area description, mangrove area, water sampling analysis

3. Mangrove Area
Brackish water
* has more salinity than
fresh water, but not as much
as seawater

4. Mangrove trees grow where no tree
has grown before. They are able to
survive salt water, and in "soil"
which is unstable and poor in oxygen
(anaerobic)

5. Why mangrove can withstand
salty condition?
 Mangrove trees deal with salt by excluding some salt at the root level
 Few species of mangrove can tolerate high level of salt in their
tissue, and excrete the salt through special cells on their leaves,
such as Avicennia sp.
 Mangrove cannot immersed in salt water forever, they require
flushing with fresh water.

6. Mangrove roots
 Mangrove roots support unstable soil
condition and can withstand water
current and storm.
 Mangrove roots can also snorkel for air
(develop aerial air breathing roots).
 All aerial tree roots have on their
surface, special tiny pores to take in air,
and also provide a reservoir of air during
high tide when all the aerial roots may
be underwater.
 The function of aerial roots are to
absorb and to provide structural support
in the soft mud.

7. Kendelia obovata

8.  species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae family.
 It is mainly found in Southern China, Hong Kong and
Taiwan.
 Fructify with cone-like fruits
 Seeds germinate while still attached to the parent tree.
Once germinated, the seedling grows and forms a
propagule (a seedling ready to go), which can produce
its own food via photosynthesis.
 Propagules can survive desiccation and remain dormant
for year until reach suitable condition
 Once a propagule is ready to root, it will change its
density so that the elongated shape now floats vertically
rather than horizontally. In this position, it is more likely
to become lodged in the mud and root.

9. Scyphiphora
Hhydrophyllacea

10.  Rubiaceae family
 It is a shrub that is about 3 m (10 ft) tall.
 Its dark brown wood can be used to craft small objects.
 Leaf extracts are known to be helpful for stomach aches.
 The flowers can be used as a cleansing or whitening
laundry agent.
 Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, derives its
name from the nila because the shores of Manila Bay were
once teeming with this shrub.

11. Lumnitzera littorea

12.  Known also as teruntum merah or black mangrove
 Combretaceae family
 Small trees with buttresses to about 8 m tall.
 Used as firewood, timber, for building bridges, wharves,
flooring. Leaves used as a remedy for sprue. Has
ornamental potential due to its red flowers. Rare

13. Avicennia officinalis

14.  Known as Api api ludat
 IUCN list as threatened species
 From Acanthaceae family.
 Can be found sporadically on the banks of rivers and
rarely found near the sea. It prefers clay soil and usually
found inland.
 Tree produces a hard, heavy timber which is hard to saw.
But it is valued for making boats, houses, and wharves.
 Also good for making future and have medicinal value
(bark use to treat scabies).

15. Avicennia rumphiana

16.  Known as Api api bulu
 From Acanthaceae family.
 Seeds are boiled and eaten, in some places, they are sold
in markets as vegetables.
 This tree is fast growing mangrove tree is among the few
used in replanting mangroves to protect coastlines.

17. Why mangrove is important?
 Mangrove is natural water filter
 Underwater, a huge number of filter-feeders are fastened on
the tangle of roots: barnacles, sponges, shellfish. These
filter feeders clean the water of nutrients and silt. As a
result, clear water washes out into the sea, allowing the
coral reef ecosystem to flourish.
 Mangrove also stabilise the coast and river banks.
 Their roots prevents mud and sand from being washed away
with the tide and river currents.
 Mangrove trees slowly regenerate the soil by penetrating
and aerating it. As the mud builds up and soil conditions
improve, other plants can take root.
 Mangrove trees also reduce the damage from violent storms.

18.  “If there are no mangroves, then the sea will have no
meaning. It is like having a tree without roots, for the
mangroves are the roots of the sea…”.

19. Water sampling analysis

20. DR 900 Multiparameter
Handheld Colorimeter
• can easily access the analytical methods of water in less than
four steps because of good technology of user interface and
menu selections
• suitable for use in difficult and adverse environments.
• has a solid structure and is resistant to water, dust,
shock and falls.
• has an option of backlit for low light environments
• provides access and anlyzing to 90 of the most common
parameters.

21. Ammonia:
• Ammonia (NH3) occurs naturally in water
bodies as a result of the breakdown of organic
and inorganic matter in soil and water,
excretion from biota, and reduction of
atmospheric nitrogen by microorganisms.
• Total ammonia concentrations in surface
waters are typically less than 0.2 mg/l but may
reach 2-3 mg/l (Chapman 1992)
• When present in levels above 0.1 mg/l N,
sewage or industrial contamination may be
indicated.
• Higher concentrations could be an indicator of
pollution such as domestic sewage, industrial
waste, or fertilizer runoff.
• Seasonal fluctuations in ammonia
concentrations are natural due to varying rates
of organic loading and biological decay.
Result & Discussion

22. Nitrate:
• The nitrate ion (NO3) is the common form of
nitrogen found in natural waters. This is the
measurement of the most oxidized and stable
form of nitrogen in a water body.
• It is the principle form of combined nitrogen
found in natural waters and results from the
complete oxidation of nitrogen compounds.
• Natural levels of nitrate in surface waters
seldom exceed 0.1 mg/l as N, but waters
influenced by human activity normally contain
up to 5 mg/l as N with levels over 5 mg/l as N
indicating pollution by animal or human waste
or fertilizer runoff.
• Levels in unpolluted waters are normally low,
below 0.03 mg/l NC)
• Values greater than this may indicate sewage
pollution.
• Excessive amounts of nitrogen may also result
in phytoplankton or macrophyte proliferations.
Result & Discussion

23. Result & Discussion
Sulphates:
• Sulphates exist in nearly all natural waters
• the concentrations varying according to the
nature of the terrain through which they flow.
• They are often derived from the sulphides of
heavy metals (iron, nickel, copper and lead).
• Iron sulphides are present in sedimentary
rocks from which they can be oxidised to
sulphate in humid climates; the latter may
then leach into watercourses so that ground
waters are often excessively high in sulphates.
• As magnesium and sodium are present in
many waters their combination with sulphate
will have an enhanced laxative effect of
greater or lesser magnitude depending on
concentration.
• The utility of a water for domestic purposes
will therefore be severely limited by high
sulphate concentrations, hence the limit of
250 mg/l SO4.

25. Kigdom : animalia
Phylum : Molluska
Class : Gastropoda
Family : bithyniidae
Genus : bithynia
Species : B. tentaculata
• Live in aquatic mud, sand, clay
• Graze algae
• Host for parasites ; Echinostoma
revolutum
• Feed on side of rock

26. • Rivomarginella sp.
• Size: 2 cm
• Morphology: oval brown shell
• Distribution: native in Thailand
• The only species in the marine
gastropod family Marginellidae,
which lives in freshwater.
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Mollusca
• Class:Gastropoda
• Order: Neogastropoda
• Family: Marginellidae
• Genus: Rivomarginella

27. • Melanoides tuberculata (Malaysian
Trumpet Snail)
• Size: 3cm
• Morphology: elongate, conical shell
(brown)
• Distribution: native to subtropical
and tropical northern Africa and
southern Asia
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Mollusca
• Class: Gastropoda
• Superfamily:Cerithioidea
• Family: Thiaridae
• Genus: Melanoides
• Species: M. tuberculata

28. • Lives in coral sandy, muddy seabed
• Burried under sediment during the day
• Feed on molluscs
• Tube feet : locomotion, feeding, respiration,
water-vascular
mouth
Tube feet
Ambulacra
l grooves
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Echinodermata
Subphylum : Eleutherozoa
Class : Asteroidea
Order : Paxillosida
Family : Astropectinidae
Genus : Astropecten
Species : A. irregularis

29. Kigdom : animalia
Phylum : Molluska
Class : Gastropoda
Family : Fasciolariidae
Genus : Pleuroploca
Species : P. Trapezium
• Live in benthic zone on seagrass (depth : 0-40m)
• Maximum length : 28cm
• A type of food
• Could be used as trumpet

31. • Ref
1. Chapman, D. (1992). Water quality assessments.
Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
2. Parameters of Water Quality: Interpretation and
Standards. (2001). Ireland: Environmental
Protection Agency.
3. Wenner, E., Thompson, M., & Sanger, D. (n.d).
Water Quality. Retrieved May 19, 2015, from
http://nerrs.noaa.gov/doc/siteprofile/acebasin/ht
ml/envicond/watqual/wqintro.htm

32. Thank You…