Dance Of The Call Bells Essay

Dance Of The Call Bells Essay
When admitted to a hospital patients may feel they have little control over their situation and the
surrounding environment. Using a call bell to meet their needs is perhaps one of a few things that
gives patients a feeling that they still have some control. The title of the article Dance of the Call
Bells: Using Ethnography to Evaluate Patient Satisfaction with Quality of Care, suggests that the
key phenomenon of the study was the evaluation of patients' satisfaction with quality of care they
received in terms of their experience in the use of call bells (Deitrick, Bokovoy, Glenn, & Panik,
2006). The title did not describe the population, group or community under study, other than stating
that the population was "patients". The title did not state that phenomenon was also looked at and
analyzed through perspectives of family members and staff, nor did it mention that the study was
done on a med–surgical unit.
The abstract of the study clearly and concisely summarized the main features of the report. It stated
that the study was conducted as a qualitative, ethnographic research. Then, it briefly described the
problems associated with call bells and how these problems affected patients' perceptions regarding
the quality of care. It explained that the study identified three interrelated themes regarding
communication through call bells including answering the call bell, communicating the patient's
request to the appropriate health care provider and following through with the
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Example Of Participant Observation
I used a combination of external observations, complete participant observation, and researcher and
participant observations during the information session. Before the information session began, I
went to the lobby and observed the clients while they were waiting. Most people decided to sit down
and play with their phones while they waited to check in. This would be unobtrusive observation
because the clients were not aware I was observing them or who I was in those moments. The lobby
is a welcoming environment, we have a receptionist to greet and assist visitors, restrooms, and
comfortable furniture. It really represents the value of providing a quality space for our clients and
the community. We have our motto posted on a glass wall behind the receptionist desk, "Inspiring
the courage to hope, and teaching the skills to cope." I was a complete observer during this part of
the information session, because the clients did not know who I was in that moment and I had not
directly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This past week, one of my colleagues was doing an initial intake with a client who wanted
assistance finding a job, and the client mentioned that she recently quick taking her bipolar
medication. This is an example of a client who is not whole enough to be looking for a job and
working. "Whole people" do not consciously make a decision to quit taking medication that is
critical for anyone living with bipolar disorder.
Working at this agency in this department, you need the ability to recognize if your client is facing
circumstances that are impairing them from being creative, resourceful, and whole, and then you
need to know what steps to take to assist the client to getting to that place. With experience and
expertise, you learn not only to recognize these clients, but also the appropriate actions, referral, and
resources that will assist this

The Importance Of Informed Attivation And Qualitative...
Although it can be stated that participant observation and qualitative research overall has some
unfavourable parts which make it not the optimum research method for making sure that informed
consent is always respected for sociologists undertaking qualitative research involving human
participants from diverse social and cultural groups (Dylan, 2017). One of these is especially present
in fieldwork where participant observation is being used as the main research method is both the
length and the cost of the research, this is because regular research is not being published as well as
a large cost of publishing their extensive works (Dylan, 2017).
Informed consent is the most important thing for sociologists undertaking qualitative research.
Informed consent is when multiple conditions are met, these conditions are that an individual or a
group of individuals must give their formal acknowledgement and permission to start a relationship
with a sociologist who is doing qualitative research, secondly the individuals have to be a person or
a group of people who are reciprocal in the relationship, linking to the second point is the last which
is that an acceptable level of maturity has to be reached by both groups to create a reciprocal
relationship between the two parties (Miller, Frank et. al, 2009, 4–9). Specifically in the Pacific if
these criteria are not met information can become affected, when a special relationship where
intimate details can be shared and not be betrayed

Cultural Anthropology : An Understanding Of Humanity 's...
As the common saying states, "a laugh has no accent". Laughter from sincere humor is one of
humanity's greatest medicine. Its origin is as ancient as human gestures, and has transformed how
one looks at the world. For example, ancient writers used this device to criticize societal norms.
During Medieval Times, jokers made a profession out of this human characteristic. Humor survived
up until modern times and is present in academia. A field that explores the manners in which humor
makes an interesting presence is Anthropology. The focus of this paper will be based on cultural
anthropology; specifically within the sector of art and entertainment; within the sub–sectors of
humor, political experiences, and sincerity. Ethnography is a very broad focus that can be looked
upon in many ways. The ultimate goal that ethnographers try to achieve by utilizing these methods
is to come to an understanding of humanity. However, ethnographic studies are a means of
subjective reporting with intent of being as objective as possible to avoid biases. By analyzing JL
Jackson Jr.'s "On Ethnographic Sincerity", and Erve Chambers', "Thalia 's Revenge: Ethnography
and Theory of Comedy", there are many uncanny parallels that can be compared as it pertains to the
definition of ethnography. While there are many opposing philosophies from both anthropologists,
their views intertwine when they discuss the concepts of irony and comedy, the politicizing of
experience, and sincerity in the field.
In

Participant Observation: Data Collection Approach
Observation is a data collection approach in which researchers use all of their senses to scrutinize
people in usual settings or naturally transpiring situations, where as, a Participant Observation is an
approach in which Participant observers study people in their natural environment, obtaining a depth
of vision into behaviour that comes not simply from close, detailed, methodical observation but also
from the researcher's own experiences within the group being studied, a method that provides first
hand insights into why people behave as they do. To be a Participant observer it needs a great deal
of skills,courage, commitment and the risk of life is associated with it, like doing a research on a
gang. A researcher has to learn the culture

The Research Problem Using Qualitative Methodology
Examining research problem using qualitative methodology are basically non–numerical and show
great diversity. It involves any form of human communication which could either be written, audio
or visual. The qualitative methodology used in solving problems, or explaining what actually
happened. However, using qualitative methods to examine the research problem involves two
activities: developing an awareness of the types of data can be described and explained; and also the
practical activities that assist with the kinds of data and the large amounts of it that needs to be
examined (Gibbs, 2007). However, this paper will explore the examination of the research problem
using a qualitative methodology. It will also restate the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leads to employees quitting from the job. Another source of conflict exists between employees;
arguments and competition for promotion, position and performance being the causes. Employees
resigning from jobs in large numbers could lead to lower productivity and bad organizational
reputation in most situations. Conflicts are critical part of human relationship; many organizations
have devised methods to resolve them in a manner that maintains cohesion, economic stability in
order to minimize negative outcomes which are certain for employees unless the conflicts between
them and management are successfully managed through resolutions. With this in mind, it is worth
noting that employees and management of various organizations have stressed the need for fast
decisions that will encourage or support good personal relationship among people. Conflict varies
and come in different forms. In the organizational setting, it comes through job retention or desires
to be met, employer/employee disagreements and settlement, confidentiality reports and information
sharing; all these leads to change in feeling and attitude. However, there are conflict management
challenges facing many organizations in Nigeria. It is phenomenal, but can be controlled or
managed. Notably, there seems to be growing importance of the conflict in various organizations.
Olu & Adesobomi (2013) in a survey revealed that managers spend most of their time handling
issues and that conflict management is

Essay on Understanding Phenomenology of Smoking
There has been a great increase in the number of deaths due to smoking. Headlines such as ''Second
hand smoke kills 600,000 worldwide annually'' (Falco, 2010) highlights that there's a major
problem. My question is, why are people still smoking? It should be a wake–up call for those who
smoke but even with the hard facts presented, people still decide to smoke. As a psychology student,
I was interested in exploring the phenomenology of smoking & wanted to address this matter
further. To do this, I designed an interview schedule from which I have gained an individual's
emotion as well as perception towards smoking. Before I could do this I had to, myself, understand
what an interview is & how I could professionally interview an individual ... Show more content on
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While I was interviewing, I had realised that my interviewee tried to make me understand that no
matter how bad smoking is & how much it affects her health wise, she will not stop unless there's a
specific health problem where she will be forced to stop smoking. This made me question whether
will power exists.
As any method of research, there are strengths and limitations. This particular method can produce
qualitative data and therefore a strength is that it's packed with in–depth and rich information that
can be analysed. Furthermore, thoughts and feelings can be deeply explored as one's view can be
explained rather than rated on a number which may mean something different to each individual. As
well as a strength, this is also a weakness. From rich and detailed data case studies are created due to
the uniqueness of each individual. This mean that we cannot apply one's data to everyone else. In
other words, we cannot generalise the data to the rest of population as there are individual
differences that need to be taken into consideration. Another weakness with interviews is that it's
hard to analyse and draw conclusions from as the interviewer is bombarded with information that
will take time to understand to be able to conclude. With this said, the responses from the
interviewee are open to researcher bias due to the interpretation of data. I myself have been a victim
of this as I chose to interview a

Disadvantages Of Applied Ethnomethodology
Methodology
Applied–ethnomethodology is a neologism that originates from research based on
ethnomethodology, but adds an embodied interaction perspective. It is well known that
ethnomethodology was coined by Harold Garfinkel. According to Garfinkel's notes,
ethnomethodology focuses on how social actors create and understand the basis of their actions
(Garfinkel, 1984). Ethnomethodology has been broadly applied in HCI studies (Dourish and Button,
1998). An ethnographic approach helps in the understanding of cultures and the meaning of
technology in people's everyday lives. We can use the understanding to design computer systems
(Button, Crabtree, Rouncefield, and Tolmie, 2015). Applied–ethnomethodology still has the general
attributes of ethnomethodology, but has two major distinctions.
Applied–ethnomethodology relies more on inter conversation through interaction ... Show more
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First, it allows the research to have an insider's view as a participant and also from an outsider's
view as an observer. It helps the researcher to observe and analyze more phenomena in depth and
from different angles.
Secondly, it allows the collection of ethnographic data by inserting the robot as a second body into
the existing group. In this case, the researcher did not need to be concerned about the establishment
of rapport and could collect ethnographic data that still excluded the possible artificial setups that
could induce specific behaviour by inserting a new participant.
Data is also collected through filming iterative work. Data collection is made through six times over
the course of two months. A group interview was conducted at the very end of the last session. The
reason why the observation was conducted over a long period of time and iteratively was to exclude
any exceptional phenomenon to prevent the hazard that the research would generalize any abnormal
case precipitously. It was also to observe repetition and holistic

Participant Observation Paper
Many Sociologist believe that studying deviant behavior can be exciting, rewarding, and fun.
However, the study of deviance can also be stressful, difficult and filled with difficulties that can be
extremely challenging. There are many ways to research and study deviant behavior whether it be in
covert or overt observation strategies. Covert observation is referred to as the study in which the
researcher observes a social group and does not let the subjects know they are being studied
(Inderbitzin, Bates, & Gainey, 2016, p. 575). Overt observation refers to public observation in which
the researcher makes the social group aware that they are being observed and the researcher
participates in the behavior (Inderbitzin, Bates, & Gainey, 2016, p. 577). ... Show more content on
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Participant observation, "can be dangerous, emotionally and physically draining and quite simply
very hard work" (Inderbitzin, Bates, Gainey, 2016, p. 95). When utilizing this type of research
method, there are many advantages and disadvantages that do exist. For example, researcher Patricia
Adler conducted a classic study of high levels of drug dealing and smuggling. She wasn't a drug
dealer herself; however, she later revealed that she had used marijuana and cocaine. The advantages
to the study was the validity she gained. Adler experienced firsthand the deviant behavior which
allowed her to learn the language, customs, and

Participant Observation?
Participant observation is research method in which the researcher not only observes the research
participants but also actively engages in the activities of the research participants. It's like going to a
new environment and striving to be objective and understanding the subject's point of view. The
survey collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and
opinions, often in the form of a poll. A survey targets a specific population, people who are the focus
of a study, such as college athletes and international students. Analysis of existing data is used pre–
existing data in a different way or to answer a different research question than inted by those who
collect the data. may have been collected for research

Freshmen And Senior Participation At University Level Courses
In this study, there is an overall focus on both freshmen and senior participation in university level
courses. Does the seniority of students in universities effect their overall rate of success in one–
hundred level courses? Therefore, are seniors less engaged than freshmen in these classes, and what
is effecting their success? Throughout this process, participants were observed and later seen in
interviews and focus groups to scope out and answer the hypothesis created for this study. Seniors
who are taking one–hundred level courses will study less and be less engaged than freshmen,
causing them to do poorly in the class. This study was conducted to better understand the different
constraints that these two classes experience during their time at a university. Are seniors actually
less engaged than freshmen or is it simply an error in judgement?
During this process it is important to note that the students involved in participant observation were
not aware they were being studied. This was meant to keep a nonreactive research environment
rather than a reactive research environment. Not wanting the students to change their overall
demeanor, it would better the overall analysis. However, in both the interview and focus group
conducted it was a reactive environment which could alter the overall success of this analysis. First
off, the focus group conducted was done by another researcher and unfortunately yielded little
results. Unlike the focus group, the interview and

How The Behaviours And Body Languages Of Males And Females...
On November 13, I decided to analyze how the behaviours and body languages of males and
females during a bus ride by using participant observation as my method of collecting data (also
commonly known as ethnographic field notes). I did this experiment by taking the Translink #49 bus
from the University of British Columbia bus loop at 1 PM in the afternoon to the final stop,
Metrotown Station and rode the same bus back to campus at 6 PM in the evening. I believe the data
I have gathered from this observation is very interesting because in Canada, there is an emphasis on
closing the sex gap between males and females by showing that there are little or no differences
(excluding the physical sense) between the two. Therefore, I was curious if there were behavioural
and social variations between the two sexes in an open space, and I thought that observing other
people's actions and body languages on a public transportation like the bus would be able to answer
my questions if there were differences . I would argue that we can learn a lot from the way we act
through the patterns I have seen and use that to be more conscious about our actions when we hop
on a bus ride. Originally, I expected to find little difference between the two sexes, because I did not
anticipate that humans would act differently due to their sex in a closed space that they had to stay in
for a temporary amount of time. However, my findings have shown that there are varying patterns of
behaviour between males

Participant Observation In Sociological Research
The two different methods that can be used in observation is with participant observation and visual
sociology. The participant observation is an observation of people being studied. This method is not
often successful, sociologists are needed to participate in the participant's daily life that is being
observed. The people that will help with this method will be people in their social group ( family,
friends, professors, coworkers etc.) This method is needed for the sociologists be objective
observers and be the actual participants in the social of their study. The observers record their
observations in notes, which will be useful for examination of the study. In the visual sociology, the
techniques that are being used here are photography and videotape. These techniques are methods
for interviewing.
Experiment– Experiment has three different methods. The first method is controlled experiments. In
controlled experiments, researchers have a dependent variable that lets them ... Show more content
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There is five different methods for survey research. The first one is national censuses, this surveys
are used in market research, election polling, opinion polling, television ratings. This method is the
most used in sociological surveys. The second method is sample surveys, in this sample researchers
gather demographic and ecological facts about people they are researching. The third method is
opinion polls, this method has marketing polls that help corporations to make decisions about their
products. The fourth method is sampling error , this is part of the opinions palls. This important
information for someone who reads and interprets the data, which it is a statistical analysis. The fifth
method is questionnaire design. This method requires a lot of attention and many details at the same

Participant Observation in Anthropology
Participant observation is a method of collecting information and data about a culture and is carried
out by the researcher immersing themselves in the culture they observing. The researcher becomes
known in the community, getting to know and understand the culture in a more intimate and detailed
way than would be possible from any other approach. This is done by observing and participating in
the community's daily activities. The method is so effective because the researcher is able to directly
approach the people in the community in a natural context as opposed to taking the participant out
of their environment. The aim of participant observation is to gain an understanding the subject's life
from their perspective, with the purpose of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schensul, Schensul and LeCompte (1999) offer many reasons for using the participant observation
method in research. These reasons include allowing the researcher to create relationships with
informants and with the community, assisting the researcher in getting a feel for how different
aspects of the community are organised and how they are valued, as well as how those in the
community depend on each other. Observation and immersion in the culture also allows the
anthropologist to become known to the members of the community, and easing facilitation of the
research process.
DeWalt and DeWalt (2002) argue that the goal of the participant observation method is to "develop a
holistic understanding of the phenomena under study that is as objective and accurate as possible"
(DeWalt and DeWalt 2002 p.92). They also believe that the validity of the anthropologists study can
be increased by participant observation, as the direct and inclusive nature of the method helps the
researcher to gain a more in–depth understanding of the situation and the people being studied.
When interviews, analyses, questionnaires and other quantitative methods are used in conjunction
with observation, the validity of the study increases as more intimate and accurate information can
be obtained, and hypotheses can be tested. The results from participant observation can be

Participant Observation Research Paper
Observation paper
The most naturally challenge and quality data collection and exploration method is observation,
Participant observation is in some ways both the most natural and the most challenging of
qualitative data collection methods participant observation is used across the social sciences, as well
as in various forms of commercial, public policy, and nonprofit research.. Such discovery is natural
in that all of us have done this repeatedly throughout our lives, learning what it means to be
members of our own families, our ethnic and national cultures, our work groups, and our personal
circles and associations. The challenge of observation is taking notes, recording voices, sounds, and
images; and asking questions that are designed to uncover the meaning behind the behaviors.
Sociologists also conducted participant observation studies and discussed the use of the technique
early on, including Beatrice Webb (1926) in the 1880s and the Chicago school of urban sociologists
in the 1920s (Park, Burgess, & McKenzie, 1925). Observation means being embedded in the action
and context of a social setting, we consider three key elements of a participant observation stud
getting into the location of whatever ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is short–term and explore and observing the Stapleton area. Amenities around Stapleton
According to the web Living In Stapleton, Denver, CO – Denver Livability Score Very liability74
compering Colorado 69 and USA 72 Stapleton is ranked #16 in Denver Stapleton is ranked #62 in
Colorado Stable Housing Market High Income per Capita Lots of Local Amenities High Graduation
Rates 8 Groceries, 20 Food & Drink, 20 shopping, 4 Coffee, 5 Schools namely 360, Academic and
charters, and etc. 4 parks 1 one recreation center 2 library's 2 Entertainment, 20 Public Transit, Tran
service coming soon big parking for RTD lot 1

Participant Observation Paper
METHODS: To collect data I used two methods, participant observation and surveys. For
participant observation, I went to Oliver Hall to get my food and observe other students' interactions
with the workers. I was able to observe and participate six times for about 30 minutes each session,
and each time I was able to interact in meaningful and respectful conversations with each worker I
came into contact. Since it was my own experience, I was able to take notes after I sat down on the
table closest to the entrance, and then I took notes on who walked in, how many people they walked
in with, and which worker was working. At first I focused on simple greetings, for example, saying
"hello" or "thank you," but then I was able to go more in depth to seeing which students make an
effort to go beyond pleasantries and ask about the worker's day or tell a joke. When I went to ...
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This could be an issue, but the idea would be which student would be most likely to respond and I
observed that it was still minority students. I was able to observe one of the students who agreed to
let me use their conversation in my study, and the student was talking to one of the chefs. The chef
asked what part of Mexico the student's parents were from, and when the student responded with his
hometown, he was really excited and now goes out of his way to talk to that student through one
connection they had. The workers seem to connect to the students more when they are from a
similar culture/background, and race/ethnicity as I realized more and more this seem to be the case
contributing to my research question that race/ethnicity affect the interactions with the Sodexo
workers. Real conversations were hard to keep records because it is unethical to listen to
conversations, but a lot of body language was involved in these findings as well as my own

The Pros and Cons of Participant Observation Essay
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Participant Observation as a Research Method
This essay will examine how participant observation is used as a research method. In the main body
of this essay, this idea will be addressed by pointing out advantages and
disadvantages of participant observation. I will give examples to support my argument.
Participant observation is the main research method favoured by interpetitivists. It involves the
researcher participating in a social group to observe and experience the
world as a participant while still observing the group for future analasys of their behaviour from the
researchers point of view. The researcher must decide how he will approach ... Show more content
There are both advantages and disadvantages to participant observation. Participants face the
problem of objectivity, it is often very time consuming, for example,
Beverly Skeggs (1997), spent 12 years researching the lives of women on a 'caring' course in
England. Participants also face dangers and can also find themselves in
situations they find morally unacceptable or illegal. Quantitative researchers samples are too small
and while the researcher may get the bulk of his/her information from
structured questions, they are not getting peoples true opinions. The conclusions can only apply to
the specific group which the researcher has studied and cannot be
generalised or replicated. The observer himself decides what information to select or omit and the
fact that the observer is present in overt observations, it is believed that
the group will not act naturally. This therefore questions the validity of the data collected. There are
also many advantages to participant observation compared with other
research methods. By preparing a questionaire, the researcher has already decided what questions he
wants to ask and what information is important to the study.

Sociological Research : The Insider Outsider Issue
Considering the theoretical issues in qualitative research, the insider–outsider issue has arisen as a
debatable topic for some scholars (e.g. Kanuha, 2000; Dwyer and Buckle, 2009) recently.
Historically, social researchers used to agree with 'separation of facts and values' and interdicted
employing values to assess the truth that led research becoming objective (David and Sutton, 2004:
17). In an objective research, the researcher should objectively eliminate his/her personal 'gaze' in
course of the survey. In another word, researchers should act like an outsider and all common
attributes should be shared by research participants. Acknowledged by Fay (1996), in term of
understanding the researched group, it would be more beneficial when the qualitative researchers
acted as outsiders in the researched group. Fay further proposed that the outsider–researchers might
be more sufficiently conceiving experience from the participants/researched, likely to recognise
broader perspective, noting more on what is happening; on the other hand, insider–researchers are
frequently intertwined with their own knowledge (Fay, 1996). Regarding the three chosen studies,
Mandiuc (2014)'s study is considered as an example of outsider researcher because she did not
clearly explain whether she had any experiences of motherhood and/or on prostitution.
Nowadays, social researchers increasingly deemed that qualitative researchers should be 'insiders'
because they found many

The Effect Of Media On Young Girls And Their Self Esteem
Megan Jones
Qualitative Research Project
The influence media has on young girls and their self–esteem
The media and advertisements are meant to influence our everyday lives in society. Young girls are
being exposed today more than ever to the over sexualized images of women within the media,
advertisements and in pop culture. Young girls are seeing these types of images everyday either in
magazines, television shows, movies or fashion. The research questions I propose to explore: "Are
the images that young girls are exposed to within the media influencing their body image and self–
esteem?" I would also like to study: "Could the ways women are exemplified in the media lead
young girls to have a poor self body image? Finally, "Can the influences of the media and
advertisements lead young girls to depression or develop eating disorders?" The research questions
can be examined through qualitative research. Focus groups and conducting in–depth interviews are
the best qualitative methods to use when doing research that deals with people's personal
experiences and emotions. In order to understand how the media could influence young girls
attitudes towards body image, you have to see the world as they do. By doing in–depth interviews
lets the researcher personally explore the issues through young girl's perspective. By interviewing
the young girls individually, with open–ended questions allow you to hear their personal stories on
how the images they see in the media influence

Participant, Nonparticipant, Naturalistic, Overt And...
Mani Kallupurackal
Evaluate participant, nonparticipant, naturalistic, overt and covert observations
Participant
Become part of the group you observe
Form relationships with group members– may become subjective as they develop personal
relationships with the members
Record data on what they say, how they interact
Be reflexive
Researcher must reflect on their interpretation and how they are affected by joining the group
Can get detailed knowledge about a group of people or phenomenon– because of the people
unaware that they are being observed
Attempts to reduce researcher bias because researcher is not supposed to impose their views
Can provide holistic picture of a group of people or phenomenon because many aspects and
characteristics can be included
Problematic to record data immediately so there can be memory distortions
Problematic to record data objectively since humans interpret situations in their own way
Time–consuming and demanding physically and psychologically
Mental resources used to become part of the group and investing in them
Researcher can lose objectivity
There is a risk of going native
Balance detachment to retain objectivity with involvement with the group
Non–participant
Observer is not part of the participants, but may be in the same room.
Take notes on what they say and how they interact
Overt observation the participants are aware
But then participants know they are being watched and may be reactive and invalidate data
Covert observation the

Reflection Paper On Positionality
My positionality is composed both of cultural aspects and personal lived experiences that engender
me towards certain perspectives (Holmes, 2014), thus introducing subjectivity in my research. As
such, I must understand where my positionality is derived from to ensure that my research remains
as "truthful" as possible (Holmes, 20014). I must remain self–conscious about my own views and
positions and how they may influence my design, execution and interpretation of the research data
findings (Greenback, 2003). Understanding my own positionality further guides me to remain
cognizant of it while practicing and sustaining reflexivity throughout my research. Berger (2013)
remarks it as a means of acknowledging my own subjectivity, ... Show more content on
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My mother's divorce from my dad and her need to raise four children, which fueled and led her to a
successful and profitable career. Her perseverance and urgency to change how women were seen in
the workforce, led her to raise two daughters with the same affiliations and directions. Moreover, my
mother's belief in being a lifelong learner is a legacy my sister and I were proud to uphold. I value
knowledge and finding ways to share knowledge with others. I believe that everyone has a right to
learn using the methodology that works best for their own personal learning style. I believe that in
higher education, we are too slow to change or keep up with modernizing how students are taught.
Thus, my passion to share any insight gained is ever vigilant inside of me and the projects I choose
to work on for this PhD program are centered around sharing knowledge with every type of student.
Other key indicators to my way of knowing include my family and my faith. After losing my Mom
and Sister to cancer, it was my faith and family that taught me how to move through the grief,
because as I learned, you never truly overcome this type of pain. During this challenging time in my
life, I used knowledge to help explain several of the struggles I encountered. Yet, I am mindful that
not everyone is open to my faith and while I do not profess it, I do understand and empathize

Attitudes And Attitudes Of Older Adults Residing Within A...
Design The research question is focused on emotions and attitudes of older adults residing within a
CCRC, therefore a qualitative descriptive design was chosen for this study. Qualitative descriptive
research supports the researcher remaining close to the words people use to describe their event or
situation (Sandelowski, 2000). Focus groups will used to answer the question, what are the emotions
and attitudes that prevent residents in a CCRC from accepting the guidance of professional staff in
regards to transitioning to a higher level of care or receiving assistance in their home? Focus groups
by design support hearing from a group of people with a specific focus or interest, specific
characteristics, will provide data of a qualitative nature to support answering the question of interest
(Krueger,1988). The participants will state what the attitudes and thoughts are when facing the
possibility of accepting assistance in their apartment or transitioning to a higher level of care such as
AL or NC, and what the barriers are through open ended questions. Sample The population of
interest is older adults residing in a CCRC therefore purposive sampling will be used. Purposive
sampling "ensures that certain types of individuals or persons displaying certain attributes are
included in the study" (as cited by Shippee, 2009, pg 420) This study is interested in learning about
the attitudes of residents who are living independently currently but are resisting transiting to a
higher

The Pros and Cons of Participant Observation or Surveys as...
Introduction
In our daily activities as humans, we consciously and unconsciously observe what people do around
us, how they do it, and sometimes ask why they do what they do. In so doing we gain a better
understanding of their ways of life. Anthropologist and sociologist too mention but a few,
professions employ the daily observations we engage in as humans in a methodology called
participant observation. Dewalt and Dewalt (2002:1) define participant observation as "a method in
which a researcher takes part in the daily activities, events, rituals and interactions, of a group of
people as one of the means of learning the explicit and tacit aspects of their life routine and culture."
Participant observation can be carried out in roles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The physical presence of the researcher and his use of direct observation have tremendous positive
effects on the quality of data generated and further enhances it. This is so because it has the capacity
to do the following.
Firstly, it has the capacity to reduce reactivity which is capable of distorting data. The likelihood that
the presence of the observer may allow for alterations in the behaviour of the observed, by the
observed towards the observer exist in participant observation and are capable of reducing the
validity of data if such actions are not take into cognisance suggests Schwartz and Schwartz
(1955).familiarity between the observed and the observer over time can however change this
.Bernard (2006) affirms that rather than encourage the occurrence of such, the presence of the
researcher instead discourages reactivity on the basis that the researcher's presence over time builds
trust with the observed and in turn lowers the risk of reactivity because the observed are more
familiar and comfortable around the researcher. Hence they act in their natural state this therefore,
help to generate more valid data. Secondly, Dewaltz and Dewaltz (2002) refer to participant
observation as a means of learning 'tacit and explicit 'aspects of people's life routines and

Examples Of Participant Observation
Participant Observation The place that I chose to observe, was my daughter's karate practice.
Normally I am not the one that brings her, but for the sake of this assignment I attended the two–
hour practice. The primary focus of study was; the physical setting, people and the patterns. Over
the course of two–hours, the topic of participant observation started to come out and detaching
myself to a neutral point of view helped in providing a clearer picture. Here are the observations that
I made during karate practice. Sitting in a row of chairs the first observation I made portended to the
physical settings. The building was a large room with lots of open areas with mirrors surrounding
mats. These mirrors allowed the kids and instructors to observe each other anywhere in the room.
The adult seating area was separated by a low wall to still allow viewing, but adds a physical barrier
to keep the kid from running to their parents whenever they wanted. There was a water fountain next
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the kids entered and line up on the mat the instructors made it a point to greet every child and ask
them some questions to calm them down. After everyone lined up they all said the Dojo creeds and
then pledged allegiance to the flag of the United States. Now as I observed the adults. Most them
were women that used the time as their kids trained to socialize in small groups. This was interesting
because they only conversed with the people of the group. They hardly even acknowledged the other
small groups of women. The few men that did attend sat by themselves and only focused on the
children training. As the training began it follows a set guidelines of stretching, warm ups, then the
training of the day. During the two–block of training the thing that stood out about patterns is the
small groups of women made up by social class. Out of all the groups the wealthy women stayed to
together and the lower income women stayed in their

Non Participant Observation On Science, Social Studies,...
Data Collection The method that will be used to collect data will be non–participant observation.
The non–participant observation is the most appropriate because I will be able to observe, without
interrupting the class, how the participants conduct their mathematics, science, and social studies
lessons. I will also observe whether or not they incorporate literacy into their lessons, and if so how
it impacts them. Non–participant observation will show how these participants handle the emphasis
on literacy in the curriculum, especially with the Common Core standards (Creswell, 2005). The
non–participant observation will be implemented through these steps for specific reasons:
There is a need for non–participant observation because it will result in producing data that reflects
authentic events of the lessons and how it pertains to the research study of the effect that literacy has
on science, social studies, and mathematics.
There will be four observations conducted for each participant, a total of twenty observations. There
is a need for four observations for each participant in order to receive an accurate data collection
between the three participants to determine accurate and valid findings of this study. The
observations will take place over a two month period, each participant will be observed twice a
month.
The observation will be conducted in each of the participants'' classrooms. I will be observing their
lessons from the back of the classroom while taking

Participant Observation
Culture differs from one location to another because of the different population in those areas. A
population is an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which the sample are
being drawn. The cultures in neighborhoods are different because neighborhoods rise and fall, and
this often brings about changes in the population. A method called participant observation can
answer questions about the culture of the population being observed. Participant observation is a
qualitative research method that aims to uncover the meanings people give to their own social
actions by observing their behavior in practice. By hanging out in a community observing the
population over a long period of time, participant observers are able to capture

Data Collection Method Participant Observation Essay
Data collection method participant observation
Introduction and Meaning of Observation
The most common method used for getting information about the various things around us, is to
observe those things and also the various processes related to those things. Hence, it can be said that
observation acts as an important, fundamental and the basic method of getting information about
anything. But it must be kept in mind that observation is not just seeing things but it is carefully
watching the things and trying to understand them in depth, in order to get some information about
them related to what it is intended to. Observations sometimes act scientifically, when used by the
researchers in various research works but it should be noted that all observations are not scientific in
nature. Scientists and nonscientists both rely on observation to learn behavior. The difference
between the scientific and nonscientific observation is the manner in which the observations are
made. Non scientists don't usually keep formal records of the things they have observed so they
consequently depend on the memory for the information of that event. But unfortunately what one
remembers about an event is not likely to be a literal record of what one experienced and hence
memory can be affected by the information later added about the event experience (Bartlett, 1932;
Loftus, 1997a, 1997b; Pezdeick, Finger, & Hodge, 1997) whereas scientific observation on the other
hand is made under precisely

Examples Of Imperialism In The Movie Avatar
The following review will be about a movie named Avatar. Avatar dates back to 2009 and was
directed by James Cameron. The greediness of those in power will always results in the suffering of
those lacks power. This statement refers to the greediness that was depicted in the movie by the
Resources Development Administrators (RDA), which led to a forceful relocation of the Na'Vi
people. The following essay will include the discussion of three anthropological themes that were
displayed. The first theme is the power of knowledge. Here I will discuss how knowledge was used
against the NA'Vi people. The second theme is the notion of imperialism. The colonization of the
Pandora will be discussed under imperialism. The third theme is the notion of ethics. Under ethics I
will discuss the three main ethical principles that should be followed by every ethnographer.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEMES ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Avatar displays a solid anti–imperialism message. Imperialism occurs when a particular country
utilises their political and military powers to gain control over other areas of the world. According to
Alcock and Young, 1974 there are five categories of imperialism which are economic, cultural,
political, military, and communication. However, the movie Avatar exhibits two kinds of
imperialism which is military and economic imperialism. The Na'Vi people are considered to be
poor indigenous people, while the RDA are technologically literate and rich. The RDA forcefully
took over the Pandora because they wanted to build a Unobtanium. A Unobtanium is a room
temperature for energy. The evidence of imperialism from the movie is displayed when the military
force took down the tree of voices. It is also displayed at the end of the movie where the battle
between the people of Omaticaya and other tribes and the military force occurred. This is when the
home tree was also taken down which forced the people of Omaticaya to

Ethnographic Study: Field Research in a Workplace Setting
An ethnography, also referred to as field research, is a qualitative research method in which the
researcher can directly observe what goes on at the research site as well as participate, including
asking questions. It is a useful method for studying small groups, such as work groups, in their
natural setting. Ethnography is the term used by cultural anthropologists for conducting field
research. Sociologists tend to use the term field research or participant observation. Ethno means
"people" and graphy means "to describe something." Ethnography is describing people and/or their
culture from their perspectives. In other words, ethnography describes the meaning of the situation
from the point of view of the participants. How do the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1–2 paragraphs)
An explanation of your strategy for conducting research. There are two kinds of research you will be
doing: (1) examining secondary sources, such as scholarly books and articles, for relevant
background information on organizational culture and communication, and (2) conducting your own
ethnographic research, which can include observation, interviews, and qualitative surveys. For now,
discuss your plan for researching secondary sources and which method or methods you plan to use
for your ethnography (observation, interviews, and/or qualitative surveys, discussed in chapters 6
and 7 and "An Introduction to Step Three" in your text. (1–2 paragraphs)
Please ensure your paper is in APA format, which requires double spacing and a title page. Include a
working title for your project.
Week 5: A progress report for your course project paper is due this week to the Week 5 Course
Project Dropbox. This progress report should incorporate the following guidelines:
Include an APA–formatted title page with your working title.
Include a reference page with at least five scholarly sources, cited in APA format. Scholarly sources
include your textbook and books and articles obtained through the DeVry library. Credible articles
from news, government (.gov), or academic (.edu) websites can also be used; acceptable examples
include NPR, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and Business Week.
In your report, discuss your progress on the project

Participant Observation : Observation, Interviews, And...
Participant Observation
How does one observe while simultaneously participating? It is an awkward position for the
researcher to be in–the very nature of the term "participant observation" is at odds with each other;
therefore the author must keep a degree of distance in order to fully observe and record their
observations. At the same time, the author must do as the locals do, which is: it is very important for
the researcher to connect with members of the population. As the researcher gets to know the
members of a group he or she will be studying, it is important that they learn to make friends
quickly so they can be accepted in the community and obtain quality research in the form of
observation, interviews, and accurately record field notes. Additionally, the researcher will have to
take all their personal thoughts, interviews, and observations and organize the data with an eye
towards their own biases and subjectivities. These are some of the positive aspects of participation
observation, but there are many potential drawbacks as well.
In Participant Observation (58–62), James Spradley defines the five different types of participant
observation as: non–participatory, passive participation, moderate participation, active participation,
and complete participation. In Life in Riverfront, Mariko and Toshi Sanos conduct much of their
participant observation at the senior day–care center. They wrote that they wished to learn more
about 'visiting as sharing' since it is

What Do Female Military Spouses Make Of Interactions With...
Research Questions
In order to understand military wives' perceptions of how their military lifestyle have impacted their
employment status, the following research questions have been developed and continue to be
refined:
1) How do female military spouses perceive being married to service members impacts their
decision to seek employment or to not seek employment?
2) What meaning do female military spouses make of interactions with employment resources?
Research Design and Methods The research design and methods of a study are constructed based on
identifying the research problem, developing the theoretical framework, and reviewing the literature
(Merriam, 2009). However, the heart of any research design, according to Maxwell (2013), is the
research questions. The research questions help to focus the study and influence the choice of
research design and methods for data collection. "More than any other aspect of your design, your
research questions will have an influence on, and should be responsive to, every other part of your
study" (Maxwell, 2013, p. 73).
Why Qualitative Methods
Qualitative research, also known as interpretive research, produces data that reveal, "how people
interpret their experiences, how they construct their worlds, and what meaning they attribute to their
experiences" (Merriam, 2009, p. 5). It is often an inductive process that builds on the participants'
perspectives (Maxwell, 2013). Since this pilot study's goal is to understand military

Essay about Scientific Method and Participant Observation
In the article, "Researching Dealers and Smugglers," Patricia Adler discusses her and her husband's
experience using participant observation to collect data from drug dealers and the problems this
qualitative method brought. A qualitative method focuses on collecting rich, non–statistical data.
This method involves face–to–face interviews and actual participation with the group being
researched. The Adlers use this method because it is almost impossible to gather accurate
information on people who smuggle drugs. This is true because they are such private and deceitful
people. The only way to get the real facts is if the smugglers trust the person. Unfortunately,
participant observation brought problems such as the dealers and smugglers ... Show more content
Cocaine also helped the dealers open up easily. During the interviews, some dealers experienced
withdrawal symptoms. It caused them to become malicious with each other or towards the Alders
without any warning. The way the Alders solved this problem was by taking precautions when
interacting with the dealers. The cocaine use was not a problem for the Adlers, but they most likely
dealt with the marijuana issue quite easily since Patricia does not specifically explain how it was
solved. In addition, there was another problem the Adlers encountered. The Adlers also found that
mixing the overt and covert roles with the members of the group throughout the investigation was
another issue. Since the Adlers had different level relationships with every individual, some of the
dealers were aware that they were a part of a research project while others were not aware. This
sometimes confused the Adlers. Patricia states, "They [the informants] would made occasional
veiled references in front of people, especially when loosened by intoxicants, that made us
extremely uncomfortable." This issue made the couple uncomfortable because they did not want to
blow their cover. Patricia and Peter Adler also feared that the participants would think they are
police. Peter and Patricia Adler solved this issue by take the necessary safety measures so anyone
they did not want to find out. The

Analysis Of Live And Let Live By Evelyn Perry
In Evelyn Perry's Live and Let Live, she addresses some of the many concerns in under–privileged
communities that are facing gentrification today. As I was reading this novel, the term gentrification
certainly became defined. Evelyn Perry presented a new way of thinking and understanding when it
comes to diverse, low–income, integrated neighborhoods and how to simply not judge a book by its
cover. Anthropologists make a substantial difference in the world today. How they use specific
methods and research to help better understand groups of people that are different from themselves.
Not all Anthropologists travel to different parts of the country or across the world to study different
cultures or groups of people, but some also are involved in the business world, corporate
organizations, different sectors of government, and even the medical and political fields.
Anthropology is used in various ways of daily life, even though we don't realize it. In the book Live
and Let Live, one of the main research methods that was used, in my opinion, was participant
observation. By definition, participant observation is a research method in which the researcher not
only observes the participants, (in Evelyn Perry's case, the participants were basically the whole
community of Riverwest) but also engage in the same activities. As an example, Evelyn Perry
attended a few festivals during her time in Riverwest. She attended Center Street Daze, in which she
described as a "more local little

My Participant Observation Of Marijuana
When I first started thinking about my participant observation I had numerous ideas of what I could
learn, but as I started to think about what I should do, then I realized I just started my own
participant observation that I was already extremely dedicated to so I decided I could write it down
for this class. My participant observation might be different from others, but I was extremely
dedicated and devoted to learning everything I could about the helpful benefits of marijuana if
grown organically and properly since countless times large grow facilities will use "organic"
pesticides to spray plants to exterminate the bugs and they must wear suits just to spray the
pesticides. Accordingly, I meet a truly experienced grower in the community which decided to
mentor me and show me the ways of growing marijuana organically and in soil, which I had never
tried before, I always worked in aero or hydroponic systems.
First, my informant Dan I meet through common friends I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Throughout these last few months I learned so much information on so many diverse topics on how
to grow not just marijuana but anything and without surprise, I have actually used and passed on
much of the information I have learned to other growers and even my mother for her own organic
food garden. Accordingly, I realized how important it is for anthropologist to work with cultures for
extended periods of times cause I saw that people won't tell you everything you asked about in the
beginning or are worried to tell you, but as you grow closer to the community or person they begin
to trust you as will share more about their ways and culture .Hopefully, as I continue to mentor
under Dan I will continue to further my education and I could pass on the information I have

Dance Marathon Participant Observation
This was my first time enacting in a participant observation and taking field notes. Before starting
the observation of the Dance Marathon sponsorship team meeting, I was worried that the meeting
would not last the two–hour time span requirement as well as that the interactions within the
meeting would not suffice my posed research question. I proved myself wrong in the fact that the
meeting went overtime and my observations sufficiently answered my research question. This
method practice made me realize how much can be answered and solved, just through observation.
I was truly overcome by the detailed observations noted and able to see how verbal lexicon affects
the way one perceives others. My research question goes along the untraditional

The Importance Of Technology Using Qualitative Research...
To gain proper and effective research on how technology impacts the lives of children with
disabilities in an academic setting using qualitative descriptive research methods. There are three
different ways to conduct qualitative research. Participant observation is appropriate for collecting
data on naturally occurring behaviors in their natural environment, such a school, work, or home
setting. In depth interviews are best for collecting data on individuals' personal histories,
perspectives, and experiences for certain topics being researched. Lastly, focus groups are effective
in collecting data on the cultural norms of a group and in generating broad overviews. Conducting a
participant observation in a special education classroom gives the researcher the ability to inadept
see the impact technology has a special needs child's every day in an academic setting. It also gives
the researcher the ability to observe, and interview the teacher for a long period of time in a close
proximity. (Holosko, M. J. (n.d.). One advantage of qualitative methods in exploratory research is
the use of open–ended questions to give participants the opportunity to respond in their own words,
instead of them having to pick from a choice of already formulated answers. When asking open–
ended questions, the students and teachers can freely answer with meaningful responses, researchers
can gather rich and in an explanatory nature. The researcher can listen carefully to what participants
say,

Participant Observation: Field Research
1) Participant Observation is a methodology used in field research. The position is known as a
researcher and the researcher participates with the group sharing the same activities. 2) It is known
to the Redeploy staff that I am a researcher and I participate in the case workers day–to–day
activities. I carry myself as if I am a Case Worker with the Redeploy Illinois program. I talk with
clients, family members, and client's school staff. I make home visits, attend court dates, and make
visits to schools. 3) Yes, my own bias can affect my field notes. I read kids files before I come into
contact with them just so I can get background information on who I will be dealing with on that
day. I have read so many files that the youth in the program

How Narrative Elements Shape Qualitative Research
Literature Review "Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be
counted counts" (Eigen–Arnett Educational & Cultural Foundation Inc, 2010). Karri Holley and
Julia Colyar (2012) coauthors of the article "Under Construction: How Narrative Elements Shape
Qualitative Research" addresses three stories that shape the features of qualitative research. The
three narratives; Plot – the DNA of the narrative; Point of View – the author 's connection to the
narrative; Authorial Distance – the author 's location within the text and Character – function as the
avenues for audience investment in the topic of the qualitative research. These three narratives
outline the story found at the beginning and end of qualitative research. The module of the narrative
elements demonstrates "narrative constructs offer but one approach toward mapping the complex,
hidden dimensions of experience" (2012).
Thesis
Qualitative research involves the process of discovering not only what people think but also why
they believe it. The object is to get people to discuss their stance, beliefs, or viewpoints to acquire an
understanding of their feelings and motivation. The qualitative research utilizes in–depth small
group studies to steer and assists the development of theory. The outcome of qualitative research
tends to be indicative of the opinion of the researcher rather than estimated.
Qualitative Methods and Tools
There are three conventional qualitative methods

The Potential Of Participant Observation
Yes, research varies according to the nature of arguments and their personal information can also be
included in the entire material or changes of the information. For this reason, it will be unethical to
record the information and focus on what is in process to control further.
2. Which method do you think is more likely to produce valid information participant or
nonparticipant observation? Why? The valid information is mostly expected from the grounds of
what are the changes in behaviour and how much responses are ethical. In this regard, the most of
the responses are valid from focus group analysis, lab research and questionnaire as well as
interview studies.
3. Are there any kinds of behaviors that should not be observed? Explain your thinking. If so, give
an example. The behaviors those are immediate after any specific event or the influence from
external parties must not be observed or reported. The management and the ideas for this
advancement is required for all stages.
4. What would you say is the biggest advantage of participant observation? The biggest
disadvantage?
The biggest advantage of the participant observation is their sincere behaviour and feeling the
situation accordingly. The disadvantage is looking for the issues those are not related to the field as
it can be the personal biasedness.
5. "A major difficulty in observing people is that much that goes on may be missed by the observer."
Is this always true? Are there any ways to decrease what is

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