topic 1 DQ 2
Discussion Question
Starts: Dec 12, 2016
Ends: Dec 16, 2016
Topic 1 DQ 2
Due
Collaborative Learning Community (CLC) Agreement
Assignment
Starts: Dec 12, 2016
Ends: Dec 18, 2016
Collaborative Lea...
Due
Week 3
Dec 22, 2016
Thursday
Dec 23, 2016
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Dec 24, 2016
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Dec 25, 2016
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Dec 26, 2016
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Dec 27, 2016
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NRS-430V | Happy Holidays!
Week 4
Dec 29, 2016
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Dec 30, 2016
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Dec 31, 2016
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Jan 1, 2017
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NRS-430V | Nursing History, Theories, and Conceptual Model
Jan 1, 2017
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Jan 6, 2017
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NRS-430V | Nursing History, Theories, and Conceptual Model
Topic 2 DQ 1
Discussion Question
Starts: Jan 2, 2017
Ends: Jan 4, 2017
Topic 2 DQ 1
Due
Topic 2 DQ 2
Discussion Question
Starts: Jan 2, 2017
Ends: Jan 6, 2017
Topic 2 DQ 2
Due
Week 5
Jan 8, 2017
Sunday
Jan 9, 2017
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Jan 10, 2017
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Jan 11, 2017
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Jan 14, 2017
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NRS-430V | Scope of Practice and Differentiated Practice Competencies
Topic 3 DQ 1
Discussion Question
Starts: Jan 9, 2017
Ends: Jan 11, 2017
Topic 3 DQ 1
Due
Topic 3 DQ 2
Discussion Question
Starts: Jan 9, 2017
Ends: Jan 13, 2017
Topic 3 DQ 2
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Educational Preparation
Assignment
Starts: Jan 2, 2017
Ends: Jan 8, 2017
Educational Prepa...
Due
Week 6
Jan 15, 2017
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Jan 16, 2017
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Jan 17, 2017
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Jan 18, 2017
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Jan 19, 2017
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Jan 20, 2017
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Jan 21, 2017
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NRS-430V | Professional Accountability, Standards of Practice, and Professional Development
Topic 4 DQ 1
Discussion Question
Starts: Jan 16, 2017
Ends: Jan 18, 2017
Topic 4 DQ 1
Due
Topic 4 DQ 2
Discussion Question
Starts: Jan 16, 2017
Ends: Jan 20, 2017
Topic 4 DQ 2
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CLC - Nursing Conceptual Model Presentation
Assignment
Starts: Jan 9, 2017
Ends: Jan 15, 2017
CLC - Nursing Con...
Due
Week 7
Jan 22, 2017
Sunday
Jan 23, 2017
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Jan 24, 2017
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Jan 25, 2017
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Jan 26, 2017
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Jan 27, 2017
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NRS-430V | Advocacy and Activism
.
Dear professor,I am challenged with finding a set of historical .docx
Dear professor,
I am challenged with finding a set of historical paradox sets. I need to f
ind at least 2-3 different sources of information. To properly complete this assignment, I need to do the following:
·
Explain the paradox, citing sources of information.
·
Describe the person(s) who identified the paradox.
2.
Then, create a new Microsoft Word (.doc / .docx), and write 1-2 pages explaining the paradox, who identified it, responses to this paradox, etc.
I have to cite 2-3 references from websites that are reputable (they have an ".edu" extension).
Please follow MLA formatting
·
Double spaced
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12pt font
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1" margins
·
Indent paragraphs
.
Deadline is tonight before 8pmDirectionsThis week in discussion .docx
This week's discussion focused on analyzing and reflecting on ICD-10 Coding Guidelines. Students were asked to discuss how they will apply their new coding skills and knowledge in the workplace, and to identify methods for better understanding guidelines they found difficult or challenging.
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WHISTLE BLOWING2WHISTLE BLOWING9Whistle Blowin.docx
WHISTLE BLOWING 2
WHISTLE BLOWING 9
Whistle Blowing: To Tell or Not to Tell?
Walden University
NURS 6053N, Section 12, Interprofessional Organizational and Systems Leadership
October 18, 2015
Running head: WHISTLE BLOWING 1
Whistle Blowing
For as long as nursing has been an established medical profession, patient safety has been one of the top priorities of nursing practice. Florence Nightingale was not just one of the pioneers of the nursing profession, but she was also one of the first nurses to whistle blow in an attempt to protect a group of ill struck patients. She blew the cover of the horrid state of healthcare provided to soldiers post the Crimean War (Glasper, 2015). The safety of a patient can be maintained through many different avenues of practice, one of which that is particularly important is known as patient advocacy. Patient advocates such as nurses must possess the utmost moral and ethical standards in-order to be able to successfully protect their patients from any source of harm imaginable. Even sources of harm that may retaliate as a response, such as physicians, nurses, administration, and anyone that has a relationship with the patient advocate nurse.
Nurses that take actions in the best interest of the public by outing an organization and its employees for unethical practices to governing bodies outside of the organization are known as whistle blowers (Nursing Standard, 2014). Any healthcare professional entrusted with the safety of a patient should be knowledgeable and aware of their rights and responsibilities to their patients as advocates. The purpose of this group paper is to present the concept of whistle blowing by reviewing related literature, and discussing the significance and relevance of whistle blowing to the nursing profession and modern healthcare.
Significance of Whistle Blowing
Whistleblowing is a process where a member or former member of an organization discloses practices believed to be immoral, illegal, unethical, or illegitimate to those that might be able to do something about the issues and effect some form of change (Jackson, Girvin, & Davidson, 2014). Wrongdoings do not exist solely in large business corporations, but can also be found within the healthcare industry (Marquis & Huston, 2015). In fact, changes in this new era of managed care may see an increase in fraud or misrepresentation and even ethical malfeasance due to declining reimbursements and pressure to remain fiscally solvent (Marquis & Huston, 2015). Even though the need for whistleblowing could not be higher, it is still a very complex ethical dilemma that can severely impact the whistleblower, the wrongdoer, the environment or any others persons receiving services (Jackson et al., 2014). Nurses, as professionals, have a crucial role to play in healthcare reform and many times have insights that can draw attention to issues that may highlight needs for practice or system change as stated by Jackson et al. (2014)..
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent .docx
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent health care, broadly defined as services that are respectful of and responsive to the cultural and linguistic needs of patients, is increasingly viewed as essential in reducing racial and ethnic disparities, improving health care quality, and controlling costs. The U.S. government considers cultural competence as a method of increasing access to quality care for all patients. The aim should be to develop systems more responsive to diverse populations. Managed care organizations view cultural competence as driving both quality and business. By embedding cultural competence strategies into quality improvement initiatives to make care more efficient and effective, clinical outcomes are improved while costs are controlled. Those in academic settings agree that cultural competency education is crucial for preparing future health care workers, although appropriate education on the topic is provided in only half of the medical schools in the United States (Betancourt, Green, Carrillo, & Park, 2005). According to the Office of Minority Health, cultural competence refers to the ability of health care providers and organizations to understand and respond effectively to the cultural and linguistic needs of patients (Office of Minority Health, 2001). Cultural competence encompasses a wide range of activities and considerations. It includes providing respectful care that is consistent with cultural health beliefs of the clients and family members. Competent interpreter services and programs to promote staff diversity are other ways in which health care organizations can increase cultural competence (Clancy & Stryer, 2001). Because communication is a cornerstone of patient safety and quality care, every patient has the right to receive information in a manner he or she understands. Effective communication allows patients to participate more fully in their care. Communicating effectively with patients is also critical to the informed consent process and helps practitioners and hospitals give the best possible care. For communication to be effective, the information provided must be complete, accurate, timely, unambiguous, and understood by the patient. Many patients of varying circumstances require alternative communication methods: patients who speak and/or read languages other than English; patients who have limited literacy in any language; patients who have visual or hearing impairments; patients on ventilators; patients with cognitive impairments; and children. The hospital has many options available to assist in communication with these individuals, such as interpreters, translated written materials, pen and paper, communication boards, and speech therapy. It is up to the hospital to determine which method is the best for each patient. Various laws, regulations, and guidelines are relevant to the use of interpreters. These include Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 1964; Executive Order .
Board of Governors Meeting, New Orleans
Slide presentation from the November 14-15, 2011 Board of Governors Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Surname 2NameTutorInstructorDateMedical Releas.docx
Surname 2
Name
Tutor
Instructor
Date
Medical Release of Information
A patient's right to privacy with deference to independently identifiable fitness information, counting genetic in order, should be recognized statutorily. Individuals be supposed to retain the right to settle on to whom, and under what conditions, their independently identifiable health information will be divulged (Healey, pg5) Confidentiality securities should widen not only to wellbeing records, but be to all other independently particular health information, including hereditary information, clinical investigation records, and cerebral strength treatment notes.
· Use and revelation of independently identifiable health information should be incomplete.
· Patients should take delivery of written, easily unspoken announcement of how their strength records are used and when their independently identifiable fitness information is disclosed to third party.
· The use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information absent an individual's informed consent should be prohibited.
· Appropriate defend ends should be urbanized and necessary for the employ, revelation and storage space of individual health information.
· Legislative or regulatory protections on individually identifiable health information should not unnecessarily impede public health efforts or clinical, medical, nursing, or quality of care research.
· Strong and enforceable remedies for violation of solitude protection should be established, and health care experts who report breaches should be private from reprisal.
· Federal legislation should make available a floor for the defense of person privacy and secrecy rights, not an upper limit.
Patients have rights to privacy that be supposed to not be infringed without conversant assent ((Reznick, pg 7). Modulating information should not be available in written metaphors, photographs, or pedigrees if not the information is necessary for scientific reasons and the tolerant (or parent or guardian) gives on paper knowledgeable permission for periodical back stage. Informed permission for this reason requires that the enduring should be exposed with the manuscript to be available.
HIPAA stands for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, an act that was facilitated in 1996 (Washington, pg 5). In detail, portability is precisely what HIPAA is all about. HIPAA is the method that you and your relations can have a permanence of health indemnity even from side to side job alterations and conceivably even more for the idleness. Just as workers are moveable, so should be fitness insurance, gratitude to HIPAA.
HIPAA has two objectives:
· To compose healthcare cover handier by building it "portable". Primarily this revenue limits the call, and in a number of cases, eradicating the performance of exclusive terms of people from reporting because of pre-existing circumstances.
· To build up healthcare more answerable in terms of charg ...
fgm paper 7
This document summarizes a research paper about female genital cutting (FGC). It discusses how over 130 million women worldwide have undergone FGC, mainly in Africa and Asia, due to cultural and religious beliefs. FGC can cause both immediate and long-term health complications. The paper aims to describe the issue of FGC and its significance for nursing. It reviews literature on FGC, including a primary research article discussing the physical and psychological impacts of FGC and recommendations for culturally sensitive nursing care. The document also summarizes two additional reference articles defining FGC and providing global statistics on the practice.
Patient Empowerment in Nursing Sample Paper.docx
1) The document discusses patient empowerment in nursing, defining it as a process that fosters patients' power over their own lives and health by respecting their preferences and autonomy in treatment decisions.
2) Patient empowerment has many definitions but generally refers to enhancing patients' ability to understand and influence their own health status through greater information, education, and involvement in care decisions.
3) Key antecedents of patient empowerment discussed are trust, respect, commitment, education, and staff empowerment to successfully apply the empowerment concept in healthcare settings.
NU420M5 Accountability of Care and.docx
Nursing accountability is guided by standards of practice, legal requirements, and ethical principles which hold nurses responsible for their decisions, actions, and consequences. Accountability is important in healthcare as it focuses on patient interests, improves trust between providers and patients, and enhances quality of care. Ethical issues commonly arise in complex healthcare systems and the nursing code of ethics provides guidance, though legal, moral, and ethical concerns sometimes overlap like whether family can be present during resuscitation of a loved one. In such dilemmas, prioritizing patient rights, safety, and health ensures accountability in decision making.
Chapter 15Health Professional LeadershipNormal is getting narr
Chapter 15
Health Professional Leadership
Normal is getting narrower and narrower.
—Personal observation by an experienced nurse practitioner
Health professionals can be important participants in health policy processes. They bring their experiences, their knowledge of both science and art, their ability to distinguish between the two, and their commitment to the patient. Typically, they also bring a commitment to lifelong learning. The power of the professions, especially physicians, has been waning of late, but that has a lot to do with the height of their dominance in the past. In an open, market-driven, information-rich society, the old monopoly power described by Starr (1982) is not sustainable. Health professionals now need to undertake new leadership roles or else their status will be further undermined by those actively seeking a greater share of the pie. Those new roles will have to focus more on collaboration and coordination of care.
15.1 DISINTERESTEDNESS
Much of the diminished respect for health professionals stems from the public’s perception of reduced disinterestedness. Current fashion in economics seems to deny the concept of disinterestedness—the concept of lack of bias and freedom from special interests, the ability to set aside one’s own interests and to seek the best possible outcome for others. The opposite is the oft-repeated phrase, “All they care about is money.” Money is harder to come by in most parts of the health care system because of utilization controls and deep discounts to health care plans, and thus the increased concern is understandable; however, that is not reassuring to the public. Much of the literature on the rising costs of care blames the current fee-for-service system for making it in the providers’ interest to promote overutilization. Schlesinger (2002) argued that this loss of faith seemed to intensify with the advent of Medicare and Medicaid, and that that has led to a loss of political power as well. One parameter of successful professional leadership will be the ability to engender faith that the professional and the profession have the interests of other constituencies in mind.
15.2 INFORMATIONAL CREDIBILITY
Disintermediation in general and direct-to-consumer advertising in particular have affected the informational monopoly of the health professions. This is not a one-way street. The claims and counterclaims of the various interested parties can be hard to sort out. One leadership role for the health professional is to guide the general public through that welter of information. This is not just a physician’s task. It involves all health professionals. An article in BusinessWeek asked, “How Good Is Your Online Nurse?” and compared the online patient portals of the three largest health insurers: WellPoint, United Health Group, and Aetna (Weintraub, 2006). The trends reported in the article included greater integration with patient records, more add-on purchased counseling, and more person ...
Ethics
The document discusses ethics and human rights challenges in new prevention technology (NPT) research. It covers principles of research ethics including respect for persons, beneficence/non-maleficence, and justice/non-exploitation. Key concepts are discussed such as informed consent, risks and benefits for research participants and communities, and the roles of various players in biomedical prevention research including researchers, communities, private sector, funders, and regulators. Case studies are also presented.
Principles in Radiography.docx
The document discusses a case study involving a 25-year-old female patient brought by ambulance to the radiography department with suspected bowel perforation. She is in pain and anxious, communicating little in English. The summary discusses obtaining proper consent, ensuring effective communication through an interpreter if needed, respecting the patient's dignity, beliefs, and culture in her care. Interprofessional collaboration is also important to address her needs.
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Primary Health Care Essay Examples
Primary health care aims to address local health problems through community education and disease treatment and prevention, while promoting individual and public health participation. It involves services like nutrition promotion, sanitation, family planning, immunization, and disease control. Nurses play an important role in primary health care through community education, surveillance, screening, and notification of health issues.
h 23 (2010) 30–35www.elsevier.comlocateapnrApplied Nur.docx
h 23 (2010) 30–35
www.elsevier.com/locate/apnr
Applied Nursing Researc
Utilizing conjoint analysis to explicate health care decision making by
emergency department nurses: a feasibility study
Kathleen Fisher, PhD, CRNPa,⁎, Fredrick Orkin, MD, MBA, Mscb,
Christine Frazer, MSN, CNSb
aCollege of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
bPenn State University, Hersey Medical Center, Hersey, PA 17033, USA
Received 13 August 2007; revised 10 March 2008; accepted 22 March 2008
Abstract This descriptive study tests the feasibility of using clinical simulation to understand proxy decision
⁎ Corresponding
E-mail address: k
0897-1897/$ – see fro
doi:10.1016/j.apnr.200
making by emergency department nurses for individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Results from
a conjoint analysis used to identify decision-making patterns indicated that nurses relied on future
health status, functional status, and family input while making important health care decisions for their
clients. This information enhances our understanding of the complex array of services and supports that
nurses are expected to provide. As individuals with ID age and experience increased morbidity, the role
of the nurse and caregivers as critical health care decision makers is increasing.
© 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Recently, intellectual disability (ID) has emerged as the
preferred term to describe individuals who have significant
limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive beha-
vior, the disability historically referred to as mental
retardation (Schalock, Luckasson, & Shogren, 2007).
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, three criteria must be met to establish
this diagnosis, including impaired intellectual functioning
level (IQ) 70 or less; onset before the age of 18; and
significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas,
including communication, self-care, home living, social
and interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-
direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health,
and safety (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Adaptive skills are needed to actively engage in commu-
nity living, and persons with ID by definition have
difficulty interacting with their environment. They are a
vulnerable population that places additional demands on
the health care system by virtue of their specific needs
(Fisher, Frazer, Hasson, & Orkin, 2007).
author. Tel.: +1 2157621208; fax: +1 2157621259.
[email protected] (K. Fisher).
nt matter © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
8.03.004
2. Background
After the deinstitutionalization movement of the 1970s,
many persons with ID moved into community residential
agencies, such as group homes, where others routinely make
health care decisions for them for access to health care and
assistance with daily living. In a previous study of community
agency directors, proxy decision making was found to ...
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. No.docx
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. Now, break out each case into a list of ethical and legal considerations that might help to analyze each case—summarize the considerations in two paragraphs for each case.
For each case, also ask one legal and one ethical question that might present. Consider the principles of ethics from Week 1 and the laws addressed this week. You should also use outside references to dig deeper into each case for your list.
3 topics identified in paper below from last week
· The Principal of Justice
· Autonomy
· Non-maleficence
Health Care Ethics
Health care ethics is a set of beliefs, moral principles and values that guide health care centers and related institutions to make choices with regard to medical care. Some health ethics include: respect for autonomy, justice and non-maleficence (Percival, 1849).
The principle of justice in health care ensures that there is respect for people’s rights, fair distribution of health resources and respect for laws that are morally acceptable. There are mainly two elements in this principle; equity and equality. Equity ensure that are all cases have equal access to treatment regardless of the patients’ status in ethnic background, age, sexuality, legal capacity, disability, insurance cover or any other discriminating factors.
It is important to study this ethical issue of justice since there have been an increasing report of doctors and medical staff failing to administer certain treatment services to certain kind of patients. Consequently, there have been debates in countries such as the UK over the refusal to give expensive treatment to patients who are likely to benefit from the treatment but cannot afford it. One ethical in the principle of justice is as to whether the health care center is creating an environment for sensible and fair use of health care resources and no particular type of patients are shun away or stigmatized. The legal question is whether the health care center is breaking the law against inequality and discrimination particularly racism, tribalism, gender insensitivity and other discrimination noted and prohibited in the country’s constitution.
The second area of health care ethics is respect for autonomy. Autonomy means self-determination or self-rule. Hence, this principle stipulates that one should be allowed to direct their health life according to their personal rationale. The patients have a right to determine their own destiny freely and independently as well as having their decision respected (Pollard, 1993).
This principle is important for study because not many people would not want to be treated as those with dementia; a disease involving loss of mental power. Many people are afraid of the prospect of not being able to decide their own fate and exercise self-determination. An ethical question in this principle of respect for autonomy is whether the health care center ensures that the patient is provided with ...
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from: M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Experience Registered Trademark CEC 2013. All Rights Reserved.
The Basis for Health Care Ethics
What is Ethics?Ethics is what you believe is right or wrong. It is a moral philosophy that seeks to help the individual distinguish between good and bad as defined by one's culture. Ethics guides individuals and groups in their decisions about health care and other matters. Ethics helps the individual and group set boundaries.
Health care ethics is based on the law, professional codes of ethics, standards of care, and institutional policies and practices (corporate law).
Codes of EthicsCodes of ethics or codes of conduct are lists of standards or guides that provide an ethical framework for practice within a profession. Physicians are bound by the Hippocratic oath, but nursing has its own code of ethics. All health professions have a code of ethics.
It is axiomatic that the practice of health care presents moral and ethical dilemmas, because it deals with human beings and life-altering circumstances.
Health care financing presents broader moral dilemmas in the allocation of scarce resources. The conflict exists between the inherent values, duties, and obligations in caring for patients and the availability of resources to treat them.
The depth or content of a code of ethics is dependent on the type of contact that the health care professional has with a patient.
Ethical Theories
A number of ethical frameworks or theories are used to make decisions in health care and, in general, to set boundaries for expected behavior. The theories are used to determine what is fair or unfair. The following are several ethical frameworks:
Normative ethics: The ethical theory that describes how things ought to be.
Teleological theory: Also known as consequentialist theory, which believes that the best action in any situation is the one that promotes the greatest happiness for the largest number of people. In health care financing, this would fall under the rubric of cost containment by calculating the net benefits verses the consequences.
Utilitarianism: This is Mill’s definition of morality, which is the practical ethics of judgment: What is the greatest good that will benefit the greatest number of people? Medicare falls under this rubric.
Deontological theory: What one should or must do based on the obligations and duties of one’s life. This theory focuses on means, whereas teleological theory focuses on ends.
Virtue ethics: This is the ethics of care as a part of virtue ethics; virtue ethics is a form of normative ethics, which emphasizes the character of the interaction between the health care provider and the patient. This is the opposite of the emphasis on rules or consequences in other moral theories. Health care virtues include compassion, conscientiousness, cooperativeness, discernment, honesty, trustworthiness, truth telling, integrity, kindness, respect, and commitment.
Situational ...
Submission ide 41d14985 d484-4305-976f-c8858ad6647630 si
This reflective journal discusses knowledge and skills gained during a Professional Capstone and Practicum course. It covers topics like new nursing practice approaches using evidence-based practice, interprofessional collaboration, healthcare delivery systems, ethical considerations, culturally sensitive care, ensuring human dignity, population health concerns, the role of technology in healthcare, health policy, leadership models, health disparities, and conclusion. The course helped students acquire practical skills and knowledge applicable to nursing practice.
Healthcare Essay Topics
Ethical Issues Of The Healthcare Essay
Essay on Careers in Healthcare
Changes In Healthcare Essay
Health Care Persuasive Essay
Essay on Quality Health Care
Essay On American Healthcare
Health Insurance Essay
Why Is Healthcare Important? Healthcare?
The Health Of A Health Care System
Ethical Issues in Healthcare Research Essay
Social Media And Health Care Essay
Why I Chose Healthcare
Healthcare in the United States Essay
Healthcare And The Healthcare Organization Essay
Healthcare Teams Essay
Current Health Care Issues Essay examples
Health Care Trends Essay examples
Essay On Healthcare In The United States
The Problem Of Health Care Essay
Inequality in Healthcare Essay examples
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner Student Nam.docx
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
1
Introduction
The primary role of a psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families.
One of the problems that has been experienced in psychiatry is stigma, discrimination and prejudice.
This issue has presented certain effects like delay in seeking help, burnout among health care providers and poor services.
One of the theories that is relevant to the specialty is the modelling and role modelling theory.
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners usually play a key role in promoting health care. Their primary role is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families. However, patients and health care providers are facing various issues particularly stigma, discrimination and prejudice which has negatively affected the provision of health care services. The modelling and role modelling theory is one of the theories that is relevant and can greatly help to deal with the problem and may be used as a framework to guide evidence-based practice.
2
Modelling and Role Modelling Theory
It was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983.
This theory helps health care providers to care for and nurture every patient based on their needs.
Commonalities in the theory include attachment and loss, basic needs, holism and cognitive stages.
Differences in the theory include self-care, stress, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
The modelling and role modelling theory was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983. This is a crucial theory in nursing because it helps health care providers to care and nurture patients while upholding the awareness and respect of every patient’s uniqueness (Smith, 2019). Due to that, this theory is considered to support clinical practices that concentrate on the needs of patients. The theory looks at certain elements like attachment and loss, holism, basic needs and cognitive stages. It focuses on certain differences amongst people including stress, self-care, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
3
Relevance of the Theory
Modelling involves health care providers seeking to know and understand patients’ personal model of their world.
Health care providers learn to appreciate the value of patients’ personal model of the world and its importance.
This theory acknowledges that all human beings have unique perspectives about their world.
Health care providers are able to develop an image and understanding of patients’ perspective and personal model of the world.
The modelling and role modelling theory is relevant to my nurse practitioner specialty since it entails crucial aspects that promote the well-being of patients. During the modelling process, nurses are able to find out and comprehend the personal model of patients and learn how t.
Similar to here are several definitions available for the term vulnerable popu (18)
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WHISTLE BLOWING2WHISTLE BLOWING9Whistle Blowin.docx
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent .docx
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent .docx
Surname 2NameTutorInstructorDateMedical Releas.docx
Surname 2NameTutorInstructorDateMedical Releas.docx
Chapter 15Health Professional LeadershipNormal is getting narr
Chapter 15Health Professional LeadershipNormal is getting narr
h 23 (2010) 30–35www.elsevier.comlocateapnrApplied Nur.docx
h 23 (2010) 30–35www.elsevier.comlocateapnrApplied Nur.docx
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. No.docx
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. No.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Submission ide 41d14985 d484-4305-976f-c8858ad6647630 si
Submission ide 41d14985 d484-4305-976f-c8858ad6647630 si
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner Student Nam.docx
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner Student Nam.docx
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8.5
Common
Lesson-Planning
Pitfalls
We
will
end
the
chapter
by
discussing
some
of
the
most
common
pitfalls
that
teachers
make
when
designing
lesson
plans.
These
pitfalls
apply
to
all
the
lesson
plan
formats
discussed
in
this
chapter.
Jones,
Jones,
and
Vermette
(2011)
conducted
a
three-year
study
examining
novice
teachers’
lesson
planning
and
implementation
to
determine
the
six
most
common
lesson-planning
blunders.
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what
the
most
common
lesson
plan
impediments
are
will
help
you
navigate
around
them.
You
may
notice
that
these
are
similar
to
the
pitfalls
to
writing
instructional
objectives,
first
described
in
Chapter
3;
many
of
the
same
principles
apply.
Unclear
Learning
Objective
This
lesson-planning
misstep
happens
when
teachers
focus
on
what
content
they
will
cover
in
the
lesson
instead
of
focusing
on
the
learning
outcomes
the
students
will
have
because
of
exposure
to
that
content.
Teachers
who
focus
on
learning
outcomes
assure
that
the
lesson
is
learning
-centered,
and
eliminate
the
difficulties
of
determining
whether
the
lesson
is
teacher-centered
or
student-centered.
How
will
you
know
what
you
want
students
to
learn?
It
is
stated
in
your
instructional
objectives.
To
overcome
this
pitfall,
write
the
learning
outcome
from
the
student’s
perspective.
For
example,
“At
the
end
of
this
lesson,
I
can
identify
five
types
of
carbohydrates”
or
“I
can
compare
and
contrast
mitosis
and
meiosis.”
Assessment
of
Understanding
Not
Administered
New
teachers,
overwhelmed
with
classroom-management
issues,
administration
tasks,
and
extensive
content
to
cover,
sometime
continue
teaching
without
ever
stopping
to
see
what
(if
anything)
students
have
learned.
In
many
cases,
discussion
is
the
sole
way
to
evaluate
student
thinking.
While
this
strategy
is
a
useful
formative
assessment,
without
any
tangible
evidence
of
student
learning,
there
is
no
real
accountability
or
indication
that
students
have
learned
anything
at
all.
To
overcome
this
pitfall,
consider
authentic
assessment
as
a
strategy
so
th.
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D 5
Many times employers are faced with the issue of having to discipline their employees for one issue or another.
•
Outline at least 2 different areas that an employer may need to discipline its employees.
•
Discuss possible types of discipline that may be instituted by the employer
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Dale and Mike Parak were twin brothers and best friends. They spent .docx
Dale and Mike Parak were twin brothers and best friends. They spent their entire lives looking out for each other's interests. While growing up, the two were inseparable. They played sports together, double-dated frequently, and attended the same university. They grew closer as they aged, they got married at about the same time, and eventually, both were divorced. After they retired from their jobs, they decided to live together to save money, and they still enjoyed each other's company. When he was 70 years old, Mike was diagnosed with cancer. Doctors predicted that he had about 6 months to live. The brothers agreed that Mike should not suffer. Mike and Dale wrote and signed a note stating that they decided to commit suicide. Dale broke 20 tranquilizers into Mike's evening meal and watched as he ate it. Yet, when Dale checked on Mike one hour later, Mike was still alive. Dale panicked. He took a .38-caliber revolver from his desk and shot Mike, killing him instantly. Dale then went into the kitchen and took a handful of tranquilizers. He did not die. He awoke the next morning as somebody pounded on the front door. It was a neighbor who, seeing that Dale was dazed and confused, decided to call an ambulance and the police. The responding police officer conducted an investigation, and Dale was arrested and charged with the premeditated, 1st-degree murder of Mike. The prosecutor, although noting it to be a difficult case, pursued the case because she thought that no citizen had the right to decide when someone should die. Dale Parak pled guilty to 1st-degree manslaughter and was sentenced to 5 years in a maximum-security prison. (Note: This was the lowest sentence that could be given to a defendant convicted of his crime.) •What is your personal definition of “justice”? What is the formal definition of “justice”? Do you believe that “justice” was served in this scenario? •What is the state definition of the charge that you would file as the prosecutor against Dale? Did Dale commit each of the components and elements of the crime? The elements for 1st-degree, premeditated murder are 1) the unlawful killing; 2) with malice aforethought; 3) of another human being. Explain how each element was or was not committed. •According to the definition of justice you provided, was this sentence just? Why or why not? •If you were the prosecutor in this case, would you have charged Dale Parak with any crime? With 1st-degree murder? Why? •If you were the judge in this case, how would you have sentenced Dale Parak? Why? Please make sure that you provide academic or real-life samples in criminal justice to support your opinions.
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- 1. here are several definitions available for the term “vulnerable population”, the words simply imply the disadvantaged sub- segment of the community requiring utmost care, specific ancillary considerations and augmented protections in research (Shivayogi, 2013). The risk of a vulnerable population is the decreased freewill to inability to make informed choices. The vulnerable populations refers to but not limited to “children, minors, pregnant women, fetuses, human in vitro fertilization, prisoners, employees, military persons and students in hierarchical organizations, terminally ill, comatose, physically and intellectually challenged individuals, institutionalized, elderly individuals, visual or hearing impaired, ethnic minorities, refugees, international research, economically and educationally disabled and healthy volunteers” (Griffith, 2015). Ethical dilemmas are widely prevalent in research involving these populations with regard to communications, data privacy and therapeutic deliberations (Shivayogi , 2013). In this discussion board, I will focus on the avoidance of paternalism in healthcare. Misuse of Power The word paternalism also alludes to patriarchal power structures. Paternalism reduces the patient to a passive recipient of care and forces the patient to depend on the integrity and self-regulation of the providers (Cody, 2003). Certain persons are far more likely than others to be treated in a paternalistic manner. In regards to research, with respect to research involving children, incompetent adults, and other arguably vulnerable populations such as prisoners, there can be a misuse of power. The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects or the “Common Rule” was published in 1991 to protect women, fetuses, children, and prisoners (Miller & Wertheimer, 2007).
- 2. Common Rule outlines the basic requirements for IRBs, informed consent, and Assurances of Compliance. Last year, the Common Rule was revised for the first time since its publication in 1991 in order to strengthen protections for study participants. High on the list of priorities is helping people make better decisions about whether to participate in a clinical trial. One key goal: ensuring the risks and benefits of participation are clear. The need for the revision was because participant consents have become documents that protect the agency performing the procedure more than outlining the risks and benefits to the potential participant. Conclusion Nurse advocacy plays an important role in helping patients understand their rights and exercise their autonomy; protecting those who are vulnerable and advocating conscientious clinical and ethical research systems. A lack of informed consent (IC), with coercive, guileful, forceful influences and methods to secure potential participants results in deficient evidence-based health care (Griffith, 2015). NP’s are held to professional standards for professional practice and behavior in all areas of medicine. References Cody, W. K. (2003). Paternalism in Nursing and Healthcare: Central Issues and their Relation to Theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 16(4), 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318403257170 Griffith, R. (2015). Understanding the Code: safeguarding vulnerable adults. British Journal Of Community Nursing, 20(11), 564–566. https://doi-
- 3. org.arbor.idm.oclc.org/10.12968/bjcn.2015.20.11.564 Miller, F. G., & Wertheimer, A. (2007). Facing up to paternalism in research ethics. The Hastings Center Report, 37(3), 24–34. Retrieved from http://arbor.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=mnh&AN=17649900&site=ehost- live&scope=site Shivayogi P. (2013). Vulnerable population and methods for their safeguard. Perspectives in clinical research, 4(1), 53-7.