Advantages Of Participant Observation

Advantages Of Participant Observation
Ng Wai Lung,John
4046650
CLB9018–3 1.What is participant observation and how it is deployed in ethnography?Elaborate on
its advantages and disadvantages Participant Observation is a method for collecting data in
qualitative research,such as ethnography ,seeking to obtain an in–depth understanding and data of
the research subjects locating in particular selected field.The hypocrisy of sustaining the objectivity
during the process of ethnographic research has been under much more suspicion nowadays. It
implies a fundamental transformation from the preceding emphasis on the objectivity,carrying out
the observation as an outsider point of view. Contrary to the outsider approach applied in the
traditional ethnography,participant observation requires the observers to engage with and immerse
themselves in the field,in which fieldwork is being carried out.The observers would establish a
relationship with the informants and the research subjects while keep contacting over a period of
time.The participant observation involves not only observation,but also natural
conversations,interviews,questionnaires...etc. It is a research method for ethnography.The
description of the setting of the events during the process of observation tend ... Show more content
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In order to figure out the notion of primitive culture,we have to realize the purpose of its
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Participant Extent Activity
It was hypothesized that intermittent exercise bouts are more effective than moderate continuous
training, because participants will be able to exercise long and therefore, will have a greater work
output. The main findings from this lab can be categorized into three sections, heart rate during
exercise bout refer to figure 1. Total work over exercise type, refer to figure 2. Time to fatigue over
exercise type, refer to figure 3.
When looking at heart rate over time it was found that the participants were able to exercise for
longer than when they exercised at a continuous pace. In the graph in compare to female students,
Participant 1 is more trained in comparison to participant 2, and is therefore able to exercise longer
and at a lower heart rate, so it takes more time for participant 1 to fatigue. (Figure.1.) It was found,
that with intermittent exercise a higher total work output was achieved, this is because the
participants are able to work longer, even during the recovery phase they are generating some work.
(Figure 2). It was found the time to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We only ran one trial of continuous and intermittent so we have limited data to work with.
Participants acted as their own control, and even though a 20–minute rest was allowed in between
exercise bouts fatigue will have an effect. We know this because whichever exercise participants
performed seconds they could not exercise for as long. We did not separate the trained from
untrained and it is possible that fitness level could affect recovery time. So we can assume that those
who were able to recovery quicker had a greater rest period, and were therefore able to exercise for
longer and generate more work regardless of what bout they performed second. This would have
impactions in our final discovery, and with no control group or multiple trials we cannot be sure of
the

Example Of Participant Observation
I used a combination of external observations, complete participant observation, and researcher and
participant observations during the information session. Before the information session began, I
went to the lobby and observed the clients while they were waiting. Most people decided to sit down
and play with their phones while they waited to check in. This would be unobtrusive observation
because the clients were not aware I was observing them or who I was in those moments. The lobby
is a welcoming environment, we have a receptionist to greet and assist visitors, restrooms, and
comfortable furniture. It really represents the value of providing a quality space for our clients and
the community. We have our motto posted on a glass wall behind the receptionist desk, "Inspiring
the courage to hope, and teaching the skills to cope." I was a complete observer during this part of
the information session, because the clients did not know who I was in that moment and I had not
directly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This past week, one of my colleagues was doing an initial intake with a client who wanted
assistance finding a job, and the client mentioned that she recently quick taking her bipolar
medication. This is an example of a client who is not whole enough to be looking for a job and
working. "Whole people" do not consciously make a decision to quit taking medication that is
critical for anyone living with bipolar disorder.
Working at this agency in this department, you need the ability to recognize if your client is facing
circumstances that are impairing them from being creative, resourceful, and whole, and then you
need to know what steps to take to assist the client to getting to that place. With experience and
expertise, you learn not only to recognize these clients, but also the appropriate actions, referral, and
resources that will assist this

Participant Observation Paper
1. My participant observation research project is on sex offenders. A few topics I would be
interested in is different type of offenders, such as pedophilic and non–pedophilic. I know sex
offending is horrible all together but I really hate when I hear about children and teens being hurt.
My questions would be what causes their urge to offend children? How do they know the victim?
How to help the offender? 2. I took an online class last semester about data and research. We learned
about qualitative and quantitative research and their differences. I think qualitative research would
get me my answers I need for this type of population. I say this because qualitative research is to
basically observe the people by themselves or in a group around their natural settings. Also I could
interview re–offending sex offenders to get my answers. 3. For one I know that gaining access to a
participant observation is very time consuming. Not to sound bias I would probably use my job for
this project. I am not close with a lot of them yet. So I would need to be able to gain the trust from
the participants as well. They will need to sign ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Off the top of my head I could use the word "bias" which means to show favoritism or even to be
prejudice. I do not want the participant to feel that I am being prejudice. I could also use
"Abstinence" the glossary website defines it as, "the decision to refrain from taking part in a self–
prohibited behavior. For sex offenders, abstinence is marked by refraining from engaging in
behaviors that are associated with their offense patterns and not dwelling on deviant fantasies and
thoughts" (G., 2016). I would use this word during an interview to see if the offender wants to get
help. Another word I could use it "False Resolve" the glossary website defines it as, "An insincere
effort on the part of an offender to make promises to him/her self never to abuse again" (G., 2016). I
would also use this word during my interview to ask my

Potential Research Study: Work Life Balance. There Is A
Potential Research Study: Work Life Balance
There is a problem with health related issues in Black women involved in leadership roles. Despite
the decline of Black women in professional roles, most encounter the task of attempting to balance
work–life and home with a husband and kids. According to a poll conducted by the Washington Post
and the Kaiser Family Foundation, forty percent of black women say they experience frequent
stress, compared with 51 percent of white women; stress associated with ensuring a suitable lifestyle
and working against the stereotypes created by society (Thompson, 2012). Warner (2014) compiled
an online fact sheet that notes women of color make up 36.3 percent of the nation's female
population and approximately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study will examine various ages of both married and single women in different leadership roles.
Potential research questions to share with participants list as follows:
1. Is there a balance between your personal lifestyle and work?
2. Do you experience stressors in your personal lifestyle and work?
3. Do you have any stress related illnesses based off your personal lifestyle or work?
4. Do you have any coping mechanisms used to alleviate stressful situations?
5. What are your views on professional Black women and continued education?
6. What is your perspective of the "American Dream"?
7. Does the role of being a leader affect the level of stress one endures?
Integration of theories is a foundation to support the predicted claims. The literature review
synthesizes each theory based off the work of several scholars. The selection of Boundary theory
supports the idea of "balance." According to previously investigative studies, there must be limits
set to maintain order (Currie & Eveline, 2011). Failure to set boundaries with busy lifestyles causes
an interference with demanding roles that can lead to stressors (Sirajunisa & Panchanatham, 2010).
Life–space theory is another area of study that focuses on working adults and their level of
experience in a career over the course of a lifetime (Whiston et al., 2015). At a certain stage in life,
most individuals tend to seek stability, job growth, and other qualities, which

Science Olympiad Participant
Denise Grab, Science Olympiad Participant Denise Grab was in middle school and had no interest
in the environment. However, in her second year of Science Olympiad, the coach gave her the event
of Water Quality. She and her teammates entered the tournament and got first place at regionals and
second place at state. After she had won the tournament, she became more interested in
environmental sciences. It made her want to learn more about the environment. When she had to
pick a major in college, her experience in Environmental Science affected her choice. Ever since she
joined Science Olympiad, she learned more about science which led her to her current career,
environmental lawyer. Science Olympiad, an organization that teaches science from Kindergarten to
12th grade, inspired Denise Grab to become an environmental lawyer. ... Show more content on
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Science Olympiad was created by Dr. Gerard in March 29, 1982 from Macomb County. In May
1982 the first national tournament for Science Olympiad was held at Michigan. One of the
tournaments from Science Olympiad are called Towers. The objective is to build the tallest tower
using the tools and resources given to you. For example, you may be given paper cups, straws,
bandages, and toothpicks to build a tower. Science Olympiad has several goals. One of their goals is
"increasing male, female and minority interest in science" (Science Olympiad). It is important for
the less fortunate to be successful. Another goal they have is "providing recognition for outstanding
achievement by both students and teachers" (Science Olympiad). The last goal of the organization is
"creating a technologically–literate workforce" (Science Olympiad). Impact & Importance: Science

The Level Of Obedience Of Participants
1. Milgram's experimental aim was to measure the level of obedience of participants if an authority
figure orders them to go against their moral conscience. Forty men aged between 20 and 50 were
recruited using advertisements about a study of learning and memory from New Haven. In exchange
for their participation, they were rewarded $4.50. Participants were introduced to another
"participant" that is Milgram's associate. They drew lots to determine their roles, but this was
manipulated that the associate always received the role as the learner. Two rooms were used: one for
the learner and another for the experimenter and teacher, Milgram and the participant. The "learner",
strapped to a chair with electrodes, had to learn words in pairs ... Show more content on
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2. Due to lack of informed consent, participants were unaware of the risks and consequences,
considering there were deceptions in Milgram's study. The description was misleading and
participants believed the study was on learning and memory. Though, it may be argued that this was
vital as it enabled Milgram to deceive the participants into believing they were delivering real
shocks. Regarding protection from harm, participants were exposed to stressful situations and were
visibly distressed (Baumrind, 2010). Three participants had uncontrollable seizures and many asked
to stop the experiment. In Milgram's defense, the effects were short–term and participants were
debriefed after the experiment, which reduced stress levels (McLeod, 2007). Furthermore, it was
unclear whether participants had the right to withdraw as the experimenter gave prods that
discouraged withdrawal. Milgram argued that the prods were required in the study and withdrawal
was possible, as 35% of participants did (McLeod, 2007). Nevertheless, Milgram's experiments
raised questions on ethics and led to developments of ethical conduct guidelines.
3. As the study explores people's willingness to cause harm to others, participants may experience
short–term

Attitudes And Attitudes Of Older Adults Residing Within A...
Design The research question is focused on emotions and attitudes of older adults residing within a
CCRC, therefore a qualitative descriptive design was chosen for this study. Qualitative descriptive
research supports the researcher remaining close to the words people use to describe their event or
situation (Sandelowski, 2000). Focus groups will used to answer the question, what are the emotions
and attitudes that prevent residents in a CCRC from accepting the guidance of professional staff in
regards to transitioning to a higher level of care or receiving assistance in their home? Focus groups
by design support hearing from a group of people with a specific focus or interest, specific
characteristics, will provide data of a qualitative nature to support answering the question of interest
(Krueger,1988). The participants will state what the attitudes and thoughts are when facing the
possibility of accepting assistance in their apartment or transitioning to a higher level of care such as
AL or NC, and what the barriers are through open ended questions. Sample The population of
interest is older adults residing in a CCRC therefore purposive sampling will be used. Purposive
sampling "ensures that certain types of individuals or persons displaying certain attributes are
included in the study" (as cited by Shippee, 2009, pg 420) This study is interested in learning about
the attitudes of residents who are living independently currently but are resisting transiting to a
higher

Participant Observation?
Participant observation is research method in which the researcher not only observes the research
participants but also actively engages in the activities of the research participants. It's like going to a
new environment and striving to be objective and understanding the subject's point of view. The
survey collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and
opinions, often in the form of a poll. A survey targets a specific population, people who are the focus
of a study, such as college athletes and international students. Analysis of existing data is used pre–
existing data in a different way or to answer a different research question than inted by those who
collect the data. may have been collected for research

Non-Participant Observation
Observations are one of the most distinctive features in doing case studies. The conventional manner
of collecting data takes the form of using my own five senses, taking field notes, transcribing and
ultimately creating a narrative based on what has been seen, heard or sensed. Mechanical devices
such as video cameras, recoding, and digital still images help in depicting the observations in the
field. 3.3.1.1. Non–participant observations According to Cohen and Manion (2002: 101), as quoted
in Rashe (2006:7), an important aspect of a case study is observations. There are two broad types of
observations, namely: non–participant and participant observations. Cohen and Manion (1980:101)
also state that non–participant observations occur when

METHODS: To collect data I used two methods, participant observation and surveys. For
participant observation, I went to Oliver Hall to get my food and observe other students' interactions
with the workers. I was able to observe and participate six times for about 30 minutes each session,
and each time I was able to interact in meaningful and respectful conversations with each worker I
came into contact. Since it was my own experience, I was able to take notes after I sat down on the
table closest to the entrance, and then I took notes on who walked in, how many people they walked
in with, and which worker was working. At first I focused on simple greetings, for example, saying
"hello" or "thank you," but then I was able to go more in depth to seeing which students make an
effort to go beyond pleasantries and ask about the worker's day or tell a joke. When I went to ...
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This could be an issue, but the idea would be which student would be most likely to respond and I
observed that it was still minority students. I was able to observe one of the students who agreed to
let me use their conversation in my study, and the student was talking to one of the chefs. The chef
asked what part of Mexico the student's parents were from, and when the student responded with his
hometown, he was really excited and now goes out of his way to talk to that student through one
connection they had. The workers seem to connect to the students more when they are from a
similar culture/background, and race/ethnicity as I realized more and more this seem to be the case
contributing to my research question that race/ethnicity affect the interactions with the Sodexo
workers. Real conversations were hard to keep records because it is unethical to listen to
conversations, but a lot of body language was involved in these findings as well as my own

Participant A: The Impact Of Parenting
Throughout life, various peers considered Participant A as a gifted child and frequently labeled as
insightful beyond their age, in addition to being selfless, talented and loving. The family took
interest on occasion to outdoor outings, camping, and parks. This would provide the opportunity to
play openly outdoors and considered a joy for Participant A. This was part of childhood. Nature
once again brought good feelings, play, curiosity, and joy with interesting, unique, and attractive
natural beings. However, although away from public scrutiny, Participant A endured the impact of
parental dependence on drinking, in addition to physical, verbal, and psychological mistreatment
and abuse. This brought on a sense of needing to shield oneself

Why The Longview Drug Education Program Should Have A...
The researcher will use the population of Longview, Missouri to collect the data for this program
evaluation. The current population will be pulled from seven public schools and three private
schools. The population will be approximately 4,000 students from public and private schools on the
Longview area. The methods that will be used to collect this data will be the use of a survey, focus
groups, and historical data collected from local law enforcement and the board of education. The
data will be collected pre–program implementation and post implementation for comparison
purposes. The researcher 's direction of this study is to develop sample sizes that will represent the
population of students in grades K–12th grades. The methodology used to identify this population
will be purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is when a researcher picks the participants on
purpose, as they are considered the most appropriate for the study. As noted earlier, the purpose of
this study is to determine whether the Longview Drug Education program will have a positive or
negative impact on students drug use. Therefore, participants must be in the city of Longview school
system and be in grades K–12th grade. Due to the time restraints and cost issue, the survey will be
only distributed to the children meeting the earlier criteria. The survey will include question
pertaining the objectives of the program. For the purpose of this evaluation, the researcher elected to
do web–based survey.

Female Participant : Male Participant Essay
Female Participant 1: It also has to do with culture too and how the specific organization deals with
the way that people interact and use the space. So, kind of ramp up from bricks and mortar down the
people side, I think it 's just a natural progression.
Male Participant 1: It 's actually interesting, from that standpoint, from the user 's perspective, it's a
really easy acclimation to understand how they can help engage the environment to affect them
better. So, as opposed to sustainability, it was a little bit tougher because it was a little –
Female Participant 1: Less direct.
Male Participant 1: So, in this case, for them to understand personally how it 's going to impact and
being engaged in that and to be part of the process is very direct.
Female Participant 1: Right.
Female Participant 2: And there is an interesting sector of sustainably that has to do with going to
places that wouldn't previously have been considered maybe, as interesting for workplaces to be
located. You know, all of the stuff that we are seeing, the repositioning, and the rehabilitation –
Female Participant 1: Of old building.
Female Participant 2: Right, and I know they are still stuck in the architectural realms, but in a way
it 's really not [inaudible] [00:18:00] what we 're doing. Look how they have all sent us to a building
type that has the trickling down implications of what it is and those decisions that we are making
and how we are, integrating wellness and sustainable, they

Participants Privacy And Confidentiality
Before any participant that is involved in any type of experiment must be knowledgeable of the
features of the treatment as well as the process. Information must be given to them in a language
that is understandable. Any harm or risks that may result from the experiment should be told to the
participant. Participants shouldn't be rushed to make a decision of if they want to participant.
Participants' rights should be protected at all times. Privacy and confidentiality is very important.
Participants' privacy must be protected and any information or results obtained from an experiment
must remain confidential. All individuals must be respected (participant or not) by respecting
confidentiality, their right to withdraw at any time, informing

Participant Participation In Psychology
Method
Participants
All participants in this study will be drawn from older adult populations, defined as individuals
above the age of 59. Participants will be drawn from two pools. The first participant pool will be
drawn from a list of older adults that have agreed to participate in psychology research. This pool
largely consists of older adults located in Greenville, SC, with significant amounts of the population
being drawn from the Woodlands, an older adult community, and OLLI, a continuing education
program for older adults. This pool will be acquired with the consent of Dr. Michelle Horhota. The
second participant pool will be drawn from Otterbein, another older adult community located in
Lebanon, OH. Otterbein is a similar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first section will gather informed consent from the participants.
Demographic Questions
This section will ask participants for basic demographic questions such their gender, age, level of
education, and race/ethnicity. Then the section will ask more specific questions, asking them to
describe their place of residence with a number of options and how long they have lived in that
place of residence.
Interpersonal Measures
This section will gather data on participant's interpersonal measures, including ostracism, self–
esteem, loneliness, and depression.
Bullying Victimization and Perpetration
This section will begin by providing Kowalski and Giumetti's (2016, p.160) definition of bullying. It
will then ask the frequency of which participants have been the victim, perpetrator or witness of
bullying of an older adult in the last 12 months. The last question on the page will ask participants to
recall with detail the incident they remember most clearly in which they experienced, perpetrated, or
witnessed bullying involving an older adult.
Bullying Across Lifetime
This section includes only one question. This question asks, by means of a checklist and the
instructions "select all that apply" for participants to list the age at which they were the victim of

Participant Observation In Australia
I INTRODUCTION
In May 2015, Australia has seen a number of rallies, a type of collective ritual event, to protest
against to proposal by the Federal Government to cut funding to remote indigenous communities in
Western Australia. The rallies, although frequented by thousands of people who wish to show their
support for the Aboriginal community, have been condemned by much of general society as an
ineffective and disruptive way of showing disagreement with choices made by the Abbott
Government. This paper will discuss the studied ritual and look at the major observations that were
made, using a method of participant observation. It will also examine the relevance of this particular
kind of ritual and how it connects to wider society. It will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are several features that distinguish a ritual. First, this type of ritual is clearly demarcated
from everyday social life; second, these events occur in a regularized manner; third, these events
involve stylized activities; and finally, these events involve multiple actors (Knottnerus, 2010, pg.
42). The ritual that forms the basis for this paper was a rally that took place on Friday 1st May,
organised in response to the decision of the Abbot Government to begin the forced closure of remote
indigenous communities in Western Australia. The purpose of this specific ritual was to generate
awareness around the issue of the forced closures, and to demonstrate to the government that there
is not unanimous support from the public for the threatened withdrawal of funding from remote
communities. The rally started at City Square shortly after 4pm, with the group (numbering around
10,000) marching up Swanston Street and into Bourke Street before amassing at the intersection of
Flinders and Swanston Streets, which "was blocked for about two hours by sitting protesters until
the area re–opened to trams and cars around 7pm" (Butt & Hatch, 2015). The group was made up of
a wide variety of people that seemed to span a number of different socio–economic indicators. For
example, there were a

After reading the material on participant–observation (p.57), attend a regularly scheduled group
meeting in your daily work while consciously taking up the role of participant–observer. Write a
post that reflects on your experience in this group and being a participant–observer. Be sure to
incorporate the PO cycle into your reflection. How would you assess your areas of strength and
where might you need to focus more? How can being mindful of the PO cycle impact your daily
leadership efforts? Hi Everyone! I chose to select a faculty meeting that I have to attend, even
though I am not currently on the teaching schedule. However, it is not just faculty. It includes all
Deans, Academic Advisors, Admissions Advisors, Program Directors, ... Show more content on
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I believe they are thinking about other things are not one hundred percent present. Most come for
the free pizza. It sounds funny, but it is true. I pay attention the entire time. For some reason, the
Dean likes to call on me or ask questions of me. Maybe, becuase he started abuot a month before I
did and feels comfortable with me. I observe people not saying anything at all, to those who won't
stop talking. Some are staring off into space, while others are intently listening. I believe those to be
the newbies I call them. The meeting is fairly organzied and fast pased. They follow an agenda and
go in order. They always have the same stuff on it. I do appreciate that they thank the instructors and
the staff for doing such a good job. They also give numbers and statistics to let us know how the
college is doing. They try to inform us of new changes to course materials, produdures, and rules. If
there is a new person, they will introduce them to the group. I like that very much becuaes it makes
them feel included and not an outsider. Group is a defined as a number of individuals who come
together to take action

The Challenges And Resiliencies Of Latino Immigrant...
The current study is examining the challenges and resiliencies of Latino immigrant parents. This
study will be using a qualitative research design. This qualitative design will be accomplished
through the use of face to face and phone interviews. This current study seeks to answer the
following questions: What parental challenges do Latino immigrant parents face? What resiliencies
do Latino immigrant parents obtain? What resources/services do Latino immigrant parents feel they
need? What parenting skills, styles, and/or knowledge have Latino immigrant parents used and were
they effective in producing positive child outcomes? One advantage of using a qualitative design is
that the researchers get more detailed and in depth answers. Another advantage of using a qualitative
design is that more complex questions can be asked. Researchers can also explain terms and
questions in order to get the most reliable answers. One limitation of using a qualitative design, is
the limited number of participants upon which the results are based. Without a large sample size, it
is difficult to conclude that the results will be generalized to a larger population size. Another
limitation of this study is that the research results will be based on self–reports which limits the
reliance on the data. Participants may not truthfully report their behaviors and feelings. Participants
may answer the interview questions with socially acceptable answers. Participants may be inclined
to change their

Interview With A Interview Protocol
An interview protocol was utilized in this study. This instrument was designed to keep the face–to–
face interview on track and effective. So, for that reason, the questions for this interview were
determined by trying to create an instrument that would lead to the answers to the research
questions.
An interview protocol with semi–structured questions was used with the interview protocol.
Likewise, the data collection consisted of 10 interviews that were conducted during the spring
session of 2010. The interview protocol allowed the participants to express their perceptions and
opinions in their own words. Also, the protocol helped to minimize leading or directing participants
to answer the question in a particular manner. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Questions 7 through 11, 19, and 23 were designed to address Research Question 3: What challenges
do African American female secondary school educators experience with their colleagues in terms
of racist attitudes, salary, and respect issues?
Question 12 through 16, 20, and 24 were designed to address Research Question 4: What challenges
are African American female secondary school educators challenged within their relationship with
their administrator with regard to inequities, gender, and teacher education issues?
After the completion of the face–to–face interviews, the researcher contacted the participants via the
telephone for a brief thank–you and gave the participants the opportunity to express any other
thoughts that they had. The goal of this interview protocol was to allow respondents to tell their own
experiences as seen through the eyes of the participants. Similarly, the primary goal of the interview
protocol was to develop a theory of persevering through the use of semi–structured questions,
allowing the participants the flexibility to frame and structure their responses. Not to mention, the
fundamental component of this qualitative research was that the phenomenon under study would
unfold through the participant's eyes.
Data Analysis
The researcher relied heavily on the transcripts for analyzing the data. In light of this, the researcher
employed constant comparison of participants' responses with the goal of organizing the data into
systematic

Participant Observation Essay
A type of qualitative research that allows study of real life behaviors is called participant
observation. When conducting participant observation the researcher may actually participate as a
functioning part of the unit or maintain a neutral position as an observer only. Maintaining neutrality
can prove to be a challenge for some participating researchers. Berger reminds the interviewer to
keep key questions in mind using who, what,when, where, and how. Fundamental factors in
participant observation are the setting, participants, nature of the group, participants behavior, and
frequencies of behavior. Observation is a path to obtaining information. Keep records of information
by ways of annotation or through modern day technology with photography and video. Tally sheets
can be used in recording types of behavior and the frequency in which they occur. Collected
information will assist in the development and explanation of a hypothesis for the study. ... Show
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He warns against what he calls as mind reading which is assuming you know what people are
thinking and why they are conducting themselves in a particular way. To avoid assumptions Berger
suggest asking questions to clarify the reasons of why people did what they did. Remember that just
because you are asking questions doesn't guarantee you will receive truthful answers. The benefits
of participant observation are discovering patterns and relationships while the environment makes it
easier to ask questions and allows for various types of documentation. Berger goes on to explain that
once documentation has been completed we must interpret our findings through means of theories,
concepts, and behavior

Participants ' Perceptions Of Their Schools
Participants' perceptions of their schools' commitment to providing a multicultural education
inclusive of the three domains under inquiry (promotion of cultural competence, cultural
socialization, and critical consciousness) were represented under the theme entitled "Patterns of
Practices of Diversity and Social Equality Awareness and Multicultural Education". This theme is
representative of all the methods through which our participants' school systems sought to provide
their students with curricula that attempted to expand their understanding of issues surrounding
racism and discrimination, as well as expose them to cultures other than the dominant white culture
of the United States. These methods are categorized according to the subthemes "Classes", "Clubs,
Organizations, and Events", "School–wide Practices", and "No Practices".
Classes
Participants in the current study expressed having been exposed to different cultures in a classroom
setting. Much of this exposure occurred in Advanced Placement courses and courses related to the
Humanities and Social Sciences, such as History, Government, Social Studies, Language, and
Psychology. For example, one participant described an assignment for an AP Spanish class, in which
students were given the opportunity to further their knowledge and others' on a country and culture
of their own choosing:
...AP Spanish...you could pick any country and give a presentation about it. [The teacher] made you
engage and...learn about different

Participant Observation Methods
I found that the participant observation method was the most helpful and easiest method to use. I
was able to talk with the firemen about their experiences and see how they interacted. I also worked
out with them and sat around talking with them. This method allowed me to get information about
their interactions because I could easily observe them talking amongst themselves and to me. One of
the downsides of this method was that I could not record information as I was observing. Writing
down what they were saying and what was going on would seem rude and would be hard to do. I
had to wait until leaving the firehouse before recording what happened. This led to more vague
information because of forgetting things. The phenomenological method

Read-Only Participants
Summary
Read–Only Participants: A case for student communication in online classes.
Online learning is conducive to that of the traditional onsite learning facilities. There are some
students who fully participate in the experience as well as those who take their learning
environments for granted. A summary of the required reading "Read–only participants: a case for
student communication in online classes" will support the noted claim. The study was completed to
measure the various behaviors of the online learner. The research gathered the behaviors of students
participating the in a Master's degree web–based curriculum through the University of Pretoria.
Beaudoin is noted as one of the greatest contributors to this case study. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final outcome for the average student would report a passing grade but would have provided
limited performance when it comes to successfully completing the assignments. The low performing
student or the ones who showed very little class participation and didn't actually give value to the
forums would not achieve a passing grade and in most cases would have a number of excuses for
their lack of performance. During my online studies, I expect to engage as a high performing
student. I will not take the curriculum for granted and read the forums on a daily basis. Realistically,
I do not expect to be able to read and respond to all of the responses to the forms but I will make
every effort to read a majority of the replies. My takeaway from the article is that the online learner
has to remain focused and diligent to the online learning experience. Similar to the typical
classroom environment, there is a value to others viewpoints during a classroom discussion. Online
classes are great forms of communication. The online learning environment gives access to students
in remote areas who would otherwise lack or have limited exposure to higher education. Also, the
facilitators feedback to the forum questions could prove to be beneficial in obtaining a scholastic

My Participant Observation Of Marijuana
When I first started thinking about my participant observation I had numerous ideas of what I could
learn, but as I started to think about what I should do, then I realized I just started my own
participant observation that I was already extremely dedicated to so I decided I could write it down
for this class. My participant observation might be different from others, but I was extremely
dedicated and devoted to learning everything I could about the helpful benefits of marijuana if
grown organically and properly since countless times large grow facilities will use "organic"
pesticides to spray plants to exterminate the bugs and they must wear suits just to spray the
pesticides. Accordingly, I meet a truly experienced grower in the community which decided to
mentor me and show me the ways of growing marijuana organically and in soil, which I had never
tried before, I always worked in aero or hydroponic systems.
First, my informant Dan I meet through common friends I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Throughout these last few months I learned so much information on so many diverse topics on how
to grow not just marijuana but anything and without surprise, I have actually used and passed on
much of the information I have learned to other growers and even my mother for her own organic
food garden. Accordingly, I realized how important it is for anthropologist to work with cultures for
extended periods of times cause I saw that people won't tell you everything you asked about in the
beginning or are worried to tell you, but as you grow closer to the community or person they begin
to trust you as will share more about their ways and culture .Hopefully, as I continue to mentor
under Dan I will continue to further my education and I could pass on the information I have

Does Having an Offshore Occupation Have a Detrimental...
RESEARCH QUESTION
The research question under review is;
"How does having an offshore occupation impact the family dynamic?"
The aim of the study is to investigate whether or not having an offshore occupation has a
detrimental impact on the dynamic of the family, particularly in relation to the spouse and their
children.
BACKGROUND
There appears to be a gap in the literature concerning the adaptions to families whilst the male role
figure is away for weeks at a time, despite major's changes that have occurred across the industry.
However, Parkes et al (2005) looked at the perceptions, attitudes and concerns of spouses of
offshore workers from a psychological perspective. The results presented that spouses have a
number of concerns ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Gibson (2012) believed that children are competent to act as informants regarding their
experiences. Yet, it is important to ensure there are no significant power differences between the
adults and the children. Moreover, it is imperative for the children to understand why they have
been asked to participate and aware that they are allowed to make their own decisions about
participation, hence why an age restriction has been implemented.
The participants will be collected using the purposive sampling method, in environments such as the
work place or social events. The purposive sampling technique was selected as it is an effective
method for collecting participants in qualitative studies. The technique is constructed to allow the
researcher to deliberately select specific persons for their research (Teddie and Yu 2007).
Data Analysis
Focus groups have been renowned for its inherently complex data analysis. It requires an
experienced researcher to identify the themes that have emerged throughout the discussions, to
ensure no bias tailoring has been made to support theoretical assumptions.
Therefore, the data collected from the focus group will be transcribed by the researcher using the
audio recorder. The data will be analysed using 'thematic analysis' which involves identifying and
coding the key themes that have emerged. Thematic analysis is a widely used

Many Sociologist believe that studying deviant behavior can be exciting, rewarding, and fun.
However, the study of deviance can also be stressful, difficult and filled with difficulties that can be
extremely challenging. There are many ways to research and study deviant behavior whether it be in
covert or overt observation strategies. Covert observation is referred to as the study in which the
researcher observes a social group and does not let the subjects know they are being studied
(Inderbitzin, Bates, & Gainey, 2016, p. 575). Overt observation refers to public observation in which
the researcher makes the social group aware that they are being observed and the researcher
participates in the behavior (Inderbitzin, Bates, & Gainey, 2016, p. 577). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Participant observation, "can be dangerous, emotionally and physically draining and quite simply
very hard work" (Inderbitzin, Bates, Gainey, 2016, p. 95). When utilizing this type of research
method, there are many advantages and disadvantages that do exist. For example, researcher Patricia
Adler conducted a classic study of high levels of drug dealing and smuggling. She wasn't a drug
dealer herself; however, she later revealed that she had used marijuana and cocaine. The advantages
to the study was the validity she gained. Adler experienced firsthand the deviant behavior which
allowed her to learn the language, customs, and

Qualitative Research Analysis Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome...
Qualitative Research Critical Appraisal The qualitative research is a subjective approach that used to
describe life experiences and give them meaning. This assignment is a critical appraisal of the
qualitative research article written by Dainty, Allcock and Cooper (2014) entitled: "Study of Irritable
Bowel Syndrome and Co–Existing Psychological Illness". The hermeneutic phenomenology design
used throughout the study to understand the individual's personal experience, the meaning of those
experiences, and multiple realities in people's minds. The researchers used unstructured methods for
data collection and thematic analysis to answer the specific research question. As a result, this
article may be trustworthy due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review Although the researchers reviewed the various literature to develop practice
guidelines, draw conclusions, create the research question, develop a study design, and find ways to
control bias. In fact, it presented key terms, such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, and interview
methods (Dainty et al., 2014). Descriptive style helps to 'bracket' any preconceptions, since
hermeneutic methods acknowledge that an experience could influence its interpretation. The
hermeneutic phenomenological design linked to the study question, which based on the experience
of multiple realities (Dainty et al., 2014). Overall, the literature reviews adequately linked the
interview question and design through interpretative phenomenology theory. Research Design The
naturalistic design focuses on the reality that is not fixed, it lies in human minds; thus, the least
distance between researchers and participants can maximize understanding. The researchers and
participants actively involved in the conversation (Loiselle et al., 2011). The study used a specific
hermeneutic phenomenological design to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the research
question (Dainty et al., 2014). Hence, the hermeneutic phenomenology design is an appropriate
design for the study because of the nature of the questions. Description of the Target Population
Sampling Plan

Participant Observation
Culture differs from one location to another because of the different population in those areas. A
population is an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which the sample are
being drawn. The cultures in neighborhoods are different because neighborhoods rise and fall, and
this often brings about changes in the population. A method called participant observation can
answer questions about the culture of the population being observed. Participant observation is a
qualitative research method that aims to uncover the meanings people give to their own social
actions by observing their behavior in practice. By hanging out in a community observing the
population over a long period of time, participant observers are able to capture

A Study Based on Rosenbergs Research
A STUDY BASED ON ROSENBERG'S RESEARCH (1979)
Abstract
The development of children's identity particularly their self–perceptions, is of a widespread
interest. This small–scale study was based on previous research by Rosenberg (1979). The aim was
to determine the differences between self–descriptions and the shift of the locus of self–knowledge
with age. The design involved semi–structured interviews of two participants aged 8 and 16 years.
The participants wrote some statements about who they were, which were coded according to
Rosenberg's (1979) themes of self–descriptions. The responses about the locus of self–knowledge
were also analysed to assess the shift with age and other themes were also analysed. The results
showed that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Method
Design
This small–scale study involved qualitative analysis of two semi–structured interviews.
Participants
The sample for this study consisted of 2 participants, one male participant (A), age–7 from a
primary school and one female participant (D), age–12 from another school in the area of Oxford,
UK.
Materials
The materials used for the study included objects for the experiments (see Appendix–A), voice–
recorders, microphone, A4 paper, interview transcript, pens, and consent forms.
Procedure
This study involved interviewing two child participants. The children agreed to take part in a
practical investigation and share their thoughts about it in the interviews. The parents signed a
consent form to give their permission for the interviews using video–recording. The consent was in
line with the ethical guidelines for conducting research with human participants as outlined by the
British Psychological Society (BPS). Moreover, surnames of the participants were not disclosed for
confidentiality purposes, in accordance with the BPS ethics. The interviews were conducted in the
school library by a researcher. During the interview the two cameramen, a sound recordist, the
producer, university member and a classroom assistant were also present in the room. The children
were interviewed separately and were put at ease before starting the investigation

Examples Of Participant Observation
Participant Observation The place that I chose to observe, was my daughter's karate practice.
Normally I am not the one that brings her, but for the sake of this assignment I attended the two–
hour practice. The primary focus of study was; the physical setting, people and the patterns. Over
the course of two–hours, the topic of participant observation started to come out and detaching
myself to a neutral point of view helped in providing a clearer picture. Here are the observations that
I made during karate practice. Sitting in a row of chairs the first observation I made portended to the
physical settings. The building was a large room with lots of open areas with mirrors surrounding
mats. These mirrors allowed the kids and instructors to observe each other anywhere in the room.
The adult seating area was separated by a low wall to still allow viewing, but adds a physical barrier
to keep the kid from running to their parents whenever they wanted. There was a water fountain
next to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the kids entered and line up on the mat the instructors made it a point to greet every child and
ask them some questions to calm them down. After everyone lined up they all said the Dojo creeds
and then pledged allegiance to the flag of the United States. Now as I observed the adults. Most
them were women that used the time as their kids trained to socialize in small groups. This was
interesting because they only conversed with the people of the group. They hardly even
acknowledged the other small groups of women. The few men that did attend sat by themselves and
only focused on the children training. As the training began it follows a set guidelines of stretching,
warm ups, then the training of the day. During the two–block of training the thing that stood out
about patterns is the small groups of women made up by social class. Out of all the groups the
wealthy women stayed to together and the lower income women stayed in their

Participant Observer
I have been going back and forth for a while on the type of essay I would like to write. I wanted to
interest readers, but also write about something that interests me. Lately, I have been having trouble
with friendships, and I feel as though no one understands that. When I had a conversation with my
mom she explained, that my sister was going through the same thing. That is when the idea hit me.
My sister has been obsessed with horses since she was young, and as of recently, she finally got her
own horse. Although I will never understand how she can love such a smelly creature, she has
somehow found a beautiful bond with it. For my essay topic I want to take the stance of a
"participant observer", and help my sister with her horse. I will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The reason this topic will work is because we are only two and a half miles from the place we are
boarding the horse. This will provide us with no time constraints. Another reason why this will work
well, is because this is my sister. I am around her for most of the day, and neither of us are
extremely busy. The final reason this will work, is because I am interested in the topic. My sister
and I aren't very close, and I hope that through this experience we can form a bond. I have been
tossing up two ideas for my main focus. They are, teaching the readers about horses and showing
the bond my sister has created with her horse. I am leaning more towards showing the bond,
because it is a beautiful thing. I hope to provide readers with a first person look into this experience.
I will provide this with dialogue between my sister and I, and through my own interactions with the
horses. The reason why this is a good essay topic for me is because I picked it. I have a perfectionist
personality, and picking paper topics is one of my biggest struggles in writing. I never feel as though
they are good enough, that is why this topic is perfect. I thought of it, and I instantly wanted to use
it. I hope you find this topic interesting enough for this assignment. Thank you for you time and

Read Only Participants
Technology is a part of everyday life and being integrated into more and more fields every day.
Computers and the Internet are used in every aspect of our daily lives. With that being said online
learning has become more and more prevalent. Most colleges and university have an online learning
presence in order to extend the university reach and to help better serve the students who can't make
it into a physical classroom. In this article, Read Only Participants: Communication in online
classes, authors Nagel, Blignaut, and Cronj (2009) takes on the argument that participation is a key
reason for a student to be successful in the class.
Nagel believes that in order for students to be successful in the online education community that it
must

The Potential Of Participant Observation
Yes, research varies according to the nature of arguments and their personal information can also be
included in the entire material or changes of the information. For this reason, it will be unethical to
record the information and focus on what is in process to control further.
2. Which method do you think is more likely to produce valid information participant or
nonparticipant observation? Why? The valid information is mostly expected from the grounds of
what are the changes in behaviour and how much responses are ethical. In this regard, the most of
the responses are valid from focus group analysis, lab research and questionnaire as well as
interview studies.
3. Are there any kinds of behaviors that should not be observed? Explain your thinking. If so, give
an example. The behaviors those are immediate after any specific event or the influence from
external parties must not be observed or reported. The management and the ideas for this
advancement is required for all stages.
4. What would you say is the biggest advantage of participant observation? The biggest
disadvantage?
The biggest advantage of the participant observation is their sincere behaviour and feeling the
situation accordingly. The disadvantage is looking for the issues those are not related to the field as
it can be the personal biasedness.
5. "A major difficulty in observing people is that much that goes on may be missed by the observer."
Is this always true? Are there any ways to decrease what is

Essay about Scientific Method and Participant Observation
In the article, "Researching Dealers and Smugglers," Patricia Adler discusses her and her husband's
experience using participant observation to collect data from drug dealers and the problems this
qualitative method brought. A qualitative method focuses on collecting rich, non–statistical data.
This method involves face–to–face interviews and actual participation with the group being
researched. The Adlers use this method because it is almost impossible to gather accurate
information on people who smuggle drugs. This is true because they are such private and deceitful
people. The only way to get the real facts is if the smugglers trust the person. Unfortunately,
participant observation brought problems such as the dealers and smugglers ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Cocaine also helped the dealers open up easily. During the interviews, some dealers experienced
withdrawal symptoms. It caused them to become malicious with each other or towards the Alders
without any warning. The way the Alders solved this problem was by taking precautions when
interacting with the dealers. The cocaine use was not a problem for the Adlers, but they most likely
dealt with the marijuana issue quite easily since Patricia does not specifically explain how it was
solved. In addition, there was another problem the Adlers encountered. The Adlers also found that
mixing the overt and covert roles with the members of the group throughout the investigation was
another issue. Since the Adlers had different level relationships with every individual, some of the
dealers were aware that they were a part of a research project while others were not aware. This
sometimes confused the Adlers. Patricia states, "They [the informants] would made occasional
veiled references in front of people, especially when loosened by intoxicants, that made us
extremely uncomfortable." This issue made the couple uncomfortable because they did not want to
blow their cover. Patricia and Peter Adler also feared that the participants would think they are
police. Peter and Patricia Adler solved this issue by take the necessary safety measures so anyone
they did not want to find out. The

Participant Observation Essay
Naturally, I found that participant observation and interviews generated different types of
information. Participant observation generated information, outlined previously in the essay, that
was subjective. Interviews, on the contrary, gave me a relatively in–depth insight into my
informants' lives, these insights will be explained later in the essay. Interviews allowed me to
combine my informants' views with my own academic theories. Having multiple sources of
information further allowed me to answer my original question, 'Are public spaces fully public?'.
This section of the essay is my ethnography in its final form. I first met Sarah during my initial
participant observation. The library was quiet as it was a Tuesday, and, as it was my

Participant Observation in Anthropology
Participant observation is a method of collecting information and data about a culture and is carried
out by the researcher immersing themselves in the culture they observing. The researcher becomes
known in the community, getting to know and understand the culture in a more intimate and detailed
way than would be possible from any other approach. This is done by observing and participating in
the community's daily activities. The method is so effective because the researcher is able to directly
approach the people in the community in a natural context as opposed to taking the participant out
of their environment. The aim of participant observation is to gain an understanding the subject's life
from their perspective, with the purpose of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schensul, Schensul and LeCompte (1999) offer many reasons for using the participant observation
method in research. These reasons include allowing the researcher to create relationships with
informants and with the community, assisting the researcher in getting a feel for how different
aspects of the community are organised and how they are valued, as well as how those in the
community depend on each other. Observation and immersion in the culture also allows the
anthropologist to become known to the members of the community, and easing facilitation of the
research process.
DeWalt and DeWalt (2002) argue that the goal of the participant observation method is to "develop a
holistic understanding of the phenomena under study that is as objective and accurate as possible"
(DeWalt and DeWalt 2002 p.92). They also believe that the validity of the anthropologists study can
be increased by participant observation, as the direct and inclusive nature of the method helps the
researcher to gain a more in–depth understanding of the situation and the people being studied.
When interviews, analyses, questionnaires and other quantitative methods are used in conjunction
with observation, the validity of the study increases as more intimate and accurate information can
be obtained, and hypotheses can be tested. The results from participant observation can be

Read Only Participants
Summary– Read Only Participants
Online degrees are becoming common and enrollment is booming, but success rate is significantly
low compared to the traditional classroom environment. Research shows that drop–out rates for
online courses range from 20–50%, often 10–20% greater than equivalent online courses (Bernard,
R.M., Brauer, A., Abrami, P.C., & Surkes, M., 2004).
The article "Read–only participants: a case for student communication in online learning" by L.
Nagel, A.S. Blignaut and J.C. Cronje, appears in Interactive Learning Environments. The article
asserts that communication and active participation in online class increases the chance of the
student's success in an online class. Immediate feedback from peers and instructors and social
interaction built into the online discussions contribute to learning (Collins, A., Brown, J.S., &
Holum, A., 1991). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beaudoin (2002) and Sutton (2001) suggested that students can learn sufficiently by observing (L.
Nagel, A.S. Blignaut and J.C. Cronje, 2009). Research by Nagel, Blinaught, & Cronje (2007); Rovai
& Barnum (2003) Klemm (1998), indicate that participation is vital to be a successful online
student.
The article summarize the points found in a research based on a case study by Nagel, Cronje and
Blignaut. The data gathered by Nagel et al (2009) in their research on an 8 week web based Master's
program. Class participation, online communication, and group assignments were observed. The
conclusion made after the research is that modules with discussion forum encourage interaction with
peers and the instructor which allow ideas to be shared and learning from peers

Non Participant Households
Table 4.1 presents the characteristics of the milk market participant and non–participant households.
There are statistically significant differences between the two groups on 17 covariates. Husbands in
participant households are on average older (mean 50) than husbands in non–participant households
(mean 47). In terms of remoteness, participant households are located closer to the main road and
milk collection centers (MCC) (2.84 and 2.79km respectively) compared to non–participant
household (5.61 and 5.6km). Participant households have significantly larger household size (7.9)
compared to non–participant households (6.6). The number of female members is also significantly
larger in participant (4.2) compared to non–participant households (3.1).
Participant households have significantly larger land size (4.9 hectare) compared to non–participant
households (3.8 hectare). Participant households have significantly more cows (mean 4.8) compared
to non–participant households (mean 4). Participant households also have more crossbreed cows
(mean 2.4) than non–participant households (mean 0.9), while non–participant households have
more indigenous breed cows (mean 3) than participant households (mean 2.4). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Total household milk production per day is also significantly higher for participant households, with
average milk production 12,4 liter per day against 5,4 liters for non–participant households.
Participant households consume more milk (1, 23 liter) per day compared to non–participant
households (0.77 liters). However, the average volume of milk processed into butter per day is
significantly lower among participant households (0, 56 liters) compared to non–participant (4, 11

Advantages Of Participant Observation

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